Карысць для здароўя харчовыя дабаўкі

Абраны чытання з апошніх 20 гадоў (1990? 2010)

Складальнік USANA даследаванняў і развіцця

USANA медыцынскіх навук

3838 Parkway Захад, кв.

Солт-Лэйк-Сіці, Юта 84120

Абноўлена: кастрычніка 2010 года

Прадмова

Значэнне харчавання для здароўя чалавека даўно прызнана. Да 1960 года,

цікавасць да гэтай галіне сканцэнтраваны галоўным чынам на этыялогіі і прафілактыкі вострых пажыўнай

дэфіцытных захворванняў, такіх, як цынга, рахіт і пелагра. Каля 50 асноўных пажыўных рэчываў (вітамінаў,

мінералы, антыаксіданты, кофакторы, незаменных амінакіслот, тлустых кіслот)

Былі вызначаны і рэкамендуемыя сутачныя дозы для тых пажыўных рэчываў былі распрацаваны.

Гэтыя рэкамендацыі, у сваю чаргу, апынуліся каштоўнымі ў ліквідацыі вострага дэфіцыту пажыўных рэчываў

захворванняў.

За апошнія 20 гадоў, увага пераключылася на ролю дыеты і харчавання ў патагенезе

хранічных дэгенератыўных захворванняў. Сардэчна-сасудзістыя захворванні, некаторыя віды рака, астэапарозу,

II тып цукровага дыябету, і дэгенерацыя жоўтай плямы добра? Вядомых прыкладаў захворванняў з дыетычнымі

фактары рызыкі, і даследаванні ў цяперашні час на многіх пажыўных? ўзаемадзеяння хваробы.

На жаль, гэтыя асацыяцыі цяжка вывучаць, у прыватнасці, з-за

таймфреймов ўдзел. Хранічныя дэгенератыўныя захворванні развіваюцца на працягу дзесяцігоддзяў (або жыцця),

і гэта вельмі цяжка правесці даследаванне

праграмы, якая ахоплівае больш за некалькі

гадоў у даўжыню. Тым не менш, дасягненні

эпідэміялагічных і клінічных даследаванняў

выявілі вялікую колькасць інфармацыі

аб уплыве дыеты і пажыўных спажывання

на доўга? здароўем у будучыні.

За апошнія дзесяць гадоў, навукі і аховы здароўя

Даследнікі надаюць усё большую ўвагу

ролі харчовых дабавак

магчыма дыетычныя кампаненты

ролю ў прафілактыцы і лячэнні хранічных

захворвання. Сотні навуковых даследаванняў

былі праведзены і апублікаваныя, якія ахопліваюць кожны

шырокі дыяпазон патэнцыйных праблем здароўя.

Гэтыя даследаванні выкарыстоўваўся шырокі

розных методык, і яны маюць

"Мы рэкамендуем, каб усе дарослыя прымаюць

1 полівітамінаў у дзень. Гэтая практыка

апраўдана галоўным чынам вядомы і падазраваны

Перавагі дадатковай фалійнай кіслаты

і вітаміны В12, В6, D і Ў

прадухіленне сардэчна-сасудзістых захворванняў,

рака і астэапарозу ...

Мы рэкамендуем полівітаміны, а

не асобныя вітаміны, полівітаміны, таму што

прасцей узяць і

танней, чым асобныя вітаміны

ў асобнасці і таму, што вялікая

Доля насельніцтва, неабходна

дабаўкі больш за адзін вітаміна. "

RH-Флетчара, Fairfield KM. Вітаміны для хранічных

прафілактыка захворванняў у дарослых: клінічнае прымяненне.

2002 год. JAMA 287:3127-9.

вытворчасці і станоўчыя і адмоўныя вынікі. У некаторых абласцях - такіх, як ролю кальцыя

і вітамін D дабаўкі для запаволення прагрэсавання астэапарозу, або ролю фалійнай

кіслата дабаўкі для прадухілення пэўных прыроджаных дэфектаў - вынікі былі ў значнай ступені адпавядае,

і гэтыя рэчывы сталі прызнанай часткай сучаснай практыкі аховы здароўя.

У іншых абласцях (напрыклад, роля антыаксідантаў ў прафілактыцы сардэчных захворванняў),

Вынікі былі менш паслядоўнымі, і канчатковыя высновы застаюцца спрэчнымі.

Ніжэй пералічэння бібліяграфія аднагодкаў? Водгукі даследаванні ў галіне вывучэння магчымых

Карысць для здароўя харчовых дабавак і функцыянальных харчовых прадуктаў. Гэты спіс не з'яўляецца вычарпальным.

Дакументы былі адабраны на аснове навуковых заслуг і стаўленне да

полі, незалежна ад таго, станоўчыя ці адмоўныя вынікі. Наша мэта ў

складанне гэтага спісу, каб даць чытачам добрую праходнасць? раздзеле апошнія навуковыя выданні,

з надзеяй ўнесці свой уклад у лепшае разуменне бягучага стану харчавання

даследаванняў.

Для зручнасці спасылкі былі адсартаваныя па праблеме аховы здароўя:

• сардэчна-судзінкавых захворванняў

• Рак

• костак і суставаў здароўе

• Здаровая цяжарнасць і здаровых дзяцей

• імунную сістэму

• Здаровае Бачанне

• Іншыя

Гэтыя сцвярджэнні не былі ацэненыя Упраўленнем па кантролі за прадуктамі і лекамі. Ні адзін прадукт USANA прызначаны для

дыягностыкі, лячэння або прадухілення любых хвароб.

"Як відаць з табліцы 1, 900

мг / сут мішэнню для EPA / DHA можа запатрабаваць

3-21 порцый рыбы / тыдзень, у залежнасці

ад крыніцы / абранага тыпу.

Такім чынам, высокія цэны на нафту якасць рыбы

дапаўняць / сканцэнтравацца і функцыянальных

прадукты узбагачаныя EPA / DHA будзе

стаць важным сродкам для павышэння

бягучы нізкім спажываннем

EPA / DHA ... "

-DJ Голуб і інш. (# 65)

"Mg2 + [магній] дэфіцыт або

зніжэнне ў рацыёне Mg2 +

гуляе важную ролю ў этыялогіі

цукровага дыябету і сардэчна-сасудзістай шматлікія

захворванняў, у тым ліку трамбоз,

атэрасклероз, ішэмічная хвароба сэрца,

інфаркт міякарда, артэрыяльная гіпертэнзія,

арытміі і сардэчнай недастатковасці

у людзей. Mg2 + дабаўкі

можа прывесці да значнага зніжэння

артэрыяльнага ціску і стабілізацыя

парушэнні рытму сэрца і вострага інфаркту

міякарда ".

-S Чакраборти, і інш. (# 22)

Сардэчна-судзінкавых захворванняў

1. Abbey M, Nestel PJ, Baghurst PA. Антыаксідантныя вітаміны

і нізкія? шчыльнасці? ліпапратэінаў акіслення. 1993 год. Am J Clin Nutr

58 (4): 525 32?.

2. Adank C, зялёны TJ, Skeaff CM, шыпшыннік B. Штотыднёвы HighDose

фалійнай кіслаты з'яўляецца эфектыўным ў зніжэнні сыроватачна

гомоцистеина канцэнтрацыі ў жанчын. 2003 год. Эн Nutr Metab

47 (2): 55 9?.

3. Allender PS, Cutler JA, Follmann D, Cappuccio FP, Pryer

J, Эліёт П. дыетычнага кальцыя і артэрыяльнага ціску: мета-аналіз

рандомізірованный клінічных даследаванняў. 1996 год. Эн ўнутраны Med 124 (9): 825 31?.

4. Agarwal S, Rao AV. Ликопен памідораў і ліпапратэінаў нізкай шчыльнасці

акіслення: чалавек дыетычных даследаванне ўмяшання. 1998 год.

Ліпіды 33 (10): 981 4?.

5. Aminbakhsh, Дж. Манчіні Хранічнае ўжыванне антыаксіданта і

змены ў эндотелиальной дысфункцыі: агляд клінічных даследаванняў.

1999 год. Можа J Cardiol 15 (8): 895903?.

6. Андэрсан JW, марь Д. Лоўрэнса, Altringer Лос-Анджэлесе, Jerdack GR, Hengehold Д.А., Марэль JG. Cholesterollowering

эфекты трыпутніка дадатковай спажыванне ў дыетатэрапіі у мужчын і жанчын з гіперхалестэрынямія: метааналізе

8 кантраляваных даследаванняў. 2000 год. Am J Clin Nutr 71 (2): 472 9?.

7. Андэрсан Дж., Дэвідсан MH, Белы L, Brown WV, Говард WJ, Гинсберг H, марь LD, Weingand кВт.

Доўгі? Тэрмін халестэрыну? Паніжэння наступстваў трыпутніка ў якасці дадатку да дыетатэрапіі пры лячэнні гіперхалестэрынямія.

2000 год. Am J Clin Nutr 71 (6): 1433 8 °.

8. Ascherio, Rimm EB, Hernan MA, Giovannucci E, Kawachi я Штампфер MJ, Уиллетт туалет. Стаўленне спажывання

вітамін Е, вітамін З, кароціноіды і рызыкі развіцця інсульту у мужчын у Злучаных Штатах. 1999 год. Эн

Унутраныя Med 130 (12): 963 70.

9. Бао B, Prasad AS, Beck FW, Фіцджэральд JT, Снелл D, Бао ГВт, Сінгх T, Кардоса ЖЖ. Цынк зніжае C? Рэактыўнай

бялкоў, перакіснага акіслення ліпідаў і запаленчых цітокіны ў пажылых пацыентаў: патэнцыйныя наступствы цынку

atheroprotective агента. 2010 год. AJCN 91:1634? 41.

10. Baur JA, Сынклэрам DA. Тэрапеўтычны патэнцыял рэсвератрол: у натуральных доказаў. 2006 год. Nat Rev наркотыкі адкрыццяў

5 (6): 493 506.

11. Бэламі М.Ф., КАЛІ МакДаўэл, Ramsey МВт, Браунли М,

Ньюкомб Р. Люіс МДж. Вусныя фалійнай кіслаты ўзмацняе функцыю эндатэлю

У hyperhomocysteinaemic прадметаў. 1999 год. Eur J Clin Invest

29:659? 62.

12. Берман M, Эрмана, Бэн? Гал T, D Двир, Georghiou GP,

Stamler, верады сядалі ды Y, Vidne Б.А., Аравот D. коэнзім Q10 ў хворых

з тэрмінальнай стадыяй сардэчнай недастатковасці якія чакаюць трансплантацыі сэрца?

рандомізірованное, плацебо? кантраляванае даследаванне. 2004 год. Clin Cardiol

27 (5): 295 9?.

13. Боаз M, Смятана S, T Вайнштейн, Мэйтас Z, Gafter U, Iaina

, Кнехт, Weissgarten Y, D Бруннер, Файнару M, зялёны MS.

Другасная прафілактыка з антыаксідантамі сардэчна-судзінкавых захворванняў

У тэрмінальнай стадыі нырачнай недастатковасці (SPACE): рандомізірованное placebocontrolled

судовае разбіральніцтва. 2000 год. Lancet 356 (9237): 1213 8 °.

14. Bronstrup, Hages M, Прынц? Langenohl R, Pietrzik К.

Эфекты фалійнай кіслаты і камбінацыі фалійнай кіслаты і вітаміна B?

12 на канцэнтрацыю гомоцистеина ў плазме ў здаровых, маладых

жанчын. 1998 год. AJCN 68 (5): 1104 № 10.

"Вітамін С, кароціноіды і вітамін Е,

тры асноўныя харчовыя крыніцы антыаксідантаў,

кожны перакіснага ўплыў ліпіднага

і можа паменшыць атэрасклерозу і

знізіць рызыку развіцця ішэмічнай хваробы сэрца

(ИБС). "

-EB Rimm і соавт. (# 121)

"У гэтым вялікім проспективном даследаванні

жанчын, мы назіралі зваротную сціплы

Сувязь паміж прыёмам вітаміна

C і захворванне ИБС [каранарных

хваробы сэрца]. Жанчыны ў вышэйшых

квинтиля спажывання вітаміна З (? 360

мг / сут) ад дыеты і дадаткі

была на 27% больш нізкі рызыка нефатального ІМ і

фатальнай ішэмічнай хваробы сэрца, чым жанчыны ў ніжнім

квинтиля спажывання (? 93 мг / сут).

зніжэнне рызыкі, як уяўляецца, абмежаваны

для жанчын, якія прымалі вітамін З

дадаткаў. Сярод карыстальнікаў вітаміна З

дадаткі, назіраецца значнае

28% зніжэннем рызыкі нефатального ІМ і

фатальнай ИБС, чым у іншых карыстальнікаў. Хоць

рызыка не істотна адрознівацца

па працягласці выкарыстання харчовых дабавак

або дозу дадаткі, скарачэнне

Рызыка быў у некалькі больш моцнай

для жанчын, якія прымалі не менш за 400

мг / сут. "

-СК Osganian і соавт. (# 110)

15. Брауэр І.А., Ван Dusseldorp M, Томас CM, Duran М,

Hautvast JG, Eskes ТК Steegers? Theunissen RP. Нізкі? Доза фалійнай

кіслата дабавак зніжае канцэнтрацыю гомоцистеина ў плазме:

рандомізірованного даследавання. 1999 год. Am J Clin Nutr 69 (1): 99104?.

16. Брауэр І.А., Ван Рой І.А., Ван Dusseldorp M, Томас CM,

Blom HJ, Hautvast JG, Eskes ТК Steegers? Theunissen RP. Гомоцистеин?

зніжэнне эфекту 500 мкг фалійнай кіслаты кожны дзень

у параўнанні з 250 мкг / сут. 2000 год. Эн Nutr Metab 44 (5 6?): 194 7?.

17. Браўн А.А., Ху FB. Дыетычныя мадуляцыяй эндатэлю

Функцыя: наступствы для сардэчна-сасудзістых захворванняў. 2001 год. Am J Clin

Nutr 73:673? 86.

18. Браўн BG Чжао Хо, Хаіт, Фішэра Д., Cheung MC,

Морс JS, Дауд А.А., Марына Я.К., Bolson Е.Л., Alaupovic P, Фрелиха

J, Альберс JJ. Симвастатин і ніацін, вітаміны-антыаксіданты або

Камбінацыя для прафілактыкі ішэмічнай хваробы сэрца. 2001 год. N Engl J

Med 345 (22): 1583 92?.

19. Браўн L, B Рознера, Уиллетт WW, Мяшкі FM. Cholesterollowering

эфекты харчовых валокнаў: мета-аналіз?. 1999 год. Am J Clin

Nutr 69 (1): 30 42?.

20. Bucher HC, Кук RJ, Guyatt GH, Ланг Дж. Кука DJ, Hatala

R, DL Хант. Уздзеянне харчовых дабавак кальцыя на

крывянага ціску. Мета? Аналіз рандомізірованный кантраляваных выпрабаванняў.

1996 год. JAMA 275 (13): 1016 22?.

21. Bucher HC, Hengstler P, C Шындлера, Майер Г. N? 3 поліненасычаных

тоўстых кіслот пры ішэмічнай хваробы сэрца: метааналізе

рандомізірованный кантраляваных выпрабаванняў. 2002 год. Am J Med

112 (4): 298304?.

22. Чакраборти S, T Чакраборти, мандала M, мандал, Das S, Гош С. Ахоўная ролю магнію ў сардэчна-сасудзістай сістэмы

захворванняў: агляд. 2002 год. Малекулярнай і клетачнай біяхіміі 238:163? 79.

23. Палаты JC, McGregor, Жан? Мары J, Обейд О.А., Kooner JS. Дэманстрацыя хуткага судзінкавага эндатэлю пачатку

дысфункцыя пасля гипергомоцистеинемии: эфект зварачальным з вітамінам З тэрапіі. 1999 год. Зварот

99:1156? 60.

24. Cheng S, Массаро JM, Fox CS, Ларсан М., Кейс MJ, Маккейб Е.Л., Robins SJ, CJ O'Donnell, Гофман U,

Жак PF, стэнд SL, Васан RS, Вольф М., Ван TJ. Атлусценне, кардиометаболических рызыкі, і вітамін D становішча: Framingham

Heart Study. 2010 год. Дыябет 59 (1): 242 8?.

25. Cheung MC, Чжао Хо, Хаіт, Альберс JJ, Браўн BG. Антыаксідантныя дабавак блакуе рэакцыю HDL

для симвастатина? ніацін тэрапіі ў пацыентаў з ішэмічнай хваробай сэрца і нізкі ўзровень ЛПВП. 2001 год. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc

Biol 21:1320? 6.

26. Сумесная група першаснага праекта прафілактыкі (ППС). Нізкі? Дозы аспірыну і вітаміна Е ў людзей

сардэчна-судзінкавы рызыка: рандомізірованное даследаванне ў агульнай практыцы. 2001 год. Lancet 357 (9250): 89 95?.

27. Мы Конар. Значэнне п? 3 тоўстых кіслот у норме і паталогіі. 2000 год. Am J Clin Nutr 71 (Дадатак): 171S 5S?.

28. Канстант J, Blann н.э., Resplandy F, F Parrot, Renard М,

Сеньёр M, Герин V, BoisseauM, Conri С. Тры месяцы дабавак

з hyperhomocysteinaemic пацыентаў з фалійнай кіслатой

і вітамін В6 паляпшае біялагічныя маркеры эндотелиальной дысфункцыі.

1999 год. Br J Haematol 107:776? 8.

29. Таму што P, T De Bruyne, Hermans N, S Apers, Берген Д.У.,

Vlietinck AJ. Проантоцианидинов ў галіне аховы здароўя: бягучыя і новыя

тэндэнцый. 2004 год. Curr Med Chem 11 (10): 1345 59?.

30. Цуй R, ISO Н, дата C, S Кикучи, Tamakoshi, Японія

Сумесная даследчая група кагорты. Дыетычныя фалійнай кіслаты і вітаміна B6

В12 і спажыванне ў сувязі з Смяротнасць ад сардэчна-судзінкавых захворванняў

? Японія сумеснае даследаванне кагорты. 2010 год. Ход 41:1285? 9.

"У цэлым, DHA дабавак паменшыць

канцэнтрацыі атерогенных

ліпідаў і ліпопротеідов і павышэнне

Канцэнтрацыі кардиопротекторное

ліпопротеідов ".

DS-Кэлі і інш. (# 75)

"NHEFS дадзеныя адпавядаюць

Гіпотэза, што высокі ўзровень антіоксідантной

вітаміны (такія як вітаміны С, Е,

і) павышэнне абароны арганізма

сістэмы ад свабодных радыкалаў і паменшыць

рызыка атэрасклерозу. Акрамя таго,

NHEFS высновы праўдападобнымі

У тым сэнсе, што яны адпавядаюць

са свецкай тэндэнцыі ў

апошнія 20 гадоў значнае павелічэнне

Спажыванне дабавак, якія змяшчаюць

вітамін С і вялікае скарачэнне

з папраўкай на ўзрост смяротнасці (агульнай, сардэчна-сасудзістых

хваробы, і страўнік

рак) у агульнай колькасці насельніцтва, што

толькі часткова тлумачыцца ўстаноўлены

фактары рызыкі ".

JE-Энстром і соавт. (# 44)

31. Тапчы G, M Рамана, Mezzetti і соавт. Павышэнне ўзроўню

растваральнай P? селектина ў гіперхалестэрынямія пацыентаў. 1998 год. Зварот

97? 953? 7.

32. Davidson MH, Макі KC, Ганконга JC, дуга LD, Торы SA,

Зала HA, Drennan КБ, Андэрсан С.М., Fulgoni В.Л., Saldanha LG,

Олсон BH. Доўгі? Доўгатэрміновыя наступствы спажывання прадуктаў, якія змяшчаюць трыпутніка

шалупіна насення на ліпіды сыроваткі крыві ў пацыентаў з гіперхалестэрынямія.

1998 год. Am J Clin Nutr 67 (3): 367 76?.

33. Devaraj S, Jialal I. Альфа-такаферолу дадаткі памяншаецца

З сыроваткай? Рэактыўнага бялку і інтэрлейкіны манацытаў? 6 узроўняў

у здаровых добраахвотнікаў і пацыентаў 2 тыпу дыябету. 2000 год. Бясплатны Радич Biol Med 29 (8): 790 2?.

34. Devaraj S, Li D, Jialai I. Уздзеянне альфа-такаферол дабавак на манацытаў функцыі. Зменшыўшыся

акіслення ліпідаў, інтэрлейкіны 1beta і манацытаў адгезію да эндатэлю. 1996 год. J Clin Інвест 98:756? 63.

35. Dieber? Rotheneder М, Н Куль, Waeg G, Striegl G, H. Esterbauer дзеянне пероральных дабавак dalphatocopherol

па ўтрыманні вітаміна Е чалавек ліпапратэінаў шчыльнасці і стойкасці да акіслення. 1991 год. J ліпідаў

Res 32 (8): 1325 32?.

36. Djousse L, Арнетт DK, Карр JJ, Eckfeldt JH, Хопкінс PN, правінцыя М.А., Элісан RC. Дыетычныя ліноленовой кіслаты з'яўляецца

зваротную сувязь з кальцыніраваная атэрасклератычнай бляшкі ў каранарных артэрыях: Нацыянальны інстытут сэрца, лёгкіх і

Кроў інстытута сям'і Heart Study. 2005 год. Зварот 7, 111 (22): 2921 6?.

37. Дафі SJ, Gokce N, M Холбрук, Хуан, Frei B, Keaney JF-малодшы, Віта JA. Лячэнне гіпертаніі з аскарбінавай

кіслаты. 1999 год. Lancet 354 (9195): 2048 9?.

38. Дафі SJ, Gokce N, M Холбрук, Хантэр Л.М., Biegelsen ES, Хуан, Keaney JF-малодшы, Віта JA. Уплыў аскарбінавай

кіслотнай апрацоўкі на канал судна эндотелиальной дысфункцыі ў хворых з артэрыяльнай гіпертэнзіяй. 2001 год. Am J Фізіялогія сэрца

Фізіялогія Circ 280 (2): H528 34?.

39. Датта, Датта SK. Вітамін Е і яе роля ў прафілактыцы атэрасклерозу і канцерогенеза? Агляд.

2003 год. JACN 22 (4): 258 68?.

40. Дуайер Дж., Дуайер К.М., Scribner РА, Sun P, Лі L, LM Нікалсан, Дэвіс IJ, Хон АР. Дыетычны кальцый, кальцый

харчовых дабавак, і артэрыяльны ціск у афра-амерыканскіх падлеткаў. 1998 год. Am J Clin Nutr 68 (3): 648 55 °.

41. Эліат Т.Г., Барт JD, Манчіні Гб. Уздзеянне вітаміна Е на функцыю эндатэлю у мужчын, якія перанеслі інфаркт міякарда.

1995 год. Am J Cardiol 76 (16): 1188 90 °.

42. Эммерт DH, Kirchner JT. Роля вітаміна Е ў прафілактыцы

сардэчна-сасудзістых захворванняў. 1999 год. Arch Fam Med 8 (6): 537 42?.

43. Энгелен W, Keenoy Б.М., Vertommen J, дэ Леу I. Уздзеянне

доўгіх? тэрмін дабавак ўмераных доз фармакалагічных

вітамін Е насычацца і зварачальным у пацыентаў з дыябетам тыпу 1

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44. Энстром JE, Kanim LE, Клейн MA. Вітаміна С і

Смяротнасць сярод выбаркі насельніцтва Злучаных Штатаў. 1992 год.

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45. Eritsland J, H Арнесен, Seljeflot я Hostmark AT. Доўгатэрміновыя

метабалічных эфектаў п? 3 поліненасычаных тлустых кіслот ў хворых

з ішэмічнай хваробай сэрца. 1995 год. Am J Clin Nutr 61:831? 6.

46. Фан JC, Kinlay S, Белтраме J, H Hikiti, Wainstein M, Бэрэндт

D, J Су, Frei B, Маджа GH, Селвин А.П., Ganz П. Уплыў

вітаміны З і Е на прагрэсаванне атэрасклерозу трансплантацыі звязаныя?

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47. Флайшхауэра FJ, Ян WD, Fischell ТП. Рыбін тлушч павышае

эндатэлю? залежнасць каранарных сасудаў ў перасадцы сэрца

атрымальнікаў. 1993 год. J Am Coll Cardiol 21:982? 9.

48. Fotherby доктар медыцынскіх навук, JC Williams, Форстэр Лос-Анджэлесе, Крэйнэр P, папараць GA.

Уплыў вітаміна С на амбулаторнае ПЕКЛА і ліпідаў у плазме крыві

у пажылых людзей. 2000 год. J Hypertens 18 (4): 411 5?.

"У млекакормячых маецца ўсё больш сведчанняў

, Што рэсвератрол можа прадухіліць ці

затрымаць пачатак рак, хваробы сэрца,

ішэмічных і хімічна індукаваных

траўмы, дыябет, паталагічныя

запаленне і вірусная інфекцыя ".

JA-Баура і інш. (# 10)

"Падобна на тое, што коэнзім Q10 можа

быць карысныя ў розных клінічных сітуацыях.

Ён можа гуляць пэўную ролю ў прафілактыцы

сардэчна-сасудзістых захворванняў, таму што

яго ролю ў прадухіленні акіслення ЛНП,

хоць гэтая роля патрабуе далейшых даследаванняў.

Падобна на тое, што гэта рэчыва

дэфіцыт многіх пацыентаў з рознымі

сардэчна-судзінкавых захворванняў, і што

некаторыя з іх, асабліва тыя,

ішэмічная хвароба сэрца, сардэчная недастатковасць,

і кардыяміяпатыі, можа прынесці карысць

ад яго здольнасці да павышэння эфектыўнасці

інфаркту вытворчасці энергіі ".

-B Sarter (# 128)

49. Фрыдман Дж., Паркер C, Li L, JA Перлман, Frei B, Іваноў V,

Дзік LR, Iafrati MD, JD Folts. Вылучыце флавоноіды і ўвесь сок

ад фіялетавага вінаграду душыць функцыю трамбацытаў і павышэнне азотнай

Аксід рэлізе. 2001 год. Зварот 103:2792? 8.

50. Камбуз HF, Торнтон J, Howdle PD, Уокер BE, Вэбстэр

NR. Камбінацыя Пероральный прыём антыаксідантныя зніжае

крывянага ціску. 1997 год. Clin навук (Colch) 92 (4): 361 5?.

51. Гіліган DM, мяшок М.Н., Guetta V, казіно PR, Quyyumi

А. А. Рэйдэры DJ, Панса JA, Cannon RO. Уплыў вітамінаў-антыаксідантаў

на нізкіх акісленне ліпопротеідов нізкай шчыльнасці і парушэнне эндатэлю?

вазодилатации ў хворых з гіперхалестэрынямія.

1994 год. J Am Coll Cardiol 24 (7): 1611 7?.

52. GISSI? Prevenzione следчыя. Харчовыя дабаўкі з п? 3 поліненасычаных тлустых кіслот і вітамінаў

E пасля інфаркту міякарда: вынікі даследавання GISSI Prevenzione суд?. 1999 год. Lancet 354:447? 55.

53. Gillman МВт, Гуд М.Ю., Мур Л. Л., Нгуен ЗША, спявачка MR, Андон Мб. Уплыў кальцыя

на крывяны ціск у дзяцей. 1995 год. J Pediatr 127 (2): 186 92?.

54. Glore SR, Ван Treeck D, Knehans AW, гільдыі М. Растваральныя валокны і ліпідаў у сыроватцы крыві: агляд літаратуры. 1994 год. J

Хіба Дыета 94 (4): 425 36.

55. Гокке N, Keaney JF-малодшы, Frei B, M Холбрук, Olesiak M, Захар BJ, Leeuwenburgh C, Heinecke JW, Віта

JA. Доўгі? Тэрміну адміністрацыя аскарбінавая кіслата змяняе эндотелиальной дысфункцыяй вазаматорны у пацыентаў з ішэмічнай

каранарных артэрый. 1999 год. Зварот 99 (25): 3234 40 °.

56. Гудфеллоу J, Бэламі MF, Ramsey МВт, Джонс CJH, Люіс МДж. Харчовыя дабаўкі з марскімі амега?

3 тлустых кіслот, паляпшэнне сістэмнай вялікі артэрыі функцыі эндатэлю у пацыентаў з гіперхалестэрынямія. 2000 год. J

Am Coll Cardiol 35 (2): 265 70 °.

57. Зялёны D, G А'Дрыскал, Ранкин JM, маяран AJ, Тэйлар RR. Дабратворны ўплыў вітаміна Е на адміністрацыю

азотнай вокісу функцыі ў пацыентаў з гіперхалестэрынямія. 1998 год. Clin навук (Colch) 95 (3): 361 7?.

58. Griffith LE, Guyatt GH, Кук RJ, Bucher HC, Кук ды-джэя. Уплыў харчавання і nondietary кальцыя

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12 (1 Пётр 1): 84 92?.

59. Гайтон JR, Blazing М.А., Агар J, Кашьяп ML, Кнопп RH, McKenney JM, Nash DT, Нэш SD, Niaspan?

Група Gemfibrozil даследавання. Пашыраны? Выпуску ніацін супраць гемфиброзил для лячэння нізкага ўзроўню высокай? Ліпапратэінаў

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60. Harris WS. п. 3 тлустых кіслот і ліпопротеідов сыроваткі: чалавечыя даследавання. 1997 год. Am J Clin Nutr 65 (5 Suppl): 1645S?

54S.

61. Даследаванне Heart Protection Collaborative Group. MRC / BHF

Heart Protection вывучэнне антіоксідантной вітаміна

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і прагрэсаванне Субклінічны атэрасклерозу:

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63. Hodis HN, Mack WJ, LaBree L, Кашын? Hemphill L, Sevanian

Джонсан R, Азен SP. Паслядоўны каранарнай ангиографии доказаў

што прыём антыаксідантныя вітамінаў зніжае прагрэсаванне каранарнага

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64. Holmquist C, S Ларсан, Воўк, дэ Faire U. мультівітаміны

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міякарда у мужчын і жанчын - Стакгольм сэрца эпідэміялогіі

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65. Голуб DJ, Голуб BJ. Амега № 3 тлустыя кіслоты з рыбінага тлушчу

і сардэчна-сасудзістых захворванняў. 2004 год. Маўляў Сотавыя Biochem 263 (1 2?): 217?

"У гэтым даследаванні мы паказалі, што

высокае спажыванне харчовых ліноленовая кіслата

было звязана з больш нізкай распаўсюджанасцю

САС вымяраны сардэчны

КТ у мужчын і жанчын, пасля карэкціроўкі

на ўмешваюцца фактары, у

доза-рэакцыя моды. Гэтая асацыяцыя

не залежыць ад узросту, адукацыі,

даходаў, спажывання энергіі, суадносіны п-6

N-3 тлустых кіслот, а спажыванне рыбы ".

-L Djousse і соавт. (# 36)

"Даведачная CoQ10 змяняе натуральную

Гісторыя развіцця сардэчна-судзінкавых захворванняў

і мае патэнцыял для прадухілення

сардэчна-судзінкавых захворванняў шляхам інгібіравання

акіслення халестэрыну LDL

і падтрымання аптымальнага

клетачных і мітахандрыяльнай функцый

па ўсім разбуральнаму дзеянню часу і

ўнутраных і знешніх высілкаў ».

-PH Langsjoen і соавт. (# 82)

25.

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82. Langsjoen PH, Langsjoen AM. Агляд выкарыстання

"Мы лічым, што CoQ10 адміністрацыі

можа палепшыць аднаўленне мітахондрый

і cardic миоцитов

ад стрэсу. Пры ўвядзеннi на працягу аднаго тыдня

да аперацыі, CoQ10 можа паскорыць

сардэчных аднаўлення і прывесці да больш ранняму

выпіскі пацыента з лякарні ".

Rosenfeldt-ФЗ і інш. (# 124)

"У гэтай вялікай групе мужчын ідуць за

12 [гадоў], мы выявілі зваротную сувязь

паміж фалійнай кіслаты і рызыка

PAD [перыферычных артэрый], што

не залежыць ад іншых фактараў рызыкі PAD ».

AT-гандлёвага і соавт. (# 97)

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lipoprotein profile in overweight or obese

women with usual low calcium intake…

[In] the clinical context of obesity

treatment, calcium supplementation

could be recommended in women

with inadequate calcium intake to

improve the cardiovascular disease

risk profile.”

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“Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of

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that exert an important influence

on plasma lipids and serve cardiac

and endothelial functions to impact

the prevention and treatment of

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6 and n-3 PUFAs have distinct biological

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revealed an inverse relationship between

vitamin E intake and the progression

of chronic diseases. It is believed

that vitamin E's various actions,

including its role as an antioxidant,

have both antiatherogenic effects and

chemoprotective action.”

-A Dutta, et al. (#39)

“The administration of CoQ10 to heart

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improvement in functional status,

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“The combined cardiovascular effects

of resveratrol and other plant phenolic

compounds and bioflavonoids with vitamin

E should also be encouraged.

Finally, resveratrol should be evaluated

as an interesting candidate for nondrug

approaches to combat blood

vessel-related diseases in humans.”

-JM Wu, et al. (#174)

“This review confirms the efficacy of

Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761. It demonstrates

not only the statistical significance

of the difference with respect

to placebo but also the clinical relevance

for the treatment of patients with

PAOD [peripheral arterial occlusive

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Эфект нізкай? Дозу дабавак L13

"Дадзеныя з перспектыўных другасных

прафілактыка даследаванні паказваюць, што

EPA / DHA дабавак у межах

ад 0,5 да 1,8 г / сут (як і тоўстая рыба

або дапаўненні) значна зніжае

наступныя сэрца і ад усіх прычын

смяротнасці ".

Крыс-прэм'ер-Etherton і соавт. (# 78)

"Такім чынам, вынікі гэтага

даследаванні паказваюць, што ад ўмеранай да цяжкай

дэфіцыт вітаміна Д з'яўляецца фактарам рызыкі для

развіцця сардэчна-сасудзістых захворванняў.

Гэтыя вынікі могуць мець патэнцыйна

шырокія наступствы для грамадскага аховы здароўя, з улікам

высокая распаўсюджанасць дэфіцыту вітаміна D

у развітых краінах,

ўклад ладу жыцця і геаграфіі

вітаміна D статусу, і лёгкасць, бяспека,

і нізкая кошт лячэння вітамінам D

Дэфіцыт ".

-TJ Wang і соавт. (# 162)

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“In conclusion, our data indicate that

oral treatment with folic acid restores

endothelial dysfunction and abolishes

the increase in radical-damage end

products induced by triglyceride-rich

lipoproteins. In combination, these data

imply that folic acid enhances NO

[nitric oxide] bioavailability through

інгібіравання ліпіднага выкліканых радыкалаў кіслароду

стрэс. Гэтыя дадзеныя падкрэсліваюць

патэнцыйны станоўчы эфект фалійнай кіслаты

дабаўкі для сардэчна-сасудзістай сістэмы

стратэгій прафілактыкі, асабліва ў пацыентаў

з парушэннем халестэрын

рэшту афармлення, такіх як цукровы дыябет

і сямейнай камбінаванай гиперлипидемией.

Таксама цікава, што вышэй за

рацыён фалійнай кіслаты па-відаць, можа

таксама абароны здаровых людзей ад паўсядзённых

тлушч звязаных эндотелиальных абразы ".

HW-Wilmink і соавт. (# 168)

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169. Праявіць J, G Giacoppe, кароль Дж. Эфект вельмі? Нізка? Дозы ніацін

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172. Woo KS, Chook P, Lolin YI, Sanderson JE, Metreweli C,

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173. Woodside JV, Yarnell JW, McMaster D, Young IS, Harmon

DL, McCrum EE, Patterson CC, Gey KF, Whitehead AS, Evans A.

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174. Wu JM, Wang ZR, Hsieh TC, Bruder JL, Zou JG, Huang YZ. Mechanism of cardioprotection by resveratrol, a

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177. Yusuf S, Dagenais G, Pogue J, Bosch J, Sleight P. Vitamin E supplementation and cardiovascular events in

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178. Zureik M, Galan P, Bertrais S, Mennen L, Czernichow S, Blacher J, Ducimetiere P, Hercberg S. Effects of

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180. Albanes D, Heinonen OP, Huttunen JK, Taylor PR,

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181. Albanes D, Malila N, Taylor PR, Huttunen JK, Virtamo

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185. Benner SE, Winn RJ, Lippman SM, Poland J, Hansen KS, Luna MA, Hong WK. Regression of oral leukoplakia

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186. Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Simonetti RG, Gluud C. Antioxidant supplements for prevention of gastrointestinal

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187. Block G. Vitamin C and cancer prevention: the epidemiologic evidence. 1991. AJCN 53(1 Suppl):270S?82S.

188. Blot WJ. Vitamin/mineral supplementation and cancer

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189. Blot WJ, Li JY, Taylor PR, Guo W, Dawsey S, Wang GQ,

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190. Bonithon?Kopp C, Kronborg O, Giacosa A, Rath U,

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“The results of this randomized controlled

trial do not support the hypothesis that

selenium supplementation reduces the

risk of BCC or SCC of the skin, showing no

statistically significant treatment effect on

their incidence. However, selenium supplementation

was found to be associated

with significant reductions in secondary

end points of total cancer incidence

(all-sites combined), long, colorectal

and prostate cancer incidences,

and lung cancer mortality.”

- LC Clark, et al. (#197)

“In vitro, animal and clinical studies

strongly indicate that vitamin D may have

anticancer benefits, including against

progression (such as metastasis) in colorectal

cancer and possibly other cancers.

Thus improving vitamin D status could be

potentially beneficial against either incidence

or mortality, or both.”

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191. Bostick RM, Potter JD, McKenzie DR, Sellers TA, Kushi

LH, Steinmetz KA, Folsom AR. Reduced risk of colon cancer

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192. Brasky TM, Lampe JW, Potter JD, Patterson RE, White

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193. Chan JM, Stampfer MJ, Ma J, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Giovannucci

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194. Chlebowski RT, Johnson KC, Kooperberg C, Pettinger

M, Wactawski?Wende J, Rohan T, Rossouw J, Lane D, O'Sullivan

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195. Cho E, Smith?Warner SA, Spiegelman D, Beeson WL,

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JL, Giovannucci E, Goldbohm RA, Graham S, Miller AB,

Pietinen P, Potter JD, Rohan TE, Terry P, Toniolo P, Virtanen MJ,

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196. Choi SW, Mason JB. Folate and carcinogenesis: an integrated scheme. 2000. J Nutr 130(2):129?32.

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198. Clark LC, Dalkin B, Krongrad A, Combs GF Jr, Turnbull BW, Slate EH, Witherington R, Herlong JH, Janosko

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199. Clarke R, Halsey J, Lewington S, Lonn E, Armitage J, Manson JAE. Bønaa KH, Spence JD, Nygård O, Jamison

R, Gaziano JM, Guarino P, Bennett D, Mir F, Peto R, Collins R, B?Vitamin Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Эфекты

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200. Combs GF Jr, Clark LC, Turnbull BW. Reduction of

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201. Cook NR, Le IM, Manson JE, Buring JE, Hennekens

CH. Effects of beta?carotene supplementation on cancer incidence

by baseline characteristics in the Physicians' Health

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202. Correa P, Fontham ET, Bravo JC, Bravo LE, Ruiz B, Zarama

G, Realpe JL, Malcom GT, Li D, Johnson WD, Mera R.

Chemoprevention of gastric dysplasia: randomized trial of antioxidant

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2000. J Natl Cancer Inst 92(23):1881?8.

203. Davis CD. Vitamin D and cancer: current dilemmas

and future research needs. 2008 год. Am J Clin Nutr 88(2): 565S?9S.

“In this case-control study of North Carolina

women, we found only very limited

support for the hypothesis that vitamin

supplement use is associated with a decreased

risk of breast cancer. Among

white women, any use of multivitamins,

vitamin C or vitamin E in the past five

years was each associated with an approximately

20% decrease in breast

cancer risk; however, the confidence

intervals around these estimates all included

1. There was no evidence of a

dose-response relationship between duration

of use and breast cancer risk. In

contrast to the modest inverse associations

with certain vitamin supplements

suggested for white women, there was

essentially no evidence of a protective

effect among black women for any of

the vitamins examined.”

- PG Moorman, et al. (#256)

“In this cohort, we observed a statistically

significant inverse association between

vitamin E intake and bladder cancer risk,

which was strongest among those who

had been taking vitamin E supplements

for many years. A suggestive inverse association

was noted for intake of vitamin

C supplement dose and bladder cancer

risk. No associations were observed between

intake of total energy, macronutrients,

or other micronutrients and bladder

cancer risk.”

-DS Michaud (#251)

204. Duffield?Lillico AJ, Slate EH, Reid ME, Turnbull BW,

Wilkins PA, Combs GF Jr, Park HK, Gross EG, Graham GF,

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205. Ebbing M, Bønaa KH, Nygård O, Arnesen E, Ueland

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206. Egan KM, Signorello LB, Munro HM, Hargreaves MK,

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207. Fedirko V, Bostick RM, Goodman M, Flanders WD, Gross MD. Blood 25?hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations

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208. Fleischauer AT, Olson SH, Mignone L, Simonsen N, Caputo TA, Harlap S. Dietary antioxidants, supplements,

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209. Fleischauer AT, Simonsen N, Arab L. Antioxidant supplements and risk of breast cancer recurrence and

breast cancer?related mortality among postmenopausal women. 2003. Nutr Cancer 46(1):15?22.

210. Flood A, Peters U, Chatterjee N, Lacey JV Jr, Schairer C, Schatzkin A. Calcium from diet and supplements is

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Prev 14(1):126?32.

211. Freedman DM, Chang SC, Falk RT, Purdue MP, Huang WY, McCarty CA, Hollis BW, Graubard BI, Berg CD,

Ziegler RG. Serum levels of vitamin D metabolites and breast cancer risk in the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian

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212. Gandini S, Raimondi S, Gnagnarella P, Doré JF, Maisonneuve P, Testori A. Vitamin D and skin cancer: a meta?

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213. Garland CF, Gorham ED, Mohr SB, Garland FC. Vitamin

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214. Gaziano JM, Glynn RJ, Christen WG, Kurth T, Belanger

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men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled

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215. Giovannucci E. The epidemiology of vitamin D and colorectal

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216. Giovannucci E. Vitamin D and cancer incidence in the

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217. Giovannucci E, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ,

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1998. Ann Intern Med 129(7):517?24.

218. Goodwin PJ, Ennis M, Pritchard KI, Koo J, Hood N.

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219. Gorham ED, Garland CF, Garland FC, Grant WB, Mohr

“The SU.VI.MAX trial followed a pragmatic

approach in testing the effect of a combination

of 5 antioxidant vitamins or mineral

at low doses. It is thus not possible to

identify which individual micronutrient or

combination is responsible for the preventative

effect observed. Nevertheless, our

study results support the hypothesis that

chemoprevention of prostate cancer

can be achieved with antioxidant vitamins

and minerals.”

- F Meyer, et al. (#250)

“In the 11 non-hormone-dependent

cancer sites described above, 46 studies

have specifically reported on a vitamin

C index or plasma ascorbate values; 33

of these found statistically significant

protective effects, and several more

were in the protective direction but did

not achieve significance. None has

found elevated risk with increasing intake.

In addition to those, 29 studies reported

on the effect of fruit consumption,

21 of which found significant protection

associated with frequent consumption

or high risk associated with low

consumption. For oral, esophageal, gastric,

and pancreatic cancer, the evidence

is extremely strong, with virtually

all studies showing a significant protective

effect.”

- G Block (#187)

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220. Grau MV, Baron JA, Sandler RS, Haile RW, Beach ML,

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221. Gridley G, McLaughlin JK, Block G, Blot WJ, Gluch M,

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222. Hatfield DL, Gladyshev VN. The Outcome of Selenium

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223. Heinonen OP, Albanes D, Virtamo J, Taylor PR, Huttunen

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M, Edwards BK. Prostate cancer and supplementation with alpha?tocopherol and beta?carotene: incidence and

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224. Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Manson JE, Stampfer M, Rosner B, Cook NR, Belanger C, LaMotte F, Gaziano JM,

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225. Hercberg S, Galan P, Preziosi P, Bertrais S, Mennen L, Malvy D, Roussel AM, Favier A, Briancon S. The SU.VI.

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226. Hernaandez J, Syed S, Weiss G, Fernandes G, von Merveldt Dl, Troyer DA, Basler JW, Thompson IM Jr. The

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227. Hoenjet KM, Dagnelie PC, Delaere KP, Wijckmans NE, Zambon JV, Oosterhof GO. Effect of a nutritional

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228. Ishitani K, Lin J, Mason JE, Buring JE, Zhang SM. A Prospective Study of Multivitamin Supplement Use and

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229. Johansson M, Appleby PN, Allen NE, Travis RC, Roddam AW, Egevad L, Jenab M, Rinaldi S, Kiemeney LA,

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Quirós JR, González CA, Larrañaga N, Chirlaque MD, Ardanaz

E, Sieri S, Palli D, Vineis P, Tumino R, Linseisen J, Kaaks R,

Boeing H, Pischon T, Psaltopoulou T, Trichopoulou A, Trichopoulos

D, Khaw KT, Bingham S, Hallmans G, Riboli E, Stattin P,

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2008 год. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 17(2):279?85.

230. Kilkkinen A, Knekt P, Heliövaara M, Rissanen H,

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231. Kirsh VA, Hayes RB, Mayne ST, Chatterjee N, Subar AF,

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Inst 98(4):245?54.

“Our study of nearly 1100 incident cases

of cancer is one of the largest prospective

studies of serum selenium levels and

cancer risk and has more site-specific

cancers than any previous study. We

found highly significant (p < 10?4) inverse

associations of serum selenium levels with

the incidence of both esophageal and

gastric cardia cancers over a period of

5.25 years of follow-up. Individuals in the

highest quartile of selenium developed

these cancers at approximately half the

rate as individuals in the lowest quartile.”

-SD Mark, et al. (#245)

“Total vitamin B6 intake was also statistically

significantly inversely associated

with risk of colorectal cancer. We observed

59 cases of colorectal cancer

among the 25% of women (approximately

8200) with the lowest plasma vitamin B6

concentrations over the 10-year followup,

compared with 33 cases of colorectal

cancer in the 25% of women with the

highest plasma vitamin B6 concentrations.”

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232. Klein EA. The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention

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233. Kranse R, Dagnelie PC, van Kemenade MC, de Jong

FH, Blom JH, Tijburg LB, Weststrate JA, Schroder FH. Dietary

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234. Kristal AR, Stanford JL, Cohen JH, Wicklund K, Patterson

RE. Vitamin and mineral supplement use is associated

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235. Lamm DL, Riggs DR, Shriver JS, vanGilder PF, Rach JF,

DeHaven JI. Megadose vitamins in bladder cancer: a doubleblind

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“So far, epidemiological data for cancer

argue for an overall positive role of suninduced

vitamin D. There may be more

beneficial than adverse effects of moderately

increased sun exposure, even for

total cancer mortality. This message

should be addressed to populations at risk

for vitamin D deficiency.”

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“Based on overall consideration of results

from observational and laboratory studies,

the existing evidence is consistent

with the hypothesis that increasing vitamin

D3 intake to 1000–2000 IU per day or

raising the serum level of 25(OH)D to 33

ng/mL or higher would be associated

with substantially lower incidence rates of

colorectal cancer, with only minimal

risks.”

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a protective role of calcium and

vitamin D intakes against colorectal

cancer incidence. However, given the

strong evidence from both animal studies

and in vitro studies, the benefits of

these two nutrients cannot be ruled out.

More detailed investigation of the interaction

of calcium with other nutrients,

including vitamin D, and additional

questions better characterizing vitamin D

status may be necessary to elucidate

the true associations of calcium and vitamin

D with risk of colorectal cancer.”

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“Optimizing micronutrient intake

(through better diets, fortification of

foods, or multivitamin-mineral pills) can

have a major impact on public health at

low cost. Other micronutrients are likely

to be added to the list of those whose

deficiency causes DNA damage in the

coming years. Tuning-up human metabolism,

which varies with genetic constitution

and changes with age, is likely to

be a major way to minimize DNA damage,

improve health and prolong

healthy lifespan.”

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effect on lung cancer; however, preliminary

analyses indicate possible efficacy

with longer duration of intervention. Prostate

cancer incidence was 34% lower in

the vitamin E group and colorectal cancer

was 16% lower, the latter being consistent

with recent observational data

suggesting such a protective association.

Such effects, if corroborated by other

studies, would have substantial public

health consequences on two common

malignancies.”

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“On a very simplistic level, cancer is

thought to arise because of an excess of

DNA damage and/or the inappropriate

expression of critical genes. Folate has

consequently been of particular interest

as a potential cancer protective agent

because of the important roles it plays in

nucleotide synthesis, as well as in the biological

methylation of molecules such as

DNA, RNA, proteins, and the phospholipids.”

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AW, Tjønneland A, Olsen A, Linseisen J, Kaaks R, Boeing H,

Kröger J, Trichopoulou A, Dilis V, Trichopoulos D, Vineis P,

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FJ, Chirlaque MD, Barricarte A, Larrañaga N, González

CA, Argüelles MV, Sánchez MJ, Stattin P, Hallmans G, Khaw

KT, Bingham S, Rinaldi S, Slimani N, Jenab M, Riboli E, Key TJ.

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280. Tsavachidou D, McDonnell TJ, Wen S, Wang X, Vakar?

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284. Wactawski?Wende J, Kotchen JM, Anderson FL, Assaf AR, Brunner RL, O'Sullivan MJ, Margolis KL, Ockene

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RB, Whitlock E, Bassford T, Beresford SA, Black HR, Bonds DE, Brzyski RG, Caan B, Chlebowski RT, Cochrane B,

Garland C, Gass M, Hays J, Heiss G, Hendrix SL, Howard BV, Hsia J, Hubbell FA, Jackson RD, Johnson KC, Judd H,

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285. Wei EK, Giovannucci E, Selhub J, Fuchs CS, Hankinson SE, Ma J. Plasma vitamin B6 and the risk of colorectal

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286. Wu K, Willett WC, Chan JM, Fuchs CS, Colditz GA, Rimm EB, Giovannucci EL. A prospective study on

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287. Xu Q, Parks CG, DeRoo LA, Cawthon RM, Sandler DP, Chen H. Multivitamin use and telomere length in

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288. Zhang SM, Cook NR, Albert CM, Gaziano JM, Buring JE, Manson JE. Effect of combined folic acid, vitamin

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289. Zhang SM, Giovannucci EL, Hunter DJ, Rimm EB, Ascherio A, Colditz GA, Speizer FE, Willett WC. Vitamin

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291. Zheng W, Anderson KE, Kushi LH, Sellers TA, Greenstein

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selected for risk factors, indicates that a

7.5-year low-dose antioxidant supplementation

lowered total cancer incidence in

men but not in women. A similar tendency

was observed for all-cause mortality.”

-S Hercberg (#225)

“In summary, overall risks for prostate

cancer were unaffected by supplemental

dietary antioxidant use among participants

in the PLCO Trial; however, vitamin

E supplementation in smokers and ?-

carotene supplementation in men with

low dietary ?-carotene were associated

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295. Barnes MS, Robson PJ, Bonham MP, Strain JJ, Wallace

JM. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D status

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296. Bikle DD. Role of vitamin D, its metabolites, and analogs

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297. Binkley NC, Krueger DC, Kawahara TN, Engelke JA,

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298. Binkley NC, Suttie JW. Vitamin K nutrition and osteoporosis.

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299. Bischoff?Ferrari HA, Willett WC, Wong JB, Giovannucci

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300. Bolton?Smith C, McMurdo MET, Paterson CR, Mole PA,

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305. Buckley LM, Hillner BE. A cost effectiveness analysis

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306. Cameron MA, Paton LM, Nowson CA, Margerison C,

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“One member in each twin pair was

randomly assigned using computergenerated

numbers to receive 800 mg

of elemental Calcium from citrate and

carbonate, 400 IU of vitamin D3 (as Cholecaliferol),

400 mg of Magnesium from

citrate, and amino acid chelate and

oxide in four orange-flavoured chewable

tablets (Active Calcium™ Chewable);

the other twin was given a

matched placebo in a double-blinded

manner. The placebo tablet was identical

in appearance, taste and composition

but contained no active ingredient.

All tablets were supplied by USANA

Health Sciences, Inc., Sydney, Australia…

“Our findings indicate that supplementation

with 800 mg calcium and 400 IU vitamin

D3 per day for a period of 6

months was associated with increased

trabecular area, trabecular density and

strength strain index at the ultra-distal

tibia and radius and increased cortical

area at tibial mid-shaft.”

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“[Boron] may have a preventive or therapeutic

effect that helps to diminish bone

mineral loss in susceptible populations.”

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307. Chapuy MC, Arlot ME, Duboeuf F, Brun J, Crouzet B,

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308. Chapuy MC, Pamphile R, Paris E, Kempf C, Schlichting

M, Arnaud S, Garnero P, Meunier PJ. Combined calcium and vitamin

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309. Cheng S, Lyytikäinen A, Kröger H, Lamberg?Allardt C,

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A, Nicholson PHF, Ivaska KK, Korpela R, Ohlsson C,

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310. Chevalley T, Bonjour JP, Ferrari S, Hans D, Rizzoli R. Skeletal site selectivity in the effects of calcium supplementation

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311. Cooper L, Clifton?Bligh PB, Nery ML, Figtree G, Twigg S, Hibbert E, Robinson BG. Vitamin D supplementation

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312. Cumming RG, Nevitt MC. Calcium for prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women.

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313. Curtis CL, Hughes CE, Flannery CR, Little CB, Harwood JL, Caterson B. n?3 Fatty Acids Specifically Modulate

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314. Curtis CL, Rees SG, Cramp J, Flannery CR, Hughes CE, Little CB, Williams R, Wilson C, Dent CM, Harwood

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315. Dawson?Hughes B, Harris SS, Krall EA, Dallal GE. Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on

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316. Dawson?Hughes B, Harris SS, Krall EA, Dallal GE, Falconer G, Green CL. Rates of bone loss in postmenopausal

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317. Dawson?Hughes B, Dallal GE, Krall EA, Harris S, Sokoll LJ, Falconer G. Effect of vitamin D supplementation

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319. Dietrich T, Joshipura KJ, Dawson?Hughes B, Bischoff?Ferrari HA. Association between serum concentrations

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320. Dodiuk?Gad RP, Rozen GS, Rennert G, Rennert HS, Ish?

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2005. AJCN 81(1):168?74.

321. Feskanich D, Singh V, Willett WC, Colditz GA. Vitamin

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2002. JAMA 287(1):47?54.

322. Feskanich D, Willett WC, Colditz GA. Calcium, vitamin

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323. Fraser DR. Vitamin D?deficiency in Asia. 2004 год. J Steroid

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324. Gennari C. Calcium and vitamin D nutrition and bone

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“Our particular contribution has been to

extend from animal models to humans

the essentiality of Cu, Mn and Zn in the

development and maintenance of BMD

[bone mineral density]… Through understanding

the value of trace elements

from food or supplements, and through

sensible dietary strategies, we can slow

the rate of bone loss, thus delaying or

preventing osteoporosis, in a simple and

inexpensive manner.”

- PD Saltman, et al. (#371)

“In summary, dietary supplementation

with a combination of nutritionally relevant

amounts of vitamin K with vitamin D

and calcium in healthy older women

was associated with a modest but significant

increase in BMC at one site, consisting

predominantly of trabecular bone.

Similar changes were not observed in

either the vitamin K group alone or in the

calcium plus vitamin D group, suggesting

a synergistic role of the combination as

sugggested by previous reports.”

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325. Going S, Lohman T, Houtkooper L, Metcalfe L, Flint?

Wagner H, Blew R, Stanford V, Cussler E, Martin J, Teixeira P,

Harris M, Milliken L, Figueroa?Galvez A, Weber J. Effects of exercise

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2003 год. Osteoporos Int 14(8):637?43.

326. Grant AM, Avenell A, Campbell MK, McDonald AM,

MacLennan GS, McPherson GC, Anderson FH, Cooper C, Francis

RM, Donaldson C, Gillespie WJ, Robinson CM, Torgerson DJ,

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RECORD): a randomized placebo?controlled trial. 2005. Lancet

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327. Greene DA, Naughton GA. Calcium and vitamin?D

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328. Greenspan SL, Resnick NM, Parker RA. Vitamin D supplementation

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330. Haney EM, Stadler D, Bliziotes MM. Vitamin D insufficiency in internal medicine residents. 2005. Calcif

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331. Hanley DA, Cranney A, Jones G, Whiting SJ, Leslie WD, Cole DEC, Atkinson SA, Josse RG, Feldman S, Kline

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332. Harris S, Dawson?Hughes B. Rates of change in bone mineral density of the spine, heel, femoral, neck and

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333. Harwood RH, Sahota O, Gaynor K, Masud T, Hosking DJ, The Nottingham Neck of Femur (NONOF) Study.

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335. Heaney RP. Nutritional factors in osteoporosis. 1993.

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336. Hunter D, Major P, Arden N, Swaminathan R, Andrew T,

MacGregor AJ, Keen R, Snieder H, Spector TD. A randomized

controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation on preventing

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using identical twin pairs. 2000 год. J Bone Miner Res 15(11):2276?83.

337. Hyun TH, Barrett?Connor E, Milne DB. Zinc intakes

and plasma concentrations in men with osteoporosis: the Rancho

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338. Ilich JZ, Kerstetter JE. Nutrition in Bone Health Revisited:

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339. Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M, Wallace RB, Robbins J,

Lewis CE, Bassford T, Beresford SAA, Black HR, Blanchette P,

Bonds DE, Brunner RL, Brzyski RG, Caan B, Cauley JA, Chlebowski

RT, Cummings SR, Granek I, Hays J, Heiss G, Hendrix SL,

Howard BV, Hsia J, Hubbell FA, Johnson KC, Judd H, Kotchen

JM, Kuller LH, Langer RD, Lasser NL, Limacher MC, Ludlam S,

“Much evidence indicates that both

calcium and vitamin D are efficacious in

protecting the skeleton, particularly

when these 2 nutrients are used in combination.

Each nutrient is necessary for

the full expression of the effect of the

other, and where their actions are independent,

their effects on skeletal health

are complementary. Nutrient status for

both tends to be deficient in the adult

population of the industrialized nations.

Hence, supplementation or food fortification

with both nutrients is appropriate

and, given contemporary diets and sun

exposure, probably necessary.”

- RP Heaney (#334)

“Adequate nutrition plays a major role in

the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis;

the nutrients of greatest importance

are calcium and vitamin D. Numerous

studies have shown that higher

calcium intake at various ages are associated

with higher bone mineral density

compared with the bone mass of those

with lower calcium intakes. In older

postmenopausal women, the benefits of

vitamin D and calcium supplementation

in preventing bone loss, decreasing

bone turnover, and decreasing nonvertebral

fractures are clear.”

- JW Nieves (#358)

Manson JE, Margolis KL, McGowan J, Ockene JK, O'Sullivan

MJ, Phillips L, Prentice RL, Sarto GE, Stefanick ML, Van Horn

L, Wactawski?Wende J, Whitlock E, Anderson GL, Assaf AR,

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340. Javaid MK, Crozier SR, Harvey NC, Gale CR, Dennison

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348. Lee WTK, Leung SSF, Wang SH, Xu YC, Zeng WP, Lau J, Oppenheimer SJ, Cheng JCY. Double?blind, controlled

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349. Lips P, Graafmans WC, Ooms ME, Bezemer PD, Bouter LM. Vitamin D supplementation and fracture incidence

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350. Lloyd T, Andon MB, Rollings N, Martel JK, Landis JR, Demers LM, Eggli DF, Kieselhorst K, Kulin HE. Calcium

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351. Meacham SL, Taper LJ, Volpe SL. Effect of boron supplementation on blood and urinary calcium, magnesium,

and phosphorus, and urinary boron in athletic and sedentary

women. 1995 год. AJCN 61(2):341?5.

352. Meacham SL, Taper LJ, Volpe SL. Effects of boron supplementation

on bone mineral density and dietary, blood, and

urinary calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and boron in female

athletes. 1994. Environ Health Perspect 102(Suppl 7):79?82.

353. Meier C, Woitge HW, Witte K, Lemmer B, Seibel MJ.

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30.

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355. Meyer HE, Smedshaug GB, Kvaavik E, Falch JA, Tverdal

A, Pedersen JI. Can vitamin D supplementation reduce the

“Osteoporosis is a multifactorial disorder,

and, despite the considerable influence

of heredity, bone health depends on the

whole range of other nutrients and foods

as well as the environmental factors.

prolonged deficiency or excess of one or

the combination of several, as well as the

changes in requirements of those nutrients

caused by physiological and metabolic

changes, might contribute to osteoporosis.”

- JZ Ilich, et al. (#338)

“Numerous studies have demonstrated

the importance of vitamin K in bone

health. Cell studies have helped delineate

the mechanism by which menaquinone

promotes bone mineralization

and inhibits resorption. Human and animal

studies have clearly demonstrated

that vitamin K can improve bone health

by increasing bone mass and reducing

bone loss.”

- J Adams, et al. (#292)

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356. Michaëlsson K, Lithell H, Vessby B, Melhus H. Serum

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358. Nieves JW. Osteoporosis: the role of micronutrients.

2005. AJCN 81(5):1232S?9S.

359. Nowson CA, Green RM, Hopper JL, Sherwin AJ, Young

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360. Papadimitropoulos E, Wells G, Shea B, Gillespie W,

Weaver B, Zytaruk N, Cranney A, Adachi J, Tugwell P, Josse R,

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23(4):560?9.

361. Peacock M, Liu G, Carey M, McClintock R, Ambrosius W, Hui S, Johnston CC. Effect of calcium or 25OH vitamin

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362. Porthouse J, Cockayne S, King C, Saxon L, Steele E, Aspray T, Baverstock M, Birks Y, Dumville J, Francis R,

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363. Potter SM, Baum JA, Teng H, Stillman RJ, Shay NF, Erdman JW Jr. Soy protein and isoflavones: their effects

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364. Prentice A, Ginty F, Stear SJ, Jones SC, Laskey MA, Cole TJ. Calcium Supplementation Increases Stature and

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365. Raiten DJ, Picciano MF. Vitamin D and health in the 21st century: bone and beyond. Executive summary.

2004 год. Am J Clin Nutr 80(suppl):1673S–7S.

366. Recker RR, Hinders S, Davies KM, Heaney RP, Stegman MR, Lappe JM, Kimmel DB. Correcting calcium nutritional

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367. Reid IR, Ames RW, Evans MC, Gamble GD, Sharpe SJ. Long?term effects of calcium supplementation on

bone loss and fractures in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. 1995 год. Am J Med 98(4):331?5.

368. Reid IR, Ames RW, Evans MC, Gamble GD, Sharpe SJ. Effect of calcium supplementation on bone loss in

postmenopausal women. 1993. N Engl J Med 328(7):460?4.

369. Ricci TA, Chowdhury HA, Heymsfield SB, Stahl T,

Pierson RN, Jr., Shapses SA. Calcium supplementation suppresses

bone turnover during weight reduction in postmenopausal

women. 1998 год. J Bone Miner Res 13:1045?50.

370. Ryder KM, Shorr RI, Bush AJ, Kritchevsky SB, Harris T,

Stone K, Cauley J, Tylavsky FA. Magnesium intake from food

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371. Saltman PD, Strause LG. The Role of Trace Minerals in

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372. Sato Y, Honda Y, Iwamoto J, Kanoko T, Satoh K. Effect

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“In the presence of osteoporosis, vitamin

D insufficiency may amplify bone loss and

thus enhance fracture risk. It follows that

at any age, but particularly in the elderly,

an adequate intake of both calcium and

vitamin D is important for the preservation

of bone mass and prevention of osteoporosis.”

- C Gennari (#324)

“The effects of low intakes of minerals

important to normal bone metabolism

need further investigation. An inadequate

intake or imbalance of one or

several of the minerals critical to bone

development may jeopardize normal

bone metabolism. There has been widespread

interest over the years in assuring

adequate calcium intakes at critical

stages of the female life cycle. This interest

should be extended to emphasize

optimal intakes of all minerals known or

suspected to affect bone mineral density,

such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium,

and boron.”

- SL Meacham, et al. (#352)

stroke: a randomized controlled trial. 2005. JAMA 293(9):1082?

373. Shea B, Wells G, Cranney A, Zytaruk N, Robinson V,

Griffith L, Ortiz Z, Peterson J, Adachi J, Tugwell P, Guyatt G,

Osteoporosis Methodology Group, Osteoporosis Research Advisory

Group. Meta?analyses of therapies for postmenopausal

osteoporosis. VII. Meta?analysis of calcium supplementation

for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. 2002. Endocr

Rev 23(4):552?9.

374. Shearer MJ. The roles of vitamins D and K in bone

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56(3):915?937.

375. Shearer MJ, Bach A, Kohlmeier M. Chemistry, nutritional

sources, tissue distribution and metabolism of vitamin K

with special reference to bone health. 1996 год. J Nutr 126(4

Suppl):1181S?6S.

376. Stear SJ, Prentice A, Jones SC, Cole TJ. Effect of a calcium

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377. Strause L, Saltman P, Smith KT, Bracker M, Andon MB. Spinal bone loss in postmenopausal women supplemented

with calcium and trace minerals. 1994. J Nutr 124:1060?4.

378. Thie NM, Prasad NG, Major PW. Evaluation of glucosamine sulfate compared to ibuprofen for the treatment

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379. Thomas MK, Lloyd?Jones DM, Thadhani RI, Shaw AC, Deraska DJ, Kitch BT, Vamvakas EC, Dick IM, Prince

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380. Trivedi DP, Doll R, Khaw KT. Effect of four monthly oral vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) supplementation on

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381. Utiger RD. The need for more vitamin D. 1998. N Engl J Med 338(12):828?9.

382. von Hurst PR, Stonehouse W, Kruger MC, Coad J. Vitamin D supplementation suppresses age?induced

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383. Winters?Stone KM, Snow CM. One year of oral calcium

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384. Yasui T, Miyatani Y, Tomita J, Yamada M, Uemura H,

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385. Zamora SA, Rizzoli R, Belli DC, Slosman DO, Bonjour

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“Collectively, our data provide evidence

supporting dietary supplementation of n-3

PUFA [omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids],

which in turn may have a beneficial

effect of slowing and reducing inflammation

in the pathogenesis of degenerative

joint diseases in man.”

- CL Curtis, et al. (#314)

“In summary, spinal bone loss in a small

group of older postmenopausal women

was slowed by supplementation with

calcium as CCM [calcium citrate malate]

and was halted by supplementation

with a mineral cocktail composed of

CCM along with zinc, manganese and

copper. Only the group supplemented

with calcium plus trace minerals differed

from the placebo group, which, as expected,

lost a significant amount of bone

density.”

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388. Auestad N, Halter R, Hall RT, Blatter M, Bogle ML,

Burks W, Erickson JR, Fitzgerald KM, Dobson V, Innis SM, Singer

LT, Montalto MB, Jacobs JR, Qiu W, Bornstein MH. Growth

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389. Auestad N, Scott DT, Janowsky JS, Jacobsen C, Carroll

RE, Montalto MB, Halter R, Qiu W, Jacobs JR, Connor WE, Connor

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392. Berry RJ, Li Z, Erickson JD, Li S, Moore CA, Wang H, Mulinare J, Zhao P, Wong LY, Gindler J, Hong SX, Correa

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393. Bhate V, Deshpande S, Bhat D, Joshi N, Ladkat R, Watve S, Fall C, de Jager CA, Refsum H, Yajnik C. Vitamin

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394. Birch EE, Birch DG, Hoffman DR, Uauy R. Dietary essential fatty acid supply and visual acuity development.

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395. Birch EE, Carlson SE, Hoffman DR, Fitzgerald?Gustafson KM, Fu VLN, Drover JR, Castañeda YS, Minns L,

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“We have demonstrated for the first time

in a purposeful, community-based prospective

study an association between

maternal nutritional measurements in

pregnancy and two major risk factors for

type 2 diabetes in the offspring… Maternal

macronutrient intakes were unrelated

to adiposity and insulin resistance

in the offspring. However, higher maternal

folate concentrations predicted

greater adiposity (fat mass and body fat

per cent) and higher insulin resistance,

and lower vitamin B12 concentrations

predicted higher insulin resistance. Children

born to mothers with low vitamin B12

concentrations but high folate concentrations

were the most insulin resistant.”

- CS Yajnik, et al. (#491)

“In conclusion, relatively modest amounts

of dietary docosahexaenoic acid during

pregnancy appear to extend gestational

age and may lead to enhanced fetal

growth.”

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404. Camargo CA Jr, Rifas?Shiman SL, Litonjua AA, Rich?

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414. Dahle LO, Berg G, Hammar M, Hurtig M, Larsson L. The effect of oral magnesium substitution on pregnancy

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415. Daly LE, Kirke PN, Molloy A, Weir DG, Scott JM. Folate levels and neural tube defects: implications for prevention.

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417. Devereux G, Litonjua AA, Turner SW, Craig LC,

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418. Devereux G, Turner SW, Craig LC, McNeill G, Mar?

“Given the results of this study, we think

that all women planning pregnancy

should receive a vitamin supplement containing

folic acid.”

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“Dosing recommendations for mothers

during pregnancy should be aimed at

preventing problems in neonates and

infants, and a vitamin D dose sufficient

for the mother during pregnancy should

produce normal cord blood 25(OH)D

concentrations at birth. Giving relatively

small doses of vitamin D directly to the

infant or supplementing the mother with

100 ?g (4000 IU) vitamin D daily should

maintain normal 25(OH)D concentrations

in exclusively breastfed infants without

harming the mother.”

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419. Dijkstra SH, van Beek A, Janssen JW, de Vleeschouwer

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420. Erkkola M, Kaila M, Nwaru BI, Kronberg?Kippilä C,

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“Our study demonstrates an association

between maternal vitamin B12 status during

pregnancy and children's cognitive

functioning. Higher maternal plasma vitamin

B12 concentration in pregnancy

was an independent predictor of the

child's cognitive performance on the CTTA

and Digit Span Backward tests, after

controlling for a number of possible confounders,

including the child's own vitamin

B12 status at 6 years of age.”

- V Bhate, et al. (#393)

“The recommendations for dietary omega-

3 fatty acids should be adopted at

the onset of pregnancy, but there may

be benefits for all women who are considering

becoming pregnant. Given

concerns for mercury toxicity with overconsumption

of certain fish, in order to

meet these recommendations, pregnant

women will need to consume omega-3

fatty acids from 3 sources: vegetable oils,

2 servings of seafood per week, and

omega-3 fatty acid supplements containing

EPA and DHA or DHA alone.”

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large quantities of EPA and DHA in the

diet slightly lengthens pregnancy, and

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DHA supplementation during pregnancy

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“Studies summarized in this review provide

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transmission of HIV?1. 2002. AJCN 75(6):959?70.

530. El?Kadiki A, Sutton AJ. Role of multivitamins and

mineral supplements in preventing infections in elderly

people: systematic review and meta?analysis of randomised

“Inadequate intake and status of vitamins

and trace elements may lead to

suppressed immunity, which predisposes

to infections and aggravates undernutrition.

Evidence has accumulated that in

humans certain nutrients selectively influence

the immune response, induce

dysregulation of a coordinated host response

to infections in cases of deficiency

and oversupply, and that deficiency

may impact virulence of otherwise

harmless pathogens. Thus, micronutrients

are required at appropriate intakes for

the immune system to function optimally.

Available data indicate a role of vitamins

(A, D, E, B6, B12, folate, and C),

and trace elements (selenium, zinc,

copper, and iron) on the immune response…

Overall, inadequate intake and

status of these vitamins and trace elements

may lead to suppressed immunity,

which predisposes to infections and aggravates

malnutrition. Therefore, supplementation

with these selected micronutrients

can support the body's natural

defence system by enhancing all

three levels of immunity.”

- S Maggini, et al. (#564)

“The elucidation of the precise roles of

vitamin D in the immune system and in the

pathogenesis of multiple diseases has the

potential to have profound effects on our

ability to prevent and treat these disorders.”

- NE Lange, et al. (#559)

controlled trials. 2005. BMJ 330(7496):871.

531. Enioutina EY, Bareyan D, Daynes RA. TLR?induced local

metabolism of vitamin D3 plays an important role in the diversification

of adaptive immune responses. 2009 год. J Immunol

182(7):4296?305.

532. Fawzi WW, Villamor E, Msamanga GI, Antelman G,

Aboud S, Urassa W, Hunter D. Trial of zinc supplements in relation

to pregnancy outcomes, hematologic indicators, and T cell

counts among HIV?1?infected women in Tanzania. 2005. Am J

Clin Nutr 81(1):161?7.

533. Ferguson LR, Philpott M. Cancer prevention by dietary

bioactive components that target the immune response. 2007.

Curr Cancer Drug Targets 7(5):459?64.

534. Fogarty A, Lewis S, Weiss S, Britton J. Dietary vitamin E,

IgE concentrations, and atopy. 2000 год. Lancet 356(9241):1573?4.

535. Fritsche K. Fatty acids as modulators of the immune response.

2006 год. Annu Rev Nutr 26:45?73.

536. Froicu M, Cantorna MT. Vitamin D and the vitamin D

receptor are critical for control of the innate immune response

to colonic injury. 2007. BMC Immunol 8:5.

537. Fuller CJ, Faulkner H, Bendich A, Parker RS, Roe DA.

Effect of beta?carotene supplementation on photosuppression of delayed?type hypersensitivity in normal young

мужчын. 1992. Am J Clin Nutr 56(4):684?90.

538. Gariballa S. Vitamin and mineral supplements for preventing infections in older people. 2005. BMJ

331(7512):304?5.

539. Gariballa S, Forster S, Walters S, Powers H. A randomized, double?blind, placebo?controlled trial of nutritional

supplementation during acute illness. 2006 год. Am J Med 119(8):693?9.

540. Girodon F, Galan P, Monget AL, Boutron?Ruault MC, Brunet?Lecomte P, Preziosi P, Arnaud J, Manuguerra

JC, Herchberg S, MIN. VIT. AOX. geriatric network. Impact of trace elements and vitamin supplementation on immunity

and infections in institutionalized elderly patients: a randomized controlled trial. 1999 год. Arch Intern Med

159(7):748?54.

541. Girodon F, Lombard M, Galan P, Brunet?Lecomte P, Monget AL, Arnaud J, Preziosi P, Hercberg S. Effect of

micronutrient supplementation on infection in institutionalized elderly subjects: a controlled trial. 1997. Ann Nutr

Metab 41(2):98?107.

542. Gleeson M. Can nutrition limit exercise?induced immunodepression?.

2006. Nutr Rev 64(3):119?31.

543. Gleeson M, Bishop NC. Elite athlete immunology: importance

of nutrition. 2000 год. Int J Sports Med 21 Suppl 1:S4450.

544. Gottrand F. Long?chain polyunsaturated fatty acids influence

the immune system of infants. 2008 год. J Nutr

138(9):1807S?12S.

545. Graat JM, Schouten EG, Kok FJ. Effect of daily vitamin E

and multivitamin?mineral supplementation on acute respiratory

tract infections in elderly persons: a randomized controlled

trial. 2002. JAMA 288(6):715?21.

546. Haase H, Mocchegiani E, Rink L. Correlation between

zinc status and immune function in the elderly. 2006 год. Biogerontology

7(5?6):421?8.

547. Håberg SE, London SJ, Stigum H, Nafstad P, Nystad W.

Folic acid supplements in pregnancy and early childhood respiratory

health. 2009. Arch Dis Child 94(3):180?4.

548. Hara M, Tanaka K, Hirota Y. Immune response to influenza

vaccine in healthy adults and the elderly: association

“Because aging and malnutrition exert

cumulative influences on immune responses,

many elderly people have poor

cell-mediated immune responses and

are therefore at a high risk of infection.

Nutritional therapy may improve immune

responses of elderly patients with

protein-energy malnutrition. Supplementation

with high pharmacologic doses of

a single nutrient (zinc or vitamin E) may

be useful for improving immune responses

of self-sufficient elderly people

living at home. Therefore, nutritional deficiency

must be treated in the elderly to

reduce infectious risk and possibly slow

the aging process.”

- BM Lesourd (#560)

“In summary, our results show that the

age-associated defect in the redistribution

of signaling molecules to the immunological

synapse is reversed by vitamin

E. This effect is strongest in naive T cells,

which exhibit the age-related defects in

protein recruitment and T cell activation.

This is the first demonstration of a reversal

of a key early signaling defect in aged T

cells by a nutrient. These findings have

important implications for the development

of preventive and therapeutic

strategies to reduce age-associated defects

in T cells.”

- MG Marko, et al. (#565)

with nutritional status. 2005. Vaccine 23(12):1457?63.

549. Herraiz LA, Hsieh WC, Parker RS, Swanson JE, Bendich

A, Roe DA. Effect of UV exposure and beta?carotene supplementation

on delayed?type hypersensitivity response in healthy

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550. Hewison M. Vitamin D and the immune system: new

perspectives on an old theme. 2010 год. Endocrinol Metab Clin

North Am 39(2):365?79.

551. High KP. Micronutrient supplementation and immune

function in the elderly. 1999 год. Clin Infect Dis 28(4):717?22.

552. High KP. Nutritional strategies to boost immunity and

prevent infection in elderly individuals. 2001. Clin Infect Dis

33:1892?900.

553. Hoffmann PR, Berry MJ. The influence of selenium on

immune responses. 2008 год. Mol Nutr Food Res 52(11):1273?80.

554. Hojsak I, Snovak N, Abdovi? S, Szajewska H, Mišak Z,

Kola?e S. Lactobacillus GG in the prevention of gastrointestinal

and respiratory tract infections in children who attend day care

centres: a randomized, double?blind, placebo?controlled trial.

2010 год. Clin Nutr 29(3):312?6.

555. Holmøy T. Vitamin D status modulates the immune response

to Epstein Barr virus: Synergistic effect of risk factors in

multiple sclerosis. 2008 год. Med Hypotheses 70(1):66?9.

556. Hughes DA, Wright AJA, Finglas PM, Perrless ACJ, Bailey AL, Astley SB, Pinder AC, Southon S. The effect of

b?carotene supplementation on the immune function of blood monocytes from healthy male nonsmokers. 1997. J

Lab Clin Med 129:309?17.

557. Hurwitz BE, Klaus JR, Llabre MM, Gonzalez A, Lawrence PJ, Maher KJ, Greeson JM, Baum MK, Shor?Posner

G, Skyler JS, Schneiderman N. Suppression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral load with selenium supplementation:

a randomized controlled trial. 2007. Arch Intern

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558. Kaiser JD, Campa AM, Ondercin JP, Leoung GS, Pless

RF, Baum MK. Micronutrient supplementation increases CD4

count in HIV?infected individuals on highly active antiretroviral

therapy: a prospective, double?blinded, placebo?controlled trial.

2006 год. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 42(5):523?8.

559. Lange NE, Litonjua A, Hawrylowicz CM, Weiss S. Vitamin

D, the immune system and asthma. 2009 год. Expert Rev Clin

Immunol 5(6):693?702.

560. Lesourd BM. Nutrition and immunity in the elderly:

modification of immune responses with nutritional treatments.

1997. Am J Clin Nutr 66(2):478S?84S.

561. Leyes P, Martínez E, Forga MT. Use of diet, nutritional

supplements and exercise in HIV?infected patients receiving

combination antiretroviral therapies: a systematic review. 2008 год.

Antivir Ther 13(2):149?59.

562. Li?Ng M, Aloia JF, Pollack S, Cunha BA, Mikhail M, Yeh

J, Berbari N. A randomized controlled trial of vitamin D3 supplementation

for the prevention of symptomatic upper respiratory

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563. Long KZ, Estrada?Garcia T, Rosado JL, Ignacio Santos J,

Haas M, Firestone M, Bhagwat J, Young C, DuPont HL,

Hertzmark E, Nanthakumar NN. The effect of vitamin A supplementation

on the intestinal immune response in Mexican

“Although our study suggests that many

elderly individuals might benefit from a

supplementary intake of vitamin E, such

public health recommendations can

only be considered after longer-term

studies with lower amounts of tocopherol

are completed. This point will be especially

important in determining if the

immunostimulatory effect observed is

due to pharmacologic or physiologic

effect of vitamin E. Nevertheless, it is encouraging

to note that a single nutrient

supplement can enhance immune responsiveness

in healthy elderly subjects

consuming the recommended amounts

of all nutrients. This is especially significant

because dietary intervention

represents the most practical approach

for delaying or reversing the rate of decline

of immune function with age.”

- SN Meydani, et al. (#568)

“Investigators have demonstrated how

appropriate serum concentrations of

vitamin D facilitate the ability of immune

cells to defend against bacterial and

viral infections. Ongoing research in this

area has provided new ways of understanding

the immune system and how

the pleiotropic actions of vitamin D serve

an important immunoregulatory role in

proper immune function. With the increasing

evidence of vitamin D insufficiency's

detrimental effects beyond the

classically defined cause of rickets, the

full story behind the role of vitamin D insufficiency/

deficiency in pediatric infection

and immune function awaits full

elucidation.”

- VP Walker, et al. (#598)

children is modified by pathogen infections and diarrhea. 2006 год.

J Nutr 136(5):1365?70.

564. Maggini S, Wintergerst ES, Beveridge S, Hornig DH.

Selected vitamins and trace elements support immune function

by strengthening epithelial barriers and cellular and humoral

immune responses. 2007 год. BJN 98(Suppl 1):S29?35.

565. Marko MG, Ahmed T, Bunnell SC, We Dayong, Chung

H, Huber BT, Meydani SN. Age?Associated Decline in Effective

Immune Synapse Formation of CDR+ T Cells is Reversed by

Vitamin E Supplementation. 2007 год. J Immunol 178:1443?9.

566. McKay DL, Perrone G, Rasmussen H, Dallal G, Hartman

W, Cao G, Prior RL, Roubenoff R, Blumberg JB. The effects

of a multivitamin/mineral supplement on micronutrient status,

antioxidant capacity and cytokine production in healthy older

adults consuming a fortified diet. 2000 год. J Am Coll Nutr

19(5):613?21.

567. Merchant AT, Curhan G, Bendich A, Singh VN, Willett

WC, Fawzi WW. Vitamin intake is not associated with community?

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568. Meydani SN, Barklund MP, Liu S, Meydani M, Miller

RA, Cannon JG, Morrow FD, Rocklin R, Blumberg JB. Vitamin E supplementation enhances cell?mediated immunity

in healthy elderly subjects. 1990. Am J Clin Nutr 52(3):557?63.

569. Meydani SN, Meydani M, Blumberg JB, Leka LS, Siber G, Loszewski R, Thompson C, Pedrosa MC, Diamond

RD, Stollar BD. Vitamin E supplementation and in vivo immune response in healthy elderly subjects: a randomized

controlled trial. 1997 год. JAMA 277(17):1380?6.

570. Mora JR, Iwata M, von Andrian UH. Vitamin effects on the immune system: vitamins A and D take centre

stage. 2008 год. Nat Rev Immunol 8(9):685?98.

571. Moreira A, Kekkonen RA, Delgado L, Fonseca J, Korpela R, Haahtela T. Nutritional modulation of exerciseinduced

immunodepression in athletes: a systematic review and meta?analysis. 2007 год. Eur J Clin Nutr 61(4):443?60.

572. Muñoz C, Rios E, Olivos J, Brunser O, Olivares M. Iron, copper and immunocompetence. 2007 год. Br J Nutr

98(Suppl 1):S24?8.

573. Nakamura K, Kariyazono H, Komokata T, Hamada N, Sakata R, Yamada K. Influence of preoperative administration

of omega?3 fatty acid?enriched supplement on inflammatory and immune responses in patients undergoing

major surgery for cancer. 2005 год. Nutrition 21(6):639?49.

574. Newton S, Owusu?Agyei S, Ampofo W, Zandoh C, Adjuik M, Adjei G, Tchum S, Filteau S, Kirkwood BR. Vitamin

A supplementation enhances infants' immune responses

to hepatitis B vaccine but does not affect responses to Haemophilus

influenzae type b vaccine. 2007 год. J Nutr 137(5):1272?7.

575. Nieman DC. Exercise immunology: future directions

for research related to athletes, nutrition, and the elderly. 2000 год.

Int J Sports Med 21 Suppl 1:S61?8.

576. Nieman DC, Henson DA, Gross SJ, Jenkins DP, Davis

JM, Murphy EA, Carmichael MD, Dumke CL, Utter AC, McAnulty

SR, McAnulty LS, Mayer EP. Quercetin reduces illness but

not immune perturbations after intensive exercise. 2007 год. Med

Sci Sports Exerc 39(9):1561?9.

577. Nugent AP, Roche HM, Noone EJ, Long A, Kelleher DK,

Gibney MJ. The effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation

on immune function in healthy volunteers. 2005 год. Eur J Clin

Nutr 59(6):742?50.

578. Overbeck S, Rink L, Haase H. Modulating the immune

response by oral zinc supplementation: a single approach for

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“In summary, the present study demonstrates

that modest daily doses of micronutrients

given for 1 y can enhance cellular

immunity and can also prevent the

development of biochemical evidence

of micronutrient deficiencies in healthy,

independently living older people. These

results suggest that the dietary micronutrient

intake of older people and/or the

current RDAs for one or more micronutnients

may be too low to support optimal

immunity in older individuals.”

- JD Bogden, et al. (#515)

“In conclusion, our double-blind, placebo-

controlled study shows that levels of

vitamin E higher than currently recommended

enhance in vivo indexes of T

cell-mediated function in healthy elderly.

The enhancement of cell-mediated

immunity by vitamin E was not associated

with any adverse effects. Since

age-associated decline in immune response

is associated with increased

morbidity and mortality in the elderly

and is widely observed, recommendations

to increase the intake of vitamin E

for elderly should be considered.”

- EG Pallast, et al. (#580)

579. Pagmantidis V, Méplan C, van Schothorst EM, Keijer J,

Hesketh JE. Supplementation of healthy volunteers with nutritionally

relevant amounts of selenium increases the expression

of lymphocyte protein biosynthesis genes. 2008 год. Am J Clin Nutr

87(1):181?9.

580. Pallast EG, Schouten EG, de Waart FG, Fonk HC,

Doekes G, von Blomberg BM, Kok FJ. Effect of 50?and 100mg

vitamin E supplements on cellular immune function in noninstitutionalized

elderly persons. 1999 год. Am J Clin Nutr

69(6):1273?81.

581. Penn ND, Purkins L, Kelleher J, Heatley RV, Mascie?

Taylor BH, Belfield PW. The effect of dietary supplementation

with vitamins A, C and E on cell?mediated immune function in

elderly long?stay patients: a randomized controlled trial. 1991 год.

Age Aging 20(3):169?74.

582. Pichard C, Sudre P, Karsegard V, Yerly S, Slosman DO,

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double?blind controlled study of 6 months of oral nutritional

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583. Prasad AS. Zinc: mechanisms of host defense. 2007 год. J Nutr 137(5):1345?9.

584. Prasad AS, Beck FW, Bao B, Fitzgerald JT, Snell DC, Steinberg JD, Cardozo LJ. Zinc supplementation decreases

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585. Rahman MJ, Sarker P, Roy SK, Ahmad SM, Chisti J, Azim T, Mathan M, Sack D, Andersson J, Raqib R. Effects

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Nutr 81(2):495?502.

586. Richard SA, Zavaleta N, Caulfield LE, Black RE, Witzig

RS, Shankar AH. Zinc and iron supplementation and malaria,

diarrhea, and respiratory infections in children in the Peruvian

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587. Richards JB, Valdes AM, Gardner JP, Paximadas D, Kimura

M, Nessa A, Lu X, Surdulescu GL, Swaminathan R, Spector

TD, Aviv A. Higher serum vitamin D concentrations are associated

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Am J Clin Nutr 86(5):1420?5.

588. Roth DE, Caulfield LE, Ezzati M, Black RE. Acute lower

respiratory infections in childhood: opportunities for reducing

the global burden through nutritional interventions. 2008 год. Bull

World Health Organ 86(5):356?64.

589. Ryan?Borchers TA, Park JS, Chew BP, McGuire MK,

Fournier LR, Beerman KA. Soy isoflavones modulate immune

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590. Ryan?Harshman M, Aldoori W. The relevance of selenium

to immunity, cancer, and infectious/inflammatory diseases.

2005 год. Can J Diet Pract Res 66(2):98?102.

591. Santos MS, Leka LS, Ribaya?Mercado JD, Russell RM,

Meydani M, Hennekens CH, Gaziano JM, Meydani SN. Shortand

long?term beta?carotene supplementation do not influence

T cell?mediated immunity in healthy elderly persons. 1997 год. Am J

Clin Nutr 66(4):917?24.

592. Schauber J, Gallo RL. The vitamin D pathway: a new tar?

“Although many open questions remain,

there is promise that vitamin A and D

metabolites or their analogues have the

potential to be used in clinical settings

for therapeutic benefit. In particular, it

will be important to assess the impact of

using 1,25(OH)2VD3 analogues as an

adjuvant immunomodulatory therapy in

the setting of autoimmune diseases and

in transplant recipients. It will also be important

to determine the net effects of

retinoic acid or synthetic RAR-agonists,

especially in the intestine, where these

agents appear to have a role in enhancing

immune responses. The capacity

of vitamin A metabolites to foster guthoming

T cells might improve strategies

of mucosal vaccination or aid in decreasing

pathogenic immunity by potentiating

the induction of TReg cells.”

- JR Mora, et al. (#570)

“Nutritional intervention has proven to

be a practical approach in modulating

dysregulated immune and inflammatory

responses. The efficacy of such intervention,

as with vitamin E, for example, has

been demonstrated in clinical trials using

infections as an endpoint. At the same

time, mechanistic studies have deciphered

how vitamin E affects T cell functions

at cellular and molecular levels and

thus, lend further support to the efficacy

of nutrient supplementation in modulating

the age-related immune dysregulation.”

- D Wu, et al. (#605)

get for control of the skin's immune response?. 2008 год. Exp Dermatol

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593. Smolders J, Damoiseaux J, Menheere P, Hupperts R.

Vitamin D as an immune modulator in multiple sclerosis, a

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594. Stephen AI, Avenell A. A systematic review of multivitamin

and multimineral supplementation for infection. 2006 год. J

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595. Taylor AL, Hale J, Wiltschut J, Lehmann H, Dunstan JA,

Prescott SL. Effects of probiotic supplementation for the first 6

months of life on allergen? and vaccine?specific immune responses.

2006 год. Clin Exp Allergy 36(10):1227?35.

596. van Etten E, Stoffels K, Gysemans C, Mathieu C, Overbergh

L. Regulation of vitamin D homeostasis: implications for

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597. Villamor E, Fawzi WW. Effects of vitamin a supplementation

on immune responses and correlation with clinical

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598. Walker VP, Modlin RL. The Vitamin D Connection to

Pediatric Infections and Immune Function. 2009 год. Pediatr Res

65(5 Pt 2):106R?13R.

599. Wang TT, Dabbas B, Laperriere D, Bitton AJ, Soualhine

H, Tavera?Mendoza LE, Dionne S, Servant MJ, Bitton A, Seidman EG, Mader S, Behr MA, White JH. Direct and indirect

induction by 1,25?dihydroxyvitamin D3 of the NOD2/CARD15?defensin beta2 innate immune pathway defective

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600. Webb AL, Villamor E. Update: effects of antioxidant and non?antioxidant vitamin supplementation on immune

function. 2007 год. Nutr Rev 65(5):181?217.

601. White JH. Vitamin D signaling, infectious diseases, and regulation of innate immunity. 2008 год. Infect Immun

76(9):3837?43.

602. Winkler P, de Vrese M, Laue Ch, Schrezenmeir J. Effect of a dietary supplement containing probiotic bacteria

plus vitamins and minerals on common cold infections and cellular immune parameters. 2005 год. Int J Clin Pharmacol

Ther 43(7):318?26.

603. Wintergerst ES, Maggini S, Hornig DH. Contribution of selected vitamins and trace elements to immune

function. 2007 год. Ann Nutr Metab 51(4):301?23.

604. Wintergerst ES, Maggini S, Hornig DH. Immune?enhancing role of vitamin C and zinc and effect on clinical

conditions. 2006 год. Ann Nutr Metab 50(2):85?94.

605. Wu D, Meydani SN. Age?associated changes in immune and inflammatory responses: impact of vitamin E

intervention. 2008 год. J Leukoc Biol 84:900?14.

606. Yamshchikov AV, Desai NS, Blumberg Hm, Ziegler

TR, Tangpricha V. Vitamin D for treatment and prevention

of infectious diseases: a systematic review of randomized

controlled trials. 2009 год. Endocr Pract 15(5):438?49.

“In our study, patients who received zinc

and selenium had a better antibody response

after influenza vaccine, and the

percentage of patients without respiratory

tract infections was higher in the T

[trace elements: zinc, selenium] and VT

[vitamin and trace elements: zinc, selenium,

ascorbic acid, beta carotene, alpha-

tocopherol] groups. Our results suggest

a beneficial effect of these nutrients

on the immunity of elderly persons by

improving their resistance to infections.

Larger trials will be required to confirm

our findings, which may have considerable

impact on the health of the institutionalized

elderly.”

- F Girodon, et al. (#540)

“The results of this study substantiate the

hypothesis that nutritional status is an important

determinant of immunocompetence

in old age and that an optimum

intake of micronutrients is needed for enhanced

immune responses in elderly subjects.

Such an intervention led to a striking

reduction in illness, a finding that is of

considerable clinical and public-health

importance.”

- RK Chandra (#520)

Healthy Vision

607. Age?Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. A

randomized, placebo?controlled, clinical trial of high?dose

supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and

zinc for age?related macular degeneration and vision loss. 2001 год.

Arch Ophthalmol 119:1417?36.

608. Age?related Eye Disease Study Research Group. A randomized,

placebo?controlled, clinical trial of high?dose supplementation

with vitamins C and E and beta carotene for agerelated

cataract and vision loss. 2001 год. Arch Ophthalmol

119:1439?52.

609. Age?Related Eye Disease Study Research Group.

Relationship of Dietary Carotenoid and Vitamin A, E, and C

Intake With Age?Related Macular Degeneration in a Case?

Control Study: AREDS Report No. 22. 2007 год. Arch Ophthalmol

125(9):1225?32.

610. AREDS Research Group. A randomized, placebocontrolled,

clinical trial of high?dose supplementation with

vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age?related macular

degeneration and vision loss. 2001 год. Arch Ophthamol 119:1417?36.

611. AREDS Research Group. A randomized, placebo?controlled, clinical trial of high?dose supplementation

with vitamins C and E and beta carotene for age?related cataract and vision loss. 2001 год. Arch Ophthamol 119:1439?52.

612. Berendschot TTJM, Goldbohm RA, Klopping WAA, van de Kraats J, van Norel J, van Norren D. Influence of

lutein supplementation on macular pigment, assessed with two objective techniques. 2000 год. Invest Opthamol Vis Sci

41(11):3322?6.

613. Bernstein PS, Zhao DY, Wintch SW, Ermakov IV, McClane RW, Gellermann W. Resonance Raman measurement

of macular carotenoids in normal subjects and in age related macular degeneration patients. 2002 год. Ophthalmology

109(10):1780?1787.

614. Berson EL, Rosner B, Sandberg MA, Weigel?DiFranco C, Brockhurst RJ, Hayes KC, Johnson EJ, Anderson EJ,

Johnson CA, Gaudio AR, Willett WC, Schaefer EJ. Clinical trial of lutein in patients with retinitis pigmentosa receiving

vitamin A. 2010. Arch Ophthalmol 128(4):403?11.

615. Birch EE, Carlson SE, Hoffman DR, Fitzgerald?Gustafson KM, Fu VLN, Drover JR, Castañeda YS, Minns L,

Wheaton DKH, Mundy D, Marunycz J, Diersen?Schade DA. The DIAMOND (DHA Intake And Measurement Of

Neural Development) Study: a double?masked, randomized controlled clinical trial of the maturation of infant visual

acuity as a function of the dietary level of docosahexaenoic acid. 2010 год. AJCN 91(4):848?59.

616. Bone RA, Landrum JT. Distribution of macular pigment

components, zeaxanthin and lutein, in human retina.

1992 год. Methods in Enzymology 213:360?6.

617. Bone RA, Landrum JT, Mayne ST, Gomez CM, Tibor

SE, Twaroska EE. Macular pigment in donor eyes with and

without AMD: a case control study. 2001 год. Investigative Ophthalmology

and Visual Science 42(1):135?240.

618. Brown L, Rimm EB, Seddon JM, Giovannucci EL, Chasan?

Taber L, Spiegelman D, Willett WC, Hankinson SE. A

prospective study of carotenoid intake and risk of cataract extraction

in US men. 1999 год. Am J Clin Nutr 70(4):517?24.

619. Bursell SE, Clermont AC, Aiello LP, Aiello LM,

Schlossman DK, Feener EP, Laffel L, King GL. High?dose vitamin

E supplementation normalizes retinal blood flow and

“We found that high dietary intake of vitamin

E and zinc was associated with a

lower risk of incident AMD [age-related

macular degeneration]. An abovemedian

intake of the combination of vitamins

C and E, beta carotene, and zinc

was associated with a 35% lower risk of

incident AMD.”

- R van Leeuwen, et al. (#673)

“A daily dose of 10 mg lutein supplementation

induced an increase in mean

plasma lutein by a factor of 5 and a linear

4-week increase in relative MP

[macular pigment] density of 4% to 5%.

To our knowledge, this is the first study in

which the effects of intake of lutein have

been assessed with objective measurement

тэхнікі. In particular, the SLObased

technique provided very reliable

results. With this technique all subjects

showed a significant increase in MP density.”

- TTJM Berendschot, et al. (#612)

creatinine clearance in patients with type 1 diabetes. 1999 год. Дыябет

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620. Carpentier S, Knaus M, Suh M. Associations between

lutein, zeaxanthin, and age?related macular degeneration: an

overview. 2009 год. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 49(4):313?26.

621. Chasan?Taber L, Willett WC, Seddon JM, Stampfer MJ,

Rosner B, Colditz GA, Speizer FE, Hankinson SE. A prospective

study of carotenoid and vitamin A intakes and risk of cataract

extraction in US women. 1999 год. Am J Clin Nutr 70:509?16.

622. Chasan?Taber L, Willett WC, Seddon JM, Stampfer MJ,

Rosner B, Colditz GA, Hankinson SE. A prospective study of

vitamin supplement intake and cataract extraction among US

жанчын. 1999 год. Epidemiology 10(6):679?84.

623. Cho E, Stampfer MJ, Seddon JM, Hung S, Spiegelman D,

Rimm EB, Willett WC, Hankinson SE. Prospective study of zinc

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Ann Epidemiol 11(5):328?36.

624. Chong EWT, Wong TY, Kreis AJ, Simpson JA, Guymer

RH. Dietary antioxidants and primary prevention of age related

macular degeneration: systematic review and meta?analysis.

2007 год. BMJ 335(7623):755.

625. Christen WG, Ajani UA, Glynn RJ, Manson JE,

Schaumberg DA, Chew EC, Buring JE, Hennekens CH. Prospective

cohort study of antioxidant vitamin supplement use and

the risk of age?related maculopathy. 1999 год. Am J Epidemiol

149(5):476?84.

626. Chylack LT Jr, Brown NP, Bron A, Hurst M, Kopcke W, Thien U, Schalch W. The Roche European American

Cataract Trial (REACT): a randomized clinical trial to investigate the efficacy of an oral antioxidant micronutrient

mixture to slow progression of age?related cataract. 2002 год. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 9(1):49?80.

627. Coleman H, Chew E. Nutritional supplementation in age?related macular degeneration. 2007 год. Curr Opin

Ophthalmol 18(3):220?3.

628. Delcourt C, Cristol J, Tessier F, Leger CL, Descomps B, Papox L, POLA Study Group. Age?related macular

degeneration and antioxidant status in the POLA study. 1999 год. Arch Ophthalmol 117(10):1384?90.

629. Fletcher E, Bentham GC, Agnew M, Young IS, Augood C, Chakravarthy U, de Jong PT, Rahu M, Seland J,

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degeneration. 2008 год. Arch Ophthalmol 126(10):1396?1403.

630. Flood V, Smith W, Wang JJ, Manzi F, Webb K, Mitchell

P. Dietary antioxidant intake and incidence of early age?related

maculopathy: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. 2002 год. Ophthalmology

109(12):2272?8.

631. Hammond R Jr, Johnson EZ, Russell RM, Krinsky MI,

Yeum KJ, Edwards RM, Snodderly DM. Dietary modification of

human macular pigment density. 1997 год. Invest Ophthalmol Vis

Sci 38(9):1795?1801.

632. Hammond R Jr, Wooten BR, Snodderly DM. Density

of the human crystalline lens is related to the macular pigment

carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin. 1997 год. Optom Vis Sci

74(7):499?504.

633. Hankinson SE, Stampfer MJ, Seddon JM, Colditz GA,

Rosner B, Speizer FE, Willett WC. Nutrient intake and cataract

extraction in women: a prospective study. 1992 год. BMJ

305(6849):335?9.

“In this large prospective study, we observed

a modest inverse association between

intake of lutein and zeaxanthin

and extraction of cataracts. Men in the

highest fifth of lutein and zeaxanthin intake

had a 19% lower risk of cataract

extraction compared with those in the

lowest fifth of intake. There was no significant

Сувязь паміж прыёмам вітаміна

A or other carotenoids and risk of

cataract in multivariate analyses. Increased

consumption of some foods

high in lutein, including broccoli and spinach,

was associated with a lower risk of

cataract extraction. The finding that increased

intake of other fruit and vegetables

was not associated with a decreased

risk suggests that the relation

may be specifically due to lutein and

zeaxanthin and not simply to a healthy

lifestyle.”

-L Brown, et al. (#618)

“In summary, data from the present short

term prospective study are consistent

with potentially protective influences of

vitamins E and C and lutein on the development

of cataract in the lens nucleus.

However, strong inverse relations for

intake of these nutrients were not observed.

Data from longer term prospective

studies and from clinical trials currently

under way will be useful in further evaluating

these associations.”

-PR Trumbo, et al. (#672)

634. Hawkins WR. Zinc supplementation for macular degeneration.

1991 год. Arch Ophthalmol 109:1345.

635. Jacques PF, Taylor A, Moeller S, Hankinson SE, Rogers

G, Tung W, Ludovico J, Willett WC, Chylack LT Jr. Long?term

nutrient intake and 5?year change in nuclear lens opacities. 2005 год.

Arch Ophthalmol 123(4):517?26.

636. Jacques PF, Chylack LT Jr, Hankinson SE, Khu PM, Rogers

G, Friend J, Tung W, Wolfe JK, Padhye N. Willett WC, Taylor

A. Long?term nutrient intake and early age?related nuclear lens

opacities. 2001 год. Arch Ophthalmol 119(7):1009?19.

637. Jacques PF, Taylor A, Hankinson SE, Willett WC,

Mahnken B, Lee Y, Vaid K, Lahav M. Long?term vitamin C supplement

use and prevalence of early age?related lens opacities.

1997 год. Am J Clin Nutr 66(4):911?6.

638. Jampol LM. Antioxidants, zinc and age?related macular

degeneration results and recommendations. 2001 год. Arch Ophthalmol

119(10):1533?4.

639. Jampol LM, Ferris FL III. Antioxidants and zinc to prevent

progression of age related macular degeneration. 2001 год. JAMA

286(19):2466?8.

640. Johnson J, Hammond BR, Yeum K, Qin J, Wang XD,

Castaneda C, Snodderly DM, Russell RM. Relation among serum

and tissue concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin and

macular pigment density. 2000 год. Am J Clin Nutr 71(6):1555?62.

641. Koh HH, Murray IJ, Nolan D, Carden D, Feather J, Beatty S. Plasma and macular responses to lutein supplement

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642. Kowluru RA, Tang J, Kern TS. Abnormalities of retinal metabolism in diabetes and experimental galactosemia.

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643. Krishnadev N, Meleth AD, Chew EY. Nutritional supplements for age?related macular degeneration. 2010 год.

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Mountains Eye Study. 2001 год. Am J Ophthalmol 132(1):19?26.

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40.

646. Landrum JT, Bone RA, Joa H, Kilburn MD, Moore LL,

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647. Laplaud PM, Lelubre A, Chapman MJ. Antioxidant action

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650. Leske MC, Wu SY, Connell AM, Hyman L, Schachat AP.

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“In summary, a multivitamin-multimineral

supplement with a combination of vitamin

C, vitamin E, ?-carotene, and zinc

(with cupric oxide) is recommended for

AMD but not cataract. Observational

studies for cataract provide only weak

support for multivitamins or other vitamin

дадаткаў. The results of observational

studies suggest that a healthy lifestyle

with a diet containing foods rich in antioxidants,

especially lutein and zeaxanthin,

and n–3 fatty acids appears beneficial

for AMD and possibly cataract.”

-JM Seddon (#664)

“The results of our LAST [Lutein Antioxidant

Supplementation Trial] study support

the results of our pilot spinach data

that lutein may be useful in the nutritional

intervention of atrophic ARMD [agerelated

macular degeneration] in midwestern

male subjects. In LAST, lutein enhanced

macular pigment and visual

function with AREDS stages II, III, and IV.

Thus lutein supplementation may be

beneficial at all stages of ARMD. Further

studies with more patients of both

genders are needed to determine the

long-term effect of lutein alone or lutein

together with a broad spectrum of antioxidants,

vitamins, and minerals on patients

with atrophic age-related macular

degeneration.”

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653. Mares?Perlman JA, Brady WE, Klein R, Klein BE, Bowen

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656. McNeil JJ, Robman L, Tikellis G, Sinclair MI, McCarty

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controlled trial. 2004 год. Ophthalmology 111(1):75?84.

657. Moeller SM, Parekh N, Tinker L, Ritenbaugh C, Blodi B,

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macular degeneration and lutein and zeaxanthin in the

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658. Moeller SM, Voland R, Tinker L, Blodi BA, Klein ML, Gehrs KM, Johnson EJ, Snodderly DM, Wallace RB,

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660. Parekh N, Chappell RJ, Millen AE, Albert DM, Mares

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acid intake and 12?y incidence of neovascular age?related macu?

"Такім чынам, вынікі гэтага

study provide added support for a relation

between nutrient intake and nuclear

opacification. Our observation that

vitamin E intake is associated with a reduction

in nuclear opacification is consistent

with other longitudinal studies,

strengthening the hypothesized role for

this specific nutrient in nuclear cataract

formation, and the associations with riboflavin,

thiamin, and niacin should

serve to focus added effort on examining

the role of these nutrients in the development

of nuclear cataract.”

- PF Jacques, et al. (#635)

“In this large prospective study, those

with the highest intake of lutein and

zeaxanthin had a 22% lower risk of cataract

extraction than did those in the

lowest quintile of intake (RR: 0.78; 95%

CI:0.63, 0.95; P for trend = 0.04) after

age, smoking, and other potential cataract

risk factors were controlled for. Іншы

specific carotenoids (a-carotene, bcarotene,

lycopene, and bcryptoxanthin),

vitamin A, and retinol

were not associated with cataract in

multivariate analysis. Increasing frequency

of intake of spinach and kale,

foods rich in lutein, was associated with

a moderate decrease in risk. The observation

that other fruit and vegetables

were not associated with decreased risk

suggests that the relation may be due to

lutein, a specific carotenoid predominantly

found in spinach and kale, and

not to a healthy lifestyle per se.”

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lar degeneration and central geographic atrophy: AREDS report

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664. Seddon JM. Multivitamin?multimineral supplements

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665. Seddon JM, Christen WG, Manson JE, LaMotte FS,

Glynn RJ, Buring JE, Hennekens CH. The use of vitamin supplements

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666. Smith W, Mitchell P, Webb K, Leeder SR. Dietary antioxidant

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667. Sperduto RD, Hu TS, Milton RC, Zhao JL, Everett DF,

Cheng QF, Blot WJ, Bing L, Taylor PR, Li JY, et al. The Linxian

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668. Stur M, Tittl M, Reitner A, Meisinger V. Oral zinc and

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669. Taylor A, Jacques PF, Chylack LT Jr, Hankinson SE, Khu

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670. Taylor HR, Tikellis G, Robman LD, McCarty CA, McNeil JJ. Vitamin E supplementation and macular degeneration:

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“In the overall sample we observed no

associations between antioxidant nutrient

intake and either cortical or PSC

[posterior subcapsular] opacities, but we

noted significant and provocative associations

in selected subgroups. The inverse

association observed in the

present study between vitamin C intake

and the prevalence of cortical opacities

in women aged <60 y and the fact that

significantly decreased odds of cortical

opacities were found only with a duration

of vitamin C supplement use >=10 y

provide added support for a protective

role for vitamin C against the formation

of lens opacities. We also found that for

PSC opacities there were decreased

odds for nonsmokers with higher intakes

of carotenoids.”

- A Taylor, et al. (#669)

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