Beneficios para la salud de los suplementos nutricionales

Lecturas seleccionadas de los últimos 20 años (1990? 2010)

Compilado por USANA Investigación y Desarrollo

USANA Health Sciences

3838 West Parkway Blvd..

Salt Lake City, UT 84120

Actualizado: Octubre 2010

Prefacio

La importancia de la nutrición para la salud humana ha sido reconocida. Antes de 1960,

interés en este campo se centró principalmente en la etiología y la prevención de la aguda de nutrientes

enfermedades carenciales como el escorbuto, el raquitismo y la pelagra. Alrededor de 50 nutrientes esenciales (vitaminas,

minerales, antioxidantes, cofactores, aminoácidos esenciales, ácidos grasos esenciales)

fueron identificados, y la ingesta diaria recomendada de estos nutrientes esenciales se han desarrollado.

Estas recomendaciones, a su vez, resultó útil para la erradicación de la deficiencia aguda de nutrientes

enfermedades.

Durante los últimos 20 años, la atención se ha desplazado hacia el papel de la dieta y la nutrición en la patogénesis

de las enfermedades crónicas degenerativas. Las enfermedades del corazón, algunos tipos de cáncer, la osteoporosis,

diabetes tipo II, y la degeneración macular son así? ejemplos más conocidos de las enfermedades con la dieta

factores de riesgo, y la investigación está en curso en muchas interacciones entre enfermedades más nutrientes?.

Desafortunadamente, estas asociaciones son difíciles de estudiar, en parte debido a la

Plazos involucrados. Enfermedades crónico-degenerativas se desarrollan en décadas (o vida),

y es extremadamente difícil llevar a cabo la investigación

programas que abarcan más de varios

años de duración. No obstante, los avances

en la investigación epidemiológica y clínica

han descubierto una gran cantidad de información

sobre el impacto de la dieta y la ingesta de nutrientes

en el tiempo? salud a largo plazo.

Durante la última década, la ciencia y la salud

los investigadores han prestado una atención creciente

para el papel de los suplementos nutricionales

como posibles componentes de la dieta con

funciones en la prevención y el tratamiento crónico

enfermedad. Cientos de estudios científicos

han realizado y publicado, que abarca cada uno de

una amplia gama de temas potenciales para la salud.

Estos estudios han empleado una variedad

variedad de metodologías y tienen que

"Recomendamos que todos los adultos toman

una multivitamina diaria. Esta práctica es

justifica principalmente por el conocido y sospecha

beneficios del ácido fólico suplementario

y las vitaminas B12, B6 y D en

prevención de enfermedades cardiovasculares,

cáncer y la osteoporosis ...

Recomendamos los multivitamínicos, más bien

que las vitaminas individuales, ya que las multivitaminas

son más fáciles de llevar y

más barato que las vitaminas individuales

se toman por separado y porque gran un

proporción de la población necesita

suplementos de más de una vitamina ".

-Fletcher RH, Fairfield KM. Vitaminas para la crónica

la prevención de enfermedades en adultos: aplicaciones clínicas.

2002. JAMA 287:3127-9.

producido resultados tanto positivos como negativos. En algunas áreas - tales como el papel del calcio

y suplementos de vitamina D para retrasar la progresión de la osteoporosis, o el papel de la fólico

suplementos de ácido en la prevención de ciertos defectos de nacimiento - los resultados han sido bastante coherentes,

y estos nutrientes se han convertido en una parte aceptada de las prácticas de salud modernos.

En otras áreas (por ejemplo, el papel de la suplementación con antioxidantes en la prevención de las enfermedades del corazón),

los resultados han sido menos consistentes, y las conclusiones firmes siguen siendo controvertidas.

La siguiente es una bibliografía enumerativa de los compañeros? De investigación revisó el análisis de posibles

beneficios para la salud de los suplementos nutricionales y alimentos funcionales. Esta lista no es exhaustiva.

Documentos han sido seleccionados sobre la base del mérito científico y relevancia para el

campo, independientemente de si los resultados positivos o negativos se obtuvieron. Nuestro objetivo en

compilar esta lista es proporcionar a los lectores con una cruz bien? sección de la literatura científica reciente,

con la esperanza de contribuir a una mejor comprensión del estado actual de nutricional

investigación.

Para mayor comodidad, las referencias han sido ordenados por tema de salud:

• Salud Cardiovascular

• Cáncer

• salud ósea y articular

• Los embarazos saludables y bebés saludables

• la función inmune

• Visión Saludable

• Otros

Estas declaraciones no han sido evaluadas por la Food and Drug Administration. Ningún producto se destina a USANA

diagnosticar, tratar, curar o prevenir ninguna enfermedad.

"Como se indica en la Tabla 1, el 900

mg / día de meta de la EPA / DHA podría requerir

3-21 porciones de pescado / semana, según

del tipo de fuente / elegido.

En consecuencia, una alta calidad de aceite de pescado

complementar / concentrado y funcional

los alimentos enriquecidos en EPA / DHA

convertido en un importante vehículo para la mejora de

el bajo consumo de corriente

EPA / DHA ... "

-DJ Holub, et al. (# 65)

"Mg 2 + [magnesio] deficiencia o una

reducción de la ingesta dietética de Mg 2 +

juega un papel importante en la etiología

de la diabetes y numerosos cardiovasculares

enfermedades como la trombosis,

aterosclerosis, enfermedad cardíaca isquémica,

infarto de miocardio, la hipertensión,

arritmias e insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva

en los seres humanos. Mg 2 + suplementación

puede dar lugar a una disminución significativa

en la presión arterial y una estabilización del

arritmias cardíacas y agudo de miocardio

infarto. "

-S Chakraborti, et al. (# 22)

Salud Cardiovascular

1. Abadía M, Nestel PJ, Baghurst PA. Las vitaminas antioxidantes

y baja? densidad? oxidación de las lipoproteínas. 1993. Am J Clin Nutr

58 (4): 525 32.

2. Adank C, Verde TJ, Skeaff CM, Briars B. semanal altas dosis de

los suplementos de ácido fólico es efectivo en la reducción de suero

las concentraciones de homocisteína en mujeres. 2003. Ann Nutr Metab

47 (2): 55 9?.

3. Allender PS, Cutler JA, Follmann D, Cappuccio FP, Pryer

J, P. Elliott calcio dietético y la presión sanguínea: un meta análisis de

ensayos clínicos aleatorios. 1996. Ann Intern Med 124 (9): 825 31?.

4. Agarwal S, AV Rao. Tomate el licopeno y la lipoproteína de baja densidad

oxidación: un estudio de intervención dietética humana. 1998.

Los lípidos 33 (10): 981? 4.

5. Aminbakhsh A, Mancini uso crónico y J. antioxidante

cambios en la disfunción endotelial: una revisión de las investigaciones clínicas.

1999. Can J Cardiol 15 (8): 895 903?.

6. JW Anderson, Allgood LD, Lorenzo A, Altringer LA, Jerdack GR, Hengehold DA, Morel JG. Cholesterollowering

efectos de la ingesta de psyllium coadyuvante a la terapia de la dieta en los hombres y mujeres con hipercolesterolemia: metaanálisis

de 8 ensayos clínicos controlados. 2000. Am J Clin Nutr 71 (2): 472 9?.

7. JW Anderson, Davidson MH, L Rubio, Marrón WV, WJ Howard, Ginsberg H, Allgood LD, KW Weingand.

Largo? El colesterol a largo plazo? Los efectos reductores de psyllium como complemento de la terapia de la dieta en el tratamiento de la hipercolesterolemia.

2000. Am J Clin Nutr 71 (6): 1433 8?.

8. Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Hernán MA, Giovannucci E, Kawachi I, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Relación de consumo

de la vitamina E, vitamina C, carotenoides y correr el riesgo de accidente cerebrovascular entre los hombres en los Estados Unidos. 1999. Ana

Intern Med 130 (12): 963 70.

9. Bao B, AS Prasad, FW Beck, JT Fitzgerald, D Snell, GW Bao, T Singh, LJ Cardozo. El zinc disminuye la C? Reactiva

de proteínas, peroxidación lipídica, y citoquinas inflamatorias en pacientes de edad avanzada: una implicación potencial de zinc como

agente de ateroprotector. 2010. AJCN 91:1634? 41.

10. Baur JA, Sinclair DA. Potencial terapéutico de resveratrol: la evidencia in vivo. 2006. Nat Rev Drogas Discov

5 (6): 493 506.

11. Bellamy lunes a viernes, McDowell SI, Ramsey MW, Brownlee M,

RG Newcombe, Lewis MJ. Ácido fólico por vía oral mejora la función endotelial

en los sujetos hyperhomocysteinaemic. 1999. Eur J Clin Invest

29:659? 62.

12. Berman M, Erman A, Ben? Gal T, Dvir D, Georghiou GP,

Stamler A, Vered Y, Vidne BA, Aravot D. La coenzima Q10 en pacientes

con el extremo de insuficiencia cardíaca terminal en espera de trasplante cardíaco?

un estudio aleatorizado, placebo? estudio controlado. 2004. Clin Cardiol

27 (5): 295 9?.

13. Booz M, S Smetana, T Weinstein, Z Matas, U Gafter, Iaina

A, Un Knecht, Weissgarten Y, Brunner D, Fainaru M, MS verde.

La prevención secundaria con antioxidantes de la enfermedad cardiovascular

en la enfermedad renal en fase terminal (SPACE): aleatorio controlado con placebo

juicio. 2000. The Lancet 356 (9237): 1213 8?.

14. Bronstrup A, Pasador valvula M, el Príncipe? Langenohl R, Pietrzik K.

Efectos del ácido fólico y las combinaciones de ácido fólico y vitamina B?

12 sobre las concentraciones plasmáticas de homocisteína en jóvenes sanos,

las mujeres. 1998. AJCN 68 (5): 1104 10?.

"La vitamina C, carotenoides y vitamina E,

las tres principales fuentes dietéticas de antioxidantes,

cada uno de peroxidación lipídica efecto

y puede reducir la aterogénesis y

disminuir el riesgo de enfermedad cardíaca coronaria

(CC). "

-EB Rimm, et al. (# 121)

"En este estudio prospectivo de

las mujeres, se observó una modesta inversa

asociación entre la ingesta de vitamina

C y la incidencia de enfermedades del corazón [coronaria

enfermedades del corazón]. Las mujeres en el más alto

quintil de la ingesta de vitamina C (? 360

mg / día) de la dieta y los suplementos

tenían un riesgo 27% menor de IM no fatal y

enfermedad coronaria fatal que las mujeres en los más bajos

quintil de consumo (? 93 mg / día). La

reducción en el riesgo parecía estar limitada

a las mujeres que tomaron vitamina C

suplementos. Entre los usuarios de la vitamina C

suplementos, se observó una significativa

Riesgo 28% menor de IM no fatal y

fatal enfermedad coronaria que los no usuarios. Aunque

riesgo no varió significativamente

duración de acuerdo de uso de suplementos

o dosis de suplementos, la reducción

en el riesgo fue algo más fuerte

para las mujeres que tomaban al menos 400

mg / día. "

-SK Osganian, et al. (# 110)

15. Brouwer IA, van Dusseldorp M, Thomas MC, Durán M,

Hautvast JG, Eskes los conocimientos tradicionales, Steegers? Theunissen RP. Bajo su dosis fólico

los suplementos de ácido disminuye la concentración de homocisteína plasmática:

un ensayo aleatorio. 1999. Am J Clin Nutr 69 (1): 99 104?.

16. Brouwer IA, IA van Rooij, van Dusseldorp M, Thomas MC,

Blom HJ, JG Hautvast, los conocimientos tradicionales Eskes, Steegers? RP Theunissen. La homocisteína?

el efecto reductor de ácido fólico 500 mcg en días alternos

versus 250 mcg / día. 2000. Ann Nutr Metab 44 (5 de 6?): 194 7?.

17. Brown AA, Hu FB. Modulación de la dieta de células endoteliales

Función: implicaciones para la enfermedad cardiovascular. 2001. Am J Clin

Nutr 73:673? 86.

18. Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Chait A, Fisher LD, Cheung MC,

Morse JS, Dowdy AA, Marino EK, El Bolsón, Alaupovic P, Frohlich

J, Albers JJ. La simvastatina y la niacina, vitaminas antioxidantes o la

combinación para la prevención de la enfermedad coronaria. 2001. N Engl J

Med 345 (22): 1583 92?.

19. Brown L, Rosner B Willett WW, Sacks FM. Cholesterollowering

efectos de la fibra dietética: un meta-análisis?. 1999. Am J Clin

Nutr 69 (1): 30 42?.

20. Bucher HC, Cook RJ, Guyatt GH, Lang JD, Cook DJ, Hatala

R, Hunt DL. Efectos de la suplementación de calcio en la dieta sobre

la presión arterial. Un meta? Análisis de ensayos controlados aleatorios.

1996. JAMA 275 (13): 1016 22?.

21. Bucher HC, P Hengstler, C Schindler, G. Meier N? 3 poliinsaturados

los ácidos grasos en la enfermedad coronaria: un metaanálisis

de ensayos controlados aleatorios. 2002. Am J Med

112 (4): 298 304?.

22. Chakraborti S, T Chakraborti, Mandal M, Mandal A, S Das, S. Ghosh papel protector del magnesio en los cardiovasculares

enfermedades: una revisión. 2002. Bioquímica Molecular y Celular 238:163? 79.

23. Cámaras de JC, un McGregor, Jean? Marie J, Obeid OA, Kooner JS. La demostración de la rápida aparición del endotelio vascular

La disfunción después de la hiperhomocisteinemia: un efecto reversible con la terapia con vitamina C. 1999. Circulación

99:1156? 60.

24. Cheng S, JM Massaro, Fox CS, MG Larson, MJ Keyes, EL McCabe, SJ Robins, CJ O'Donnell, Hoffmann U,

Jacques PF, Booth SL, Vasan RS, Wolf M, Wang TJ. Adiposidad, el riesgo cardiometabólico, y el estado de vitamina D: la de Framingham

Heart Study. 2010. Diabetes 59 (1): 242 8?.

25. Cheung MC, Zhao XQ, Chait A, Albers JJ, Brown BG. Los suplementos antioxidantes bloquean la respuesta de las HDL

a la simvastatina? la terapia de niacina en pacientes con enfermedad arterial coronaria y bajos niveles de HDL. 2001. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc

21:1320 Biol.? 6.

26. Grupo de Colaboración del Proyecto de Prevención Primaria (PPP). Dosis bajas? Aspirina y vitamina E en personas con

de riesgo cardiovascular: un ensayo aleatorio en la práctica general. 2001. Lancet 357 (9250): 89 95?.

27. Connor WE. Importancia de los n? 3 ácidos grasos en la salud y la enfermedad. 2000. Am J Clin Nutr 71 (Suppl): 171S 5S?.

28. Constans J, Blann AD, Resplandy F, Parrot F, M Renard,

Seigneur M, V Guerin, BoisseauM, Conri C. Tres suplementos meses

de los pacientes hyperhomocysteinaemic con ácido fólico

y la vitamina B6 mejora los marcadores biológicos de disfunción endotelial.

1999. Br J Haematol 107:776? 8.

29. Porque P, De Bruyne T, N Hermans, Apers S, DV Berghe,

Vlietinck AJ. Las proantocianidinas en el cuidado de la salud: actual y el nuevo

tendencias. 2004. Curr Med. Chem. 11 (10): 1345 59?.

30. Cui R, H Iso, C Fecha, S Kikuchi, una Tamakoshi, el Japón

Cohorte de Colaboración Grupo de Estudio. La dieta ácido fólico y vitamina B6

y B12 de admisión en relación con la mortalidad por enfermedades cardiovasculares

? Japón Estudio de Cohorte de Colaboración. 2010. Carrera 41:1285? 9.

"En general, la suplementación con DHA reduce

las concentraciones de aterogénico

lípidos y lipoproteínas y el aumento de

concentraciones de cardioprotector

lipoproteínas ".

DS-Kelley, et al. (# 75)

"Los resultados son consistentes con NHEFS

la hipótesis de que los altos niveles de antioxidante

vitaminas (como las vitaminas C, E,

y A) aumentar las defensas del cuerpo

sistema contra los radicales libres y reducir la

el riesgo de la arterioesclerosis. Además,

los resultados son plausibles NHEFS

en el sentido de que sean compatibles

con las tendencias seculares durante el

últimos 20 años de grandes aumentos en la

el consumo de suplementos que contienen

vitamina C y grandes descensos en la

ajustadas por edad las tasas de mortalidad (total, cardiovascular

la enfermedad, y el estómago

cáncer) en la población general que

se explica parcialmente por el establecido

factores de riesgo ".

-JE Enstrom, et al. (# 44)

31. Davi G, Romano M, Mezzetti A, et al. Los niveles elevados de

P soluble? selectina en pacientes con hipercolesterolemia. 1998. Circulación

97? 953? 7.

32. Davidson MH, KC Maki, JC Kong, LD Dugan, Torri, SA,

Salón de HA, KB Drennan, SM Anderson, VL Fulgoni, Saldanha LG,

Olson BH. Efectos a largo plazo? De consumir alimentos que contienen psyllium

semilla de la cáscara de los lípidos séricos en pacientes con hipercolesterolemia.

1998. Am J Clin Nutr 67 (3): 367 76?.

33. Devaraj S, Jialal I. suplementos de alfa-tocoferol disminuye

suero C? proteína reactiva y la interleucina monocitos? 6 niveles

en voluntarios sanos y en pacientes diabéticos tipo 2. 2000. Free Radic Biol Med 29 (8): 790 2?.

34. Devaraj S, Li D, Jialai I. Los efectos de la suplementación con alfa-tocoferol en la función de los monocitos. Disminución de la

oxidación de los lípidos, la interleucina 1 beta, y la adhesión de los monocitos al endotelio. 1996. J Clin Invest 98:756? 63.

35. Dieber? Rotheneder M, H Puhl, Waeg G, Striegl G, H. Esterbauer Efecto de la suplementación oral con dalphatocopherol

sobre el contenido de vitamina E de las lipoproteínas de densidad humana y la resistencia a la oxidación. 1991. J Lipid

Res. 32 (8): 1325 32.

36. Djousse L, DK Arnett, JJ Carr, JH Eckfeldt, PN Hopkins, Provincia de MA, Ellison RC. Ácido linolénico la dieta es

inversamente asociada con la placa calcificada aterosclerótica en las arterias coronarias: el Instituto Nacional del Corazón Pulmón y

Sangre Instituto de la Familia Heart Study. 2005. La circulación 7; 111 (22): 2921 6?.

37. Duffy SJ, N Gokce, M Holbrook, Huang A, B Frei, Keaney JF Jr, Vita JA. El tratamiento de la hipertensión con ascórbico

ácido. 1999. Lancet 354 (9195): 2048 9?.

38. Duffy SJ, Gokce N, M Holbrook, LM Hunter, ES Biegelsen, A Huang, Keaney JF Jr, Vita JA. Efecto de ascórbico

de tratamiento de ácido en la disfunción del conducto endoteliales de los vasos en pacientes con hipertensión. 2001. Am J Physiol Corazón

Circ Physiol 280 (2): H528 34?.

39. Dutta A, SK Dutta. La vitamina E y su papel en la Prevención de la Aterosclerosis y Carcinogénesis? Una revisión.

2003. JACN 22 (4): 258 68?.

40. Dwyer JH, KM Dwyer, RA Scribner, P Sun, Li L, LM Nicholson, IJ Davis, AR Hohn. Calcio de la dieta de calcio,

suplementación, y la presión arterial en adolescentes afroamericanos. 1998. Am J Clin Nutr 68 (3): 648 55?.

41. Elliott TG, JD Barth, Mancini GB. Efectos de la vitamina E sobre la función endotelial en los hombres después de un infarto de miocardio.

1995. Am J Cardiol 76 (16): 1188 90?.

42. DH Emmert, JT Kirchner. El papel de la vitamina E en la prevención

de enfermedades del corazón. 1999. Arch Fam Med 8 (6): 537 42?.

43. Engelen W, BM Keenoy, J Vertommen, De Leeuw Efectos I.

de largo? suplementación plazo con moderadas dosis farmacológicas

de la vitamina E es saturable y reversible en pacientes con diabetes tipo 1

la diabetes. 2000. Am J Clin Nutr 72 (5): 1142 9?.

44. Enstrom JE, Kanim LE, Klein MA. Ingesta de vitamina C y

La mortalidad en una muestra de la población de los Estados Unidos. 1992.

Epidemiología 3:194? 202.

45. Eritsland J, Arnesen H, I Seljeflot, Hostmark AT. A largo plazo

efectos metabólicos del n? 3 los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados en los pacientes

con enfermedad arterial coronaria. 1995. Am J Clin Nutr 61:831? 6.

46. Colmillo JC, Kinlay S, J Beltrame, Hikiti H, M Wainstein, Behrendt

D, J Suh, B Frei, GH Mudge, Selwyn AP, Ganz P. Efecto de la

vitaminas C y E en la progresión de la arteriosclerosis asociada del trasplante?

un ensayo aleatorio. 2002. Lancet 359 (9312): 1108 13.

47. Fleischhauer FJ, Yan WD, Fischell TA. El aceite de pescado mejora la

endotelio? vasodilatación dependiente coronaria en el trasplante cardíaco

destinatarios. 1993. J Am Coll Cardiol 21:982? 9.

48. Fotherby MD, JC Williams, LA Forster, Craner P, GA Helechos.

Efecto de la vitamina C sobre la presión arterial ambulatoria y los lípidos plasmáticos

en las personas mayores. 2000. J Hypertens 18 (4): 411 5?.

"En los mamíferos, hay una creciente evidencia

que el resveratrol puede prevenir o

retrasar la aparición de cáncer, enfermedades del corazón,

isquémica y inducido químicamente

lesiones, diabetes, patología

inflamación y la infección viral ".

-JA Baur et al. (# 10)

"Parece que la coenzima Q10 puede

ser beneficiosos en una variedad de situaciones clínicas.

Puede tener un papel en la prevención

de enfermedad cardiovascular porque

de su papel en la prevención de la oxidación de LDL,

pero esta función se requiere mayor investigación.

Parece que esta sustancia es

deficiente en muchos pacientes con una variedad

de trastornos cardiovasculares, y que

algunos de ellos, particularmente aquellos con

enfermedad de la arteria coronaria, insuficiencia cardíaca,

y la miocardiopatía, pueden beneficiarse

a partir de su capacidad para mejorar la eficiencia

de la producción de energía del miocardio. "

-B Sarter (# 128)

49. Freedman JE, C Parker, Li L, JA Perlman, B Frei, V Ivanov,

Deak LR, Iafrati MD, JD Folts. Seleccione los flavonoides y el jugo de toda

a partir de uvas moradas inhiben la función plaquetaria y aumentar nítrico

óxido de liberación. 2001. Circulación 103:2792? 8.

50. Cocina HF, Thornton J, Howdle PD, Walker BE, Webster

NR. Suplementación antioxidante combinado oral reduce

la presión arterial. 1997. Clin Sci (Colch) 92 (4): 361 5?.

51. Gilligan MS, MN Sack, V Guetta, Casino PR, Quyyumi

AA, Rader DJ Panza JA, Cannon RO. Efecto de vitaminas antioxidantes

en la oxidación de lipoproteínas de baja densidad y el endotelio dañado?

vasodilatación dependiente en pacientes con hipercolesterolemia.

1994. J Am Coll Cardiol 24 (7): 1611 7?.

52. GISSI? Prevenzione investigadores. Los suplementos dietéticos con n? 3 ácidos grasos poliinsaturados y vitamina

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53. Gillman MW, mi barrio, LL Moore, EE.UU. Nguyen, MR Singer, MB Andón. Efecto de la suplementación de calcio

sobre la presión arterial en los niños. 1995. J Pediatr 127 (2): 186 92?.

54. Glore SR, Van Treeck D, Knehans AW, el Gremio de fibra soluble M. y los lípidos séricos: una revisión de la literatura. 1994. J

Am Diet 94 (4): 425 36.

55. Gocke N, Keaney JF Jr, B Frei, M Holbrook, M Olesiak, BJ Zacarías, C Leeuwenburgh, JW Heinecke, Vita

JA. Tiempo? Administración a largo plazo de ácido ascórbico revierte la disfunción vasomotora endotelial en pacientes con coronarias

enfermedad de la arteria. 1999. Circulation 99 (25): 3234 40?.

56. Goodfellow J, MF Bellamy, MW Ramsey, CJH Jones, Lewis MJ. Los suplementos dietéticos con ácidos grasos omega marina?

3 los ácidos grasos mejoran la función endotelial sistémica de las grandes arterias en pacientes con hipercolesterolemia. 2000. J

Am Coll Cardiol 35 (2): 265 70?.

57. Green D, G O'Driscoll, Rankin JM, Maiorana AJ, Taylor RR. El efecto beneficioso de la vitamina E en la administración

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58. Griffith LE, GH Guyatt, RJ Cook, Bucher HC, Cook DJ. La influencia del calcio en la dieta y no dietéticos

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12 (1 Pt 1): 84 92?.

59. Guyton JR, Blazing MA, J. Agar, ML Kashyap, RH Knopp, JM McKenney, DT Nash, SD Nash, Niaspan?

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60. Harris WS. n 3 ácidos grasos y lipoproteínas séricas: estudios en humanos. 1997. Am J Clin Nutr 65 (5 Suppl): 1645S?

54S.

61. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC / BHF

Estudio de Protección del Corazón de la suplementación antioxidante de la vitamina

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62. Hodis HN, WJ Mack, Dustin L, PR Mahrer, SP Azen, Detrano

R, Selhub J, P Alaupovic, CR Liu, Liu CH, J Hwang, Wilcox

AG, Selzer RH, Grupo de Investigación BVAIT. Alto? Dosis de suplementos de vitamina B

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ensayo controlado aleatorio. 2009. Carrera 40 (3): 730 6?.

63. Hodis HN, WJ Mack, L LaBree, Cashin? Hemphill L, Sevanian

A, R Johnson, Azen SP. Serie evidencia angiográfica coronaria

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64. Holmquist C, Larsson, S, A Wolk, de Feria de la U. Multivitamin

Los suplementos se asoció inversamente con el riesgo de infarto

infarto en los hombres y mujeres de Estocolmo Corazón Epidemiología

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65. Holub DJ, BJ Holub. Omega? 3 los ácidos grasos de los aceites de pescado

y enfermedades cardiovasculares. 2004. Mol Cell Biochem 263 (1 2?): 217?

"En este estudio hemos demostrado que

una mayor ingesta de ácido linolénico dietético

se asoció con una menor prevalencia

de la CAC, medido por cardiaca

TC en hombres y mujeres, después del ajuste

los factores de confusión, en un

dosis-respuesta de la moda. Esta asociación

era independiente de la edad, la educación,

los ingresos, el consumo de energía, la proporción de n-6 a

n-3 ácidos grasos, y el consumo de pescado ".

-L Djousse, et al. (# 36)

"Complementario CoQ10 altera lo natural

antecedentes de enfermedades cardiovasculares

y tiene el potencial para la prevención de

la enfermedad cardiovascular a través de la inhibición

de la oxidación del colesterol LDL

y por el mantenimiento de la óptima

la función celular y mitocondrial

a través de los estragos del tiempo y

tensiones internas y externas. "

-PH Langsjoen, et al. (# 82)

25.

66. Hornig B, N Arakawa, Kohler C, H. Drexler vitamina C

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placa: efecto de la suplementación con vitamina E. 2000. Cir

101 (11): 1249 54?.

69. Jain SK, R McVie, JJ Jaramillo, M Palmer, T Smith, Meachum

ZD, Little RL. El efecto de la suplementación con vitamina E modesto

en los productos de peroxidación de lípidos y otros factores de riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes diabéticos. 1996. Los lípidos Suppl: S87?

90.

70. Jialal I, Grundy SM. Efecto de la suplementación combinada con alfa? Tocoferol, ascorbato, y betacaroteno

en el bajo? oxidación de las lipoproteínas de densidad. 1993. Circulation 88 (6): 2780 6?.

71. O Johansen, Seljflot I, Hostmark AT, Arnesen H. El efecto de la suplementación con ácidos grasos omega 3 los ácidos grasos? En

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19:1681? 6.

72. Katz DL, H Nawaz, Boukhalil J, Giannamore V, W Chan, Ahmadi R, Sarrel PM. Los efectos agudos de avena y vitamina

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"Llegamos a la conclusión de que la administración de CoQ10

puede mejorar la recuperación de la mitocondria

y el miocito cardic

del estrés. Cuando se administra durante una semana

antes de la cirugía, la CoQ10 puede acelerar

la recuperación cardíaca y conducirá a una

alta del paciente en el hospital. "

-FL Rosenfeldt, et al. (# 124)

"En esta gran cohorte de hombres seguidos durante

12 [años], hemos observado una asociación inversa

entre la ingesta de ácido fólico y el riesgo de

PAD [enfermedad arterial periférica] que

era independiente de otros factores de riesgo de PAD. "

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"En conclusión, nuestros resultados mostraron que

consumo de un suplemento de calcio + D

mejorado el efecto beneficioso

de pérdida de peso corporal en el lípido y

las lipoproteínas de perfil en sobrepeso u obesidad

las mujeres con la ingesta habitual de calcio de bajo ...

[En] el contexto clínico de la obesidad

tratamiento, los suplementos de calcio

podría ser recomendado en las mujeres

con la ingesta inadecuada de calcio a la

mejorar la enfermedad cardiovascular

perfil de riesgo ".

-CG mayor, et al. (# 92)

"Los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (PUFA) de

n-6 y la serie n-3 son nutrientes esenciales

que ejercen una influencia importante

sobre los lípidos plasmáticos y servir cardiaca

y las funciones endoteliales para impactar

la prevención y tratamiento de

enfermedades coronarias (CHD). Tanto n-

6 y n-3 PUFAs-tienen distinta biológica

efectos contribuyen a su cardioprotector

la acción ".

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“Several epidemiological studies have

revealed an inverse relationship between

vitamin E intake and the progression

of chronic diseases. Se cree

that vitamin E's various actions,

including its role as an antioxidant,

have both antiatherogenic effects and

chemoprotective action.”

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“The administration of CoQ10 to heart

transplant candidates led to a significant

improvement in functional status,

clinical symptoms, and quality of life.”

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“The combined cardiovascular effects

of resveratrol and other plant phenolic

compounds and bioflavonoids with vitamin

E should also be encouraged.

Finally, resveratrol should be evaluated

as an interesting candidate for nondrug

approaches to combat blood

vessel-related diseases in humans.”

-JM Wu, et al. (#174)

“This review confirms the efficacy of

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not only the statistical significance

of the difference with respect

to placebo but also the clinical relevance

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PAOD [peripheral arterial occlusive

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EPA/DHA supplementation ranging

from 0.5 to 1.8 g/d (either as fatty fish

or supplements) significantly reduces

subsequent cardiac and all-cause

mortality.”

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“In summary, the results of the present

study suggest that moderate to severe

vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor for

developing cardiovascular disease.

These findings may have potentially

broad public health implications, given

the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency

in developed countries, the

contribution of lifestyle and geography

to vitamin D status, and the ease, safety,

and low cost of treating vitamin D

deficiency.”

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endothelial dysfunction and abolishes

the increase in radical-damage end

products induced by triglyceride-rich

lipoproteins. In combination, these data

imply that folic acid enhances NO

[nitric oxide] bioavailability through

inhibition of lipid-induced oxygen radical

estrés. These data underscore a

potential beneficial effect of folic acid

supplementation for cardiovascular

prevention strategies, especially in patients

with an impaired cholesterol

remnant clearance, such as in diabetes

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It is also of interest that higher

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185. Benner SE, Winn RJ, Lippman SM, Poland J, Hansen KS, Luna MA, Hong WK. Regression of oral leukoplakia

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186. Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Simonetti RG, Gluud C. Antioxidant supplements for prevention of gastrointestinal

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189. Blot WJ, Li JY, Taylor PR, Guo W, Dawsey S, Wang GQ,

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190. Bonithon?Kopp C, Kronborg O, Giacosa A, Rath U,

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trial do not support the hypothesis that

selenium supplementation reduces the

risk of BCC or SCC of the skin, showing no

statistically significant treatment effect on

their incidence. However, selenium supplementation

was found to be associated

with significant reductions in secondary

end points of total cancer incidence

(all-sites combined), long, colorectal

and prostate cancer incidences,

and lung cancer mortality.”

- LC Clark, et al. (#197)

“In vitro, animal and clinical studies

strongly indicate that vitamin D may have

anticancer benefits, including against

progression (such as metastasis) in colorectal

cancer and possibly other cancers.

Thus improving vitamin D status could be

potentially beneficial against either incidence

or mortality, or both.”

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191. Bostick RM, Potter JD, McKenzie DR, Sellers TA, Kushi

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192. Brasky TM, Lampe JW, Potter JD, Patterson RE, White

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193. Chan JM, Stampfer MJ, Ma J, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Giovannucci

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194. Chlebowski RT, Johnson KC, Kooperberg C, Pettinger

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200. Combs GF Jr, Clark LC, Turnbull BW. Reduction of

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201. Cook NR, Le IM, Manson JE, Buring JE, Hennekens

CH. Effects of beta?carotene supplementation on cancer incidence

by baseline characteristics in the Physicians' Health

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202. Correa P, Fontham ET, Bravo JC, Bravo LE, Ruiz B, Zarama

G, Realpe JL, Malcom GT, Li D, Johnson WD, Mera R.

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203. Davis CD. Vitamin D and cancer: current dilemmas

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“In this case-control study of North Carolina

women, we found only very limited

support for the hypothesis that vitamin

supplement use is associated with a decreased

risk of breast cancer. Entre

white women, any use of multivitamins,

vitamin C or vitamin E in the past five

years was each associated with an approximately

20% decrease in breast

cancer risk; however, the confidence

intervals around these estimates all included

una. There was no evidence of a

dose-response relationship between duration

of use and breast cancer risk. En

contrast to the modest inverse associations

with certain vitamin supplements

suggested for white women, there was

essentially no evidence of a protective

effect among black women for any of

the vitamins examined.”

- PG Moorman, et al. (#256)

“In this cohort, we observed a statistically

significant inverse association between

vitamin E intake and bladder cancer risk,

which was strongest among those who

had been taking vitamin E supplements

for many years. A suggestive inverse association

was noted for intake of vitamin

C supplement dose and bladder cancer

riesgo. No associations were observed between

intake of total energy, macronutrients,

or other micronutrients and bladder

cancer risk.”

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204. Duffield?Lillico AJ, Slate EH, Reid ME, Turnbull BW,

Wilkins PA, Combs GF Jr, Park HK, Gross EG, Graham GF,

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205. Ebbing M, Bønaa KH, Nygård O, Arnesen E, Ueland

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206. Egan KM, Signorello LB, Munro HM, Hargreaves MK,

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207. Fedirko V, Bostick RM, Goodman M, Flanders WD, Gross MD. Blood 25?hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations

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208. Fleischauer AT, Olson SH, Mignone L, Simonsen N, Caputo TA, Harlap S. Dietary antioxidants, supplements,

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209. Fleischauer AT, Simonsen N, Arab L. Antioxidant supplements and risk of breast cancer recurrence and

breast cancer?related mortality among postmenopausal women. 2003. Nutr Cancer 46(1):15?22.

210. Flood A, Peters U, Chatterjee N, Lacey JV Jr, Schairer C, Schatzkin A. Calcium from diet and supplements is

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211. Freedman DM, Chang SC, Falk RT, Purdue MP, Huang WY, McCarty CA, Hollis BW, Graubard BI, Berg CD,

Ziegler RG. Serum levels of vitamin D metabolites and breast cancer risk in the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian

cancer screening trial. 2008. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 17(4):889?94.

212. Gandini S, Raimondi S, Gnagnarella P, Doré JF, Maisonneuve P, Testori A. Vitamin D and skin cancer: a meta?

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213. Garland CF, Gorham ED, Mohr SB, Garland FC. Vitamina

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19(7):468?83.

214. Gaziano JM, Glynn RJ, Christen WG, Kurth T, Belanger

C, MacFadyen J, Bubes V, Manson JE, Sesso HD, Buring JE. Vitaminas

E and C in the prevention of prostate and total cancer in

men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled

trial. 2009. JAMA 301(1):52?62.

215. Giovannucci E. The epidemiology of vitamin D and colorectal

cancer: recent findings. 2006. Curr Opin Gastroenterol

22(1):24?9.

216. Giovannucci E. Vitamin D and cancer incidence in the

Harvard cohorts. 2009. Ann Epidemiol 19(2):84?8.

217. Giovannucci E, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ,

Fuchs C, Rosner BA, Speizer FE, Willett WC. Multivitamin use,

folate, and colon cancer in women in the Nurses' Health Study.

1998. Ann Intern Med 129(7):517?24.

218. Goodwin PJ, Ennis M, Pritchard KI, Koo J, Hood N.

Frequency of vitamin D (Vit D) deficiency at breast cancer (BC)

diagnosis and association with risk of distant recurrence and

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Clin Oncology 26(15S; May 20 Supplement):511.

219. Gorham ED, Garland CF, Garland FC, Grant WB, Mohr

“The SU.VI.MAX trial followed a pragmatic

approach in testing the effect of a combination

of 5 antioxidant vitamins or mineral

at low doses. It is thus not possible to

identify which individual micronutrient or

combination is responsible for the preventative

effect observed. Nevertheless, our

study results support the hypothesis that

chemoprevention of prostate cancer

can be achieved with antioxidant vitamins

and minerals.”

- F Meyer, et al. (#250)

“In the 11 non-hormone-dependent

cancer sites described above, 46 studies

have specifically reported on a vitamin

C index or plasma ascorbate values; 33

of these found statistically significant

protective effects, and several more

were in the protective direction but did

not achieve significance. None has

found elevated risk with increasing intake.

In addition to those, 29 studies reported

on the effect of fruit consumption,

21 of which found significant protection

associated with frequent consumption

or high risk associated with low

consumo. For oral, esophageal, gastric,

and pancreatic cancer, the evidence

is extremely strong, with virtually

all studies showing a significant protective

effect.”

- G Block (#187)

SB, Lipkin M, Newmark HL, Giovannucci E, Wei M, Holick MF.

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220. Grau MV, Baron JA, Sandler RS, Haile RW, Beach ML,

Church TR, Heber D. Vitamin D, calcium supplementation,

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221. Gridley G, McLaughlin JK, Block G, Blot WJ, Gluch M,

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222. Hatfield DL, Gladyshev VN. The Outcome of Selenium

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223. Heinonen OP, Albanes D, Virtamo J, Taylor PR, Huttunen

JK, Hartman AM, Haapakoski J, Malila N, Rautalahti M, Ripatti S, Maenpaa H, Teerenhovi L, Koss L, Virolainen

M, Edwards BK. Prostate cancer and supplementation with alpha?tocopherol and beta?carotene: incidence and

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224. Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Manson JE, Stampfer M, Rosner B, Cook NR, Belanger C, LaMotte F, Gaziano JM,

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225. Hercberg S, Galan P, Preziosi P, Bertrais S, Mennen L, Malvy D, Roussel AM, Favier A, Briancon S. The SU.VI.

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226. Hernaandez J, Syed S, Weiss G, Fernandes G, von Merveldt Dl, Troyer DA, Basler JW, Thompson IM Jr. The

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227. Hoenjet KM, Dagnelie PC, Delaere KP, Wijckmans NE, Zambon JV, Oosterhof GO. Effect of a nutritional

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228. Ishitani K, Lin J, Mason JE, Buring JE, Zhang SM. A Prospective Study of Multivitamin Supplement Use and

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229. Johansson M, Appleby PN, Allen NE, Travis RC, Roddam AW, Egevad L, Jenab M, Rinaldi S, Kiemeney LA,

Bueno?de?Mesquita HB, Vollset SE, Ueland PM, Sánchez MJ,

Quirós JR, González CA, Larrañaga N, Chirlaque MD, Ardanaz

E, Sieri S, Palli D, Vineis P, Tumino R, Linseisen J, Kaaks R,

Boeing H, Pischon T, Psaltopoulou T, Trichopoulou A, Trichopoulos

D, Khaw KT, Bingham S, Hallmans G, Riboli E, Stattin P,

Key TJ. Circulating concentrations of folate and vitamin B12 in

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Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study.

2008. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 17(2):279?85.

230. Kilkkinen A, Knekt P, Heliövaara M, Rissanen H,

Marniemi J, Hakulinen T, Aromaa A. Vitamin D Status and the

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231. Kirsh VA, Hayes RB, Mayne ST, Chatterjee N, Subar AF,

Dixon LB, Albanes D, Andriole GL, Urban DA, Peters U; PLCO

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Inst 98(4):245?54.

“Our study of nearly 1100 incident cases

of cancer is one of the largest prospective

studies of serum selenium levels and

cancer risk and has more site-specific

cancers than any previous study. Nosotros

found highly significant (p < 10?4) inverse

associations of serum selenium levels with

the incidence of both esophageal and

gastric cardia cancers over a period of

5.25 years of follow-up. Individuals in the

highest quartile of selenium developed

these cancers at approximately half the

rate as individuals in the lowest quartile.”

-SD Mark, et al. (# 245)

“Total vitamin B6 intake was also statistically

significantly inversely associated

with risk of colorectal cancer. We observed

59 cases of colorectal cancer

among the 25% of women (approximately

8200) with the lowest plasma vitamin B6

concentrations over the 10-year followup,

compared with 33 cases of colorectal

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argue for an overall positive role of suninduced

vitamin D. There may be more

beneficial than adverse effects of moderately

increased sun exposure, even for

total cancer mortality. Este mensaje

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for vitamin D deficiency.”

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“Based on overall consideration of results

from observational and laboratory studies,

the existing evidence is consistent

with the hypothesis that increasing vitamin

D3 intake to 1000–2000 IU per day or

raising the serum level of 25(OH)D to 33

ng/mL or higher would be associated

with substantially lower incidence rates of

colorectal cancer, with only minimal

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248. McCullough ML, Robertson AS, Rodriguez C, Jacobs EJ,

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a protective role of calcium and

vitamin D intakes against colorectal

cancer incidence. However, given the

strong evidence from both animal studies

and in vitro studies, the benefits of

these two nutrients cannot be ruled out.

More detailed investigation of the interaction

of calcium with other nutrients,

including vitamin D, and additional

questions better characterizing vitamin D

status may be necessary to elucidate

the true associations of calcium and vitamin

D with risk of colorectal cancer.”

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“Optimizing micronutrient intake

(through better diets, fortification of

foods, or multivitamin-mineral pills) can

have a major impact on public health at

low cost. Other micronutrients are likely

to be added to the list of those whose

deficiency causes DNA damage in the

coming years. Tuning-up human metabolism,

which varies with genetic constitution

and changes with age, is likely to

be a major way to minimize DNA damage,

improve health and prolong

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276. Terry P, Baron JA, Bergkvist L, Holmberg L, Wolk A.

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effect on lung cancer; however, preliminary

analyses indicate possible efficacy

with longer duration of intervention. Próstata

cancer incidence was 34% lower in

the vitamin E group and colorectal cancer

was 16% lower, the latter being consistent

with recent observational data

suggesting such a protective association.

Such effects, if corroborated by other

studies, would have substantial public

health consequences on two common

malignancies.”

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“On a very simplistic level, cancer is

thought to arise because of an excess of

DNA damage and/or the inappropriate

expression of critical genes. Folate has

consequently been of particular interest

as a potential cancer protective agent

because of the important roles it plays in

nucleotide synthesis, as well as in the biological

methylation of molecules such as

DNA, RNA, proteins, and the phospholipids.”

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AW, Tjønneland A, Olsen A, Linseisen J, Kaaks R, Boeing H,

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FJ, Chirlaque MD, Barricarte A, Larrañaga N, González

CA, Argüelles MV, Sánchez MJ, Stattin P, Hallmans G, Khaw

KT, Bingham S, Rinaldi S, Slimani N, Jenab M, Riboli E, Key TJ.

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280. Tsavachidou D, McDonnell TJ, Wen S, Wang X, Vakar?

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RB, Whitlock E, Bassford T, Beresford SA, Black HR, Bonds DE, Brzyski RG, Caan B, Chlebowski RT, Cochrane B,

Garland C, Gass M, Hays J, Heiss G, Hendrix SL, Howard BV, Hsia J, Hubbell FA, Jackson RD, Johnson KC, Judd H,

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285. Wei EK, Giovannucci E, Selhub J, Fuchs CS, Hankinson SE, Ma J. Plasma vitamin B6 and the risk of colorectal

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286. Wu K, Willett WC, Chan JM, Fuchs CS, Colditz GA, Rimm EB, Giovannucci EL. A prospective study on

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287. Xu Q, Parks CG, DeRoo LA, Cawthon RM, Sandler DP, Chen H. Multivitamin use and telomere length in

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288. Zhang SM, Cook NR, Albert CM, Gaziano JM, Buring JE, Manson JE. Effect of combined folic acid, vitamin

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289. Zhang SM, Giovannucci EL, Hunter DJ, Rimm EB, Ascherio A, Colditz GA, Speizer FE, Willett WC. Vitamina

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291. Zheng W, Anderson KE, Kushi LH, Sellers TA, Greenstein

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selected for risk factors, indicates that a

7.5-year low-dose antioxidant supplementation

lowered total cancer incidence in

men but not in women. A similar tendency

was observed for all-cause mortality.”

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“In summary, overall risks for prostate

cancer were unaffected by supplemental

dietary antioxidant use among participants

in the PLCO Trial; however, vitamin

E supplementation in smokers and ?-

carotene supplementation in men with

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randomly assigned using computergenerated

numbers to receive 800 mg

of elemental Calcium from citrate and

carbonate, 400 IU of vitamin D3 (as Cholecaliferol),

400 mg of Magnesium from

citrate, and amino acid chelate and

oxide in four orange-flavoured chewable

tablets (Active Calcium™ Chewable);

the other twin was given a

matched placebo in a double-blinded

manera. The placebo tablet was identical

in appearance, taste and composition

but contained no active ingredient.

All tablets were supplied by USANA

Health Sciences, Inc., Sydney, Australia…

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with 800 mg calcium and 400 IU vitamin

D3 per day for a period of 6

months was associated with increased

trabecular area, trabecular density and

strength strain index at the ultra-distal

tibia and radius and increased cortical

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disease of the elderly. 2001. Public Health Nutr 4(2B):547?59.

“Our particular contribution has been to

extend from animal models to humans

the essentiality of Cu, Mn and Zn in the

development and maintenance of BMD

[bone mineral density]… Through understanding

the value of trace elements

from food or supplements, and through

sensible dietary strategies, we can slow

the rate of bone loss, thus delaying or

preventing osteoporosis, in a simple and

inexpensive manner.”

- PD Saltman, et al. (#371)

“In summary, dietary supplementation

with a combination of nutritionally relevant

amounts of vitamin K with vitamin D

and calcium in healthy older women

was associated with a modest but significant

increase in BMC at one site, consisting

predominantly of trabecular bone.

Similar changes were not observed in

either the vitamin K group alone or in the

calcium plus vitamin D group, suggesting

a synergistic role of the combination as

sugggested by previous reports.”

- C Bolton-Smith, et al. (#300)

325. Going S, Lohman T, Houtkooper L, Metcalfe L, Flint?

Wagner H, Blew R, Stanford V, Cussler E, Martin J, Teixeira P,

Harris M, Milliken L, Figueroa?Galvez A, Weber J. Effects of exercise

on bone mineral density in calcium?replete postmenopausal

women with and without hormone replacement therapy.

2003. Osteoporos Int 14(8):637?43.

326. Grant AM, Avenell A, Campbell MK, McDonald AM,

MacLennan GS, McPherson GC, Anderson FH, Cooper C, Francis

RM, Donaldson C, Gillespie WJ, Robinson CM, Torgerson DJ,

Wallace WA, RECORD Trial Group. Oral vitamin D3 and calcium

for secondary prevention of low?trauma fractures in elderly

people (Randomised Evaluation of Calcium Or vitamin D,

RECORD): a randomized placebo?controlled trial. 2005. Lanceta

365(9471):1621?8.

327. Greene DA, Naughton GA. Calcium and vitamin?D

supplementation on bone structural properties in peripubertal

female identical twins: a randomised controlled trial. 2010. Osteoporos

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328. Greenspan SL, Resnick NM, Parker RA. Vitamin D supplementation

in older women. 2005. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 60(6):754?9.

329. Gulati S, Sharma RK, Gulati K, Singh U, Srivastava A. Longitudinal follow?up of bone mineral density in

children with nephritic syndrome and the role of calcium and vitamin D supplements. 2005. Nephrol Dial Transplant

20(8):1598?603.

330. Haney EM, Stadler D, Bliziotes MM. Vitamin D insufficiency in internal medicine residents. 2005. Calcif

Tissue Int 76(1):11?6.

331. Hanley DA, Cranney A, Jones G, Whiting SJ, Leslie WD, Cole DEC, Atkinson SA, Josse RG, Feldman S, Kline

GA, Rosen C. Vitamin D in adult health and disease: a review and guideline statement from Osteoporosis Canada.

2010. CMAJ 182(12):E610?8.

332. Harris S, Dawson?Hughes B. Rates of change in bone mineral density of the spine, heel, femoral, neck and

radius in healthy postmenopausal women. 1992. Bone Miner 17(1):87?95.

333. Harwood RH, Sahota O, Gaynor K, Masud T, Hosking DJ, The Nottingham Neck of Femur (NONOF) Study.

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334. Heaney RP. Bone health. 2007. Am J Clin Nutr

85(suppl):300S?3S.

335. Heaney RP. Nutritional factors in osteoporosis. 1993.

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336. Hunter D, Major P, Arden N, Swaminathan R, Andrew T,

MacGregor AJ, Keen R, Snieder H, Spector TD. A randomized

controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation on preventing

postmenopausal bone loss and modifying bone metabolism

using identical twin pairs. 2000. J Bone Miner Res 15(11):2276?83.

337. Hyun TH, Barrett?Connor E, Milne DB. Zinc intakes

and plasma concentrations in men with osteoporosis: the Rancho

Bernardo Study. 2004. AJCN 80(3):715?21.

338. Ilich JZ, Kerstetter JE. Nutrition in Bone Health Revisited:

A Story Beyond Calcium. 2000. JACN 19(6):715?37.

339. Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M, Wallace RB, Robbins J,

Lewis CE, Bassford T, Beresford SAA, Black HR, Blanchette P,

Bonds DE, Brunner RL, Brzyski RG, Caan B, Cauley JA, Chlebowski

RT, Cummings SR, Granek I, Hays J, Heiss G, Hendrix SL,

Howard BV, Hsia J, Hubbell FA, Johnson KC, Judd H, Kotchen

JM, Kuller LH, Langer RD, Lasser NL, Limacher MC, Ludlam S,

“Much evidence indicates that both

calcium and vitamin D are efficacious in

protecting the skeleton, particularly

when these 2 nutrients are used in combination.

Each nutrient is necessary for

the full expression of the effect of the

other, and where their actions are independent,

their effects on skeletal health

are complementary. Nutrient status for

both tends to be deficient in the adult

population of the industrialized nations.

Hence, supplementation or food fortification

with both nutrients is appropriate

and, given contemporary diets and sun

exposure, probably necessary.”

- RP Heaney (#334)

“Adequate nutrition plays a major role in

the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis;

the nutrients of greatest importance

are calcium and vitamin D. Numerous

studies have shown that higher

calcium intake at various ages are associated

with higher bone mineral density

compared with the bone mass of those

with lower calcium intakes. En una más vieja

postmenopausal women, the benefits of

vitamin D and calcium supplementation

in preventing bone loss, decreasing

bone turnover, and decreasing nonvertebral

fractures are clear.”

- JW Nieves (#358)

Manson JE, Margolis KL, McGowan J, Ockene JK, O'Sullivan

MJ, Phillips L, Prentice RL, Sarto GE, Stefanick ML, Van Horn

L, Wactawski?Wende J, Whitlock E, Anderson GL, Assaf AR,

Barad D. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the

risk of fractures. 2006. N Engl J Med 354(7):669?83.

340. Javaid MK, Crozier SR, Harvey NC, Gale CR, Dennison

EM, Boucher BJ, Arden NK, Godfrey KM, Cooper C; Princess

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study. 2006. Lancet 367(9504):36?43.

341. Johnston CC Jr, Miller JZ, Slemenda CW, Reister TK,

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342. Jugdaohsingh R, Tucker KL, Qiao N, Cupples LA, Kiel

DP, Powell JJ. Dietary silicon intake is positively associated with bone mineral density in men and premenopausal

women of the Framingham Offspring Cohort. 2004. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 19(2):297?307.

343. Lambert HL, Eastell R, Karnik K, Russell JM, Barker ME. Calcium supplementation and bone mineral accretion

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344. Larsen ER, Mosekilde L, Foldspang A. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation prevents osteoporotic fractures

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Miner Res 19(3):370?8.

345. Lee WTK, Leung SSF, Leung DMY, Cheng JCY. A follow?up study on the effects of calcium?supplement

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346. Lee WTK, Leung SSF, Leung DMY, Tsang HSY, Lau J, Cheng JCY. A randomized double?blind controlled

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347. Lee WTK, Leung SSF, Leung DMY, Wang SH, Xu YC, Zeng WP, Cheng JCY. Bone mineral acquisition in low

calcium intake children following the withdrawal of calcium supplement. 1997. Acta Paediatr 86:570?6.

348. Lee WTK, Leung SSF, Wang SH, Xu YC, Zeng WP, Lau J, Oppenheimer SJ, Cheng JCY. Double?blind, controlled

calcium supplementation and bone mineral accretion in children accustomed to a low?calcium diet. 1994.

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349. Lips P, Graafmans WC, Ooms ME, Bezemer PD, Bouter LM. Vitamin D supplementation and fracture incidence

in elderly persons: a randomized, placebo?controlled clinical trial. 1996. Ann Intern Med 124(4):400?6.

350. Lloyd T, Andon MB, Rollings N, Martel JK, Landis JR, Demers LM, Eggli DF, Kieselhorst K, Kulin HE. Calcio

supplementation and bone mineral density in adolescent girls. 1993. JAMA 270(7):841?4.

351. Meacham SL, Taper LJ, Volpe SL. Effect of boron supplementation on blood and urinary calcium, magnesium,

and phosphorus, and urinary boron in athletic and sedentary

las mujeres. 1995. AJCN 61(2):341?5.

352. Meacham SL, Taper LJ, Volpe SL. Effects of boron supplementation

on bone mineral density and dietary, blood, and

urinary calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and boron in female

los atletas. 1994. Environ Health Perspect 102(Suppl 7):79?82.

353. Meier C, Woitge HW, Witte K, Lemmer B, Seibel MJ.

Supplementation with oral vitamin D3 and calcium during

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30.

354. Meunier P. Prevention of hip fractures by correcting

calcium and vitamin D insufficiencies in elderly people. 1996.

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355. Meyer HE, Smedshaug GB, Kvaavik E, Falch JA, Tverdal

A, Pedersen JI. Can vitamin D supplementation reduce the

“Osteoporosis is a multifactorial disorder,

and, despite the considerable influence

of heredity, bone health depends on the

whole range of other nutrients and foods

as well as the environmental factors. La

prolonged deficiency or excess of one or

the combination of several, as well as the

changes in requirements of those nutrients

caused by physiological and metabolic

changes, might contribute to osteoporosis.”

- JZ Ilich, et al. (#338)

“Numerous studies have demonstrated

the importance of vitamin K in bone

health. Cell studies have helped delineate

the mechanism by which menaquinone

promotes bone mineralization

and inhibits resorption. Humanos y animales

studies have clearly demonstrated

that vitamin K can improve bone health

by increasing bone mass and reducing

bone loss.”

- J Adams, et al. (#292)

risk of fracture in the elderly? Un ensayo controlado aleatorio.

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356. Michaëlsson K, Lithell H, Vessby B, Melhus H. Serum

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348:287?94.

357. Ng NTM, Heesch KC, Brown WJ. Efficacy of a progressive

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358. Nieves JW. Osteoporosis: the role of micronutrients.

2005. AJCN 81(5):1232S?9S.

359. Nowson CA, Green RM, Hopper JL, Sherwin AJ, Young

D, Kaymakci B, Guest CS, Smid M, Larkins RG, Wark JD. A cotwin

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density during adolescence. 1997. Osteoporos Int 7(3):219?25.

360. Papadimitropoulos E, Wells G, Shea B, Gillespie W,

Weaver B, Zytaruk N, Cranney A, Adachi J, Tugwell P, Josse R,

Greenwood C, Guyatt G; Osteoporosis Methodology Group and

The Osteoporosis Research Advisory Group. Meta?analyses of

therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. VIII: Meta?analysis

of the efficacy of vitamin D treatment in preventing osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. 2002. Endocr Rev

23(4):560?9.

361. Peacock M, Liu G, Carey M, McClintock R, Ambrosius W, Hui S, Johnston CC. Effect of calcium or 25OH vitamin

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362. Porthouse J, Cockayne S, King C, Saxon L, Steele E, Aspray T, Baverstock M, Birks Y, Dumville J, Francis R,

Iglesias C, Puffer S, Sutcliffe A, Watt I, Tortrson DJ. Randomised controlled trial of calcium and supplementation

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363. Potter SM, Baum JA, Teng H, Stillman RJ, Shay NF, Erdman JW Jr. Soy protein and isoflavones: their effects

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364. Prentice A, Ginty F, Stear SJ, Jones SC, Laskey MA, Cole TJ. Calcium Supplementation Increases Stature and

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365. Raiten DJ, Picciano MF. Vitamin D and health in the 21st century: bone and beyond. Executive summary.

2004. Am J Clin Nutr 80(suppl):1673S–7S.

366. Recker RR, Hinders S, Davies KM, Heaney RP, Stegman MR, Lappe JM, Kimmel DB. Correcting calcium nutritional

deficiency prevents spine fractures in elderly women. 1996. J Bone Miner Res 11(12):1961?6.

367. Reid IR, Ames RW, Evans MC, Gamble GD, Sharpe SJ. Long?term effects of calcium supplementation on

bone loss and fractures in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. 1995. Am J Med 98(4):331?5.

368. Reid IR, Ames RW, Evans MC, Gamble GD, Sharpe SJ. Effect of calcium supplementation on bone loss in

postmenopausal women. 1993. N Engl J Med 328(7):460?4.

369. Ricci TA, Chowdhury HA, Heymsfield SB, Stahl T,

Pierson RN, Jr., Shapses SA. Calcium supplementation suppresses

bone turnover during weight reduction in postmenopausal

las mujeres. 1998. J Bone Miner Res 13:1045?50.

370. Ryder KM, Shorr RI, Bush AJ, Kritchevsky SB, Harris T,

Stone K, Cauley J, Tylavsky FA. Magnesium intake from food

and supplements is associated with bone mineral density in

healthy older white subjects. 2005. J Am Geriatr Soc

53(11):1875?80.

371. Saltman PD, Strause LG. The Role of Trace Minerals in

La osteoporosis. 1993. JACN 12(4):384?9.

372. Sato Y, Honda Y, Iwamoto J, Kanoko T, Satoh K. Effect

of folate and mecobalamin on hip fractures in patients with

“In the presence of osteoporosis, vitamin

D insufficiency may amplify bone loss and

thus enhance fracture risk. Resulta que

at any age, but particularly in the elderly,

an adequate intake of both calcium and

vitamin D is important for the preservation

of bone mass and prevention of osteoporosis.”

- C Gennari (#324)

“The effects of low intakes of minerals

important to normal bone metabolism

need further investigation. An inadequate

intake or imbalance of one or

several of the minerals critical to bone

development may jeopardize normal

bone metabolism. There has been widespread

interest over the years in assuring

adequate calcium intakes at critical

stages of the female life cycle. This interest

should be extended to emphasize

optimal intakes of all minerals known or

suspected to affect bone mineral density,

such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium,

and boron.”

- SL Meacham, et al. (#352)

stroke: a randomized controlled trial. 2005. JAMA 293(9):1082?

373. Shea B, Wells G, Cranney A, Zytaruk N, Robinson V,

Griffith L, Ortiz Z, Peterson J, Adachi J, Tugwell P, Guyatt G,

Osteoporosis Methodology Group, Osteoporosis Research Advisory

Grupo. Meta?analyses of therapies for postmenopausal

la osteoporosis. VII. Meta?analysis of calcium supplementation

for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. 2002. Endocr

Rev 23(4):552?9.

374. Shearer MJ. The roles of vitamins D and K in bone

health and osteoporosis prevention. 1997. Proc Nutr Soc

56(3):915?937.

375. Shearer MJ, Bach A, Kohlmeier M. Chemistry, nutritional

sources, tissue distribution and metabolism of vitamin K

with special reference to bone health. 1996. J Nutr 126(4

Suppl):1181S?6S.

376. Stear SJ, Prentice A, Jones SC, Cole TJ. Effect of a calcium

and exercise intervention on the bone mineral status of

16?18?y?old adolescent girls. 2003. Am J Clin Nutr 77:985?92.

377. Strause L, Saltman P, Smith KT, Bracker M, Andon MB. Spinal bone loss in postmenopausal women supplemented

with calcium and trace minerals. 1994. J Nutr 124:1060?4.

378. Thie NM, Prasad NG, Major PW. Evaluation of glucosamine sulfate compared to ibuprofen for the treatment

of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis: a randomized double blind controlled 3 month clinical trial. 2001.

J Rheumatol 28(6):1347?55.

379. Thomas MK, Lloyd?Jones DM, Thadhani RI, Shaw AC, Deraska DJ, Kitch BT, Vamvakas EC, Dick IM, Prince

RL, Finkelstein JS. Hypovitaminosis D in medical inpatients. 1998. N Engl J Med 338(12):777?83.

380. Trivedi DP, Doll R, Khaw KT. Effect of four monthly oral vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) supplementation on

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381. Utiger RD. The need for more vitamin D. 1998. N Engl J Med 338(12):828?9.

382. von Hurst PR, Stonehouse W, Kruger MC, Coad J. Vitamin D supplementation suppresses age?induced

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383. Winters?Stone KM, Snow CM. One year of oral calcium

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384. Yasui T, Miyatani Y, Tomita J, Yamada M, Uemura H,

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385. Zamora SA, Rizzoli R, Belli DC, Slosman DO, Bonjour

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“Collectively, our data provide evidence

supporting dietary supplementation of n-3

PUFA [omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids],

which in turn may have a beneficial

effect of slowing and reducing inflammation

in the pathogenesis of degenerative

joint diseases in man.”

- CL Curtis, et al. (#314)

“In summary, spinal bone loss in a small

group of older postmenopausal women

was slowed by supplementation with

calcium as CCM [calcium citrate malate]

and was halted by supplementation

with a mineral cocktail composed of

CCM along with zinc, manganese and

cobre. Only the group supplemented

with calcium plus trace minerals differed

from the placebo group, which, as expected,

lost a significant amount of bone

density.”

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J, Thomas L, Abdulle AM. Current maternal?infant micronutrient

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388. Auestad N, Halter R, Hall RT, Blatter M, Bogle ML,

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LT, Montalto MB, Jacobs JR, Qiu W, Bornstein MH. Crecimiento

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389. Auestad N, Scott DT, Janowsky JS, Jacobsen C, Carroll

RE, Montalto MB, Halter R, Qiu W, Jacobs JR, Connor WE, Connor

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392. Berry RJ, Li Z, Erickson JD, Li S, Moore CA, Wang H, Mulinare J, Zhao P, Wong LY, Gindler J, Hong SX, Correa

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393. Bhate V, Deshpande S, Bhat D, Joshi N, Ladkat R, Watve S, Fall C, de Jager CA, Refsum H, Yajnik C. Vitamin

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394. Birch EE, Birch DG, Hoffman DR, Uauy R. Dietary essential fatty acid supply and visual acuity development.

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395. Birch EE, Carlson SE, Hoffman DR, Fitzgerald?Gustafson KM, Fu VLN, Drover JR, Castañeda YS, Minns L,

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396. Birch EE, Garfield S, Hoffman DR, Uauy R, Birch DG.

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“We have demonstrated for the first time

in a purposeful, community-based prospective

study an association between

maternal nutritional measurements in

pregnancy and two major risk factors for

type 2 diabetes in the offspring… Maternal

macronutrient intakes were unrelated

to adiposity and insulin resistance

in the offspring. However, higher maternal

folate concentrations predicted

greater adiposity (fat mass and body fat

per cent) and higher insulin resistance,

and lower vitamin B12 concentrations

predicted higher insulin resistance. Niños

born to mothers with low vitamin B12

concentrations but high folate concentrations

were the most insulin resistant.”

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“In conclusion, relatively modest amounts

of dietary docosahexaenoic acid during

pregnancy appear to extend gestational

age and may lead to enhanced fetal

growth.”

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“Given the results of this study, we think

that all women planning pregnancy

should receive a vitamin supplement containing

folic acid.”

- AE Czeizel, et al. (#413)

“Dosing recommendations for mothers

during pregnancy should be aimed at

preventing problems in neonates and

infants, and a vitamin D dose sufficient

for the mother during pregnancy should

produce normal cord blood 25(OH)D

concentrations at birth. Giving relatively

small doses of vitamin D directly to the

infant or supplementing the mother with

100 ?g (4000 IU) vitamin D daily should

maintain normal 25(OH)D concentrations

in exclusively breastfed infants without

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“Our study demonstrates an association

between maternal vitamin B12 status during

pregnancy and children's cognitive

funcionando. Higher maternal plasma vitamin

B12 concentration in pregnancy

was an independent predictor of the

child's cognitive performance on the CTTA

and Digit Span Backward tests, after

controlling for a number of possible confounders,

including the child's own vitamin

B12 status at 6 years of age.”

- V Bhate, et al. (#393)

“The recommendations for dietary omega-

3 fatty acids should be adopted at

the onset of pregnancy, but there may

be benefits for all women who are considering

becoming pregnant. Dado

concerns for mercury toxicity with overconsumption

of certain fish, in order to

meet these recommendations, pregnant

women will need to consume omega-3

fatty acids from 3 sources: vegetable oils,

2 servings of seafood per week, and

omega-3 fatty acid supplements containing

EPA and DHA or DHA alone.”

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tissue contains a reserve of these fatty

acids for the developing fetus and the

breast-fed newborn infant. Esto asegura

the optimal cerebral and cognitive development

of the infant. La presencia de

large quantities of EPA and DHA in the

diet slightly lengthens pregnancy, and

improves its quality.”

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DHA supplementation during pregnancy

may improve the prognosis of preterm

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One explanation for our findings is the

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525. Cutolo M, Otsa K. Review: vitamin D, immunity and lupus. 2008. Lupus 17(1):6?10.

526. Damsgaard CT, Lauritzen L, Kjaer TM, Holm PM, Fruekilde MB, Michaelsen KF, Frøkiaer H. Fish oil supplementation

modulates immune function in healthy infants. 2007. J Nutr 137(4):1031?6.

527. De la Fuente M, Hernanz A, Guayerbas N, Victor VM, Arnalich F. Vitamin E ingestion improves several

immune functions in elderly men and women. 2008. Free Radic

Res 42(3):272?80.

528. De la Fuente M, Hernanz A, Vallejo MC. El sistema inmunológico

system in the oxidative stress conditions of aging and hypertension:

favorable effects of antioxidants and physical exercise.

2005. Antioxid Redox Signal 7(9?10):1356?66.

529. Dreyfuss ML, Fawzi WW. Micronutrients and vertical

transmission of HIV?1. 2002. AJCN 75(6):959?70.

530. El?Kadiki A, Sutton AJ. Role of multivitamins and

mineral supplements in preventing infections in elderly

people: systematic review and meta?analysis of randomised

“Inadequate intake and status of vitamins

and trace elements may lead to

suppressed immunity, which predisposes

to infections and aggravates undernutrition.

Evidence has accumulated that in

humans certain nutrients selectively influence

the immune response, induce

dysregulation of a coordinated host response

to infections in cases of deficiency

and oversupply, and that deficiency

may impact virulence of otherwise

harmless pathogens. Thus, micronutrients

are required at appropriate intakes for

the immune system to function optimally.

Available data indicate a role of vitamins

(A, D, E, B6, B12, folate, and C),

and trace elements (selenium, zinc,

copper, and iron) on the immune response…

Overall, inadequate intake and

status of these vitamins and trace elements

may lead to suppressed immunity,

which predisposes to infections and aggravates

malnutrition. Therefore, supplementation

with these selected micronutrients

can support the body's natural

defence system by enhancing all

three levels of immunity.”

- S Maggini, et al. (#564)

“The elucidation of the precise roles of

vitamin D in the immune system and in the

pathogenesis of multiple diseases has the

potential to have profound effects on our

ability to prevent and treat these disorders.”

- NE Lange, et al. (#559)

los ensayos controlados. 2005. BMJ 330(7496):871.

531. Enioutina EY, Bareyan D, Daynes RA. TLR?induced local

metabolism of vitamin D3 plays an important role in the diversification

of adaptive immune responses. 2009. J Immunol

182(7):4296?305.

532. Fawzi WW, Villamor E, Msamanga GI, Antelman G,

Aboud S, Urassa W, Hunter D. Trial of zinc supplements in relation

to pregnancy outcomes, hematologic indicators, and T cell

counts among HIV?1?infected women in Tanzania. 2005. Am J

Clin Nutr 81(1):161?7.

533. Ferguson LR, Philpott M. Cancer prevention by dietary

bioactive components that target the immune response. 2007.

Curr Cancer Drug Targets 7(5):459?64.

534. Fogarty A, Lewis S, Weiss S, Britton J. Dietary vitamin E,

IgE concentrations, and atopy. 2000. Lancet 356(9241):1573?4.

535. Fritsche K. grasos ácidos como moduladores de la respuesta inmune.

2006. Annu Rev Nutr 26:45?73.

536. Froicu M, Cantorna MT. Vitamin D and the vitamin D

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to colonic injury. 2007. BMC Immunol 8:5.

537. Fuller CJ, Faulkner H, Bendich A, Parker RS, Roe DA.

Effect of beta?carotene supplementation on photosuppression of delayed?type hypersensitivity in normal young

hombres. 1992. Am J Clin Nutr 56(4):684?90.

538. Gariballa S. Vitamin and mineral supplements for preventing infections in older people. 2005. BMJ

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539. Gariballa S, Forster S, Walters S, Powers H. A randomized, double?blind, placebo?controlled trial of nutritional

supplementation during acute illness. 2006. Am J Med 119(8):693?9.

540. Girodon F, Galan P, Monget AL, Boutron?Ruault MC, Brunet?Lecomte P, Preziosi P, Arnaud J, Manuguerra

JC, Herchberg S, MIN. VIT. AOX. red geriátrica. Impact of trace elements and vitamin supplementation on immunity

and infections in institutionalized elderly patients: a randomized controlled trial. 1999. Arch Intern Med.

159(7):748?54.

541. Girodon F, Lombard M, Galan P, Brunet?Lecomte P, Monget AL, Arnaud J, Preziosi P, Hercberg S. Effect of

micronutrient supplementation on infection in institutionalized elderly subjects: a controlled trial. 1997. Ann Nutr

Metab 41(2):98?107.

542. Gleeson M. Can nutrition limit exercise?induced immunodepression?.

2006. Nutr Rev 64(3):119?31.

543. Gleeson M, Bishop NC. Elite athlete immunology: importance

of nutrition. 2000. Int J Sports Med 21 Suppl 1:S4450.

544. Gottrand F. Long?chain polyunsaturated fatty acids influence

the immune system of infants. 2008. J Nutr

138(9):1807S?12S.

545. Graat JM, Schouten EG, Kok FJ. Effect of daily vitamin E

and multivitamin?mineral supplementation on acute respiratory

tract infections in elderly persons: a randomized controlled

juicio. 2002. JAMA 288(6):715?21.

546. Haase H, Mocchegiani E, Rink L. Correlation between

zinc status and immune function in the elderly. 2006. Biogerontología

7(5?6):421?8.

547. Håberg SE, London SJ, Stigum H, Nafstad P, Nystad W.

Folic acid supplements in pregnancy and early childhood respiratory

health. 2009. Arch Dis Child 94(3):180?4.

548. Hara M, Tanaka K, Hirota Y. Immune response to influenza

vaccine in healthy adults and the elderly: association

“Because aging and malnutrition exert

cumulative influences on immune responses,

many elderly people have poor

cell-mediated immune responses and

are therefore at a high risk of infection.

Nutritional therapy may improve immune

responses of elderly patients with

protein-energy malnutrition. La suplementación

with high pharmacologic doses of

a single nutrient (zinc or vitamin E) may

be useful for improving immune responses

of self-sufficient elderly people

living at home. Therefore, nutritional deficiency

must be treated in the elderly to

reduce infectious risk and possibly slow

the aging process.”

- BM Lesourd (#560)

“In summary, our results show that the

age-associated defect in the redistribution

of signaling molecules to the immunological

synapse is reversed by vitamin

E. This effect is strongest in naive T cells,

which exhibit the age-related defects in

protein recruitment and T cell activation.

This is the first demonstration of a reversal

of a key early signaling defect in aged T

cells by a nutrient. These findings have

important implications for the development

of preventive and therapeutic

strategies to reduce age-associated defects

in T cells.”

- MG Marko, et al. (#565)

with nutritional status. 2005. Vaccine 23(12):1457?63.

549. Herraiz LA, Hsieh WC, Parker RS, Swanson JE, Bendich

A, Roe DA. Effect of UV exposure and beta?carotene supplementation

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550. Hewison M. Vitamin D and the immune system: new

perspectives on an old theme. 2010. Endocrinol Metab Clin

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551. PK de alta. Micronutrient supplementation and immune

function in the elderly. 1999. Clin Infect Dis 28(4):717?22.

552. PK de alta. Nutritional strategies to boost immunity and

prevent infection in elderly individuals. 2001. Clin Infect Dis

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553. Hoffmann PR, Berry MJ. The influence of selenium on

immune responses. 2008. Mol Nutr Food Res 52(11):1273?80.

554. Hojsak I, Snovak N, Abdovi? S, Szajewska H, Mišak Z,

Kola?e S. Lactobacillus GG in the prevention of gastrointestinal

and respiratory tract infections in children who attend day care

centres: a randomized, double?blind, placebo?controlled trial.

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555. Holmøy T. Vitamin D status modulates the immune response

to Epstein Barr virus: Synergistic effect of risk factors in

multiple sclerosis. 2008. Med Hypotheses 70(1):66?9.

556. Hughes DA, Wright AJA, Finglas PM, Perrless ACJ, Bailey AL, Astley SB, Pinder AC, Southon S. The effect of

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Lab Clin Med 129:309?17.

557. Hurwitz BE, Klaus JR, Llabre MM, Gonzalez A, Lawrence PJ, Maher KJ, Greeson JM, Baum MK, Shor?Posner

G, Skyler JS, Schneiderman N. Suppression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral load with selenium supplementation:

a randomized controlled trial. 2007. Arch Intern

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558. Kaiser JD, Campa AM, Ondercin JP, Leoung GS, Pless

RF, Baum MK. Micronutrient supplementation increases CD4

count in HIV?infected individuals on highly active antiretroviral

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2006. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 42(5):523?8.

559. Lange NE, Litonjua A, Hawrylowicz CM, Weiss S. Vitamin

D, the immune system and asthma. 2009. Expert Rev Clin

Immunol 5(6):693?702.

560. Lesourd BM. Nutrition and immunity in the elderly:

modification of immune responses with nutritional treatments.

1997. Am J Clin Nutr 66(2):478S?84S.

561. Leyes P, Martínez E, Forga MT. Use of diet, nutritional

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Antivir Ther 13(2):149?59.

562. Li?Ng M, Aloia JF, Pollack S, Cunha BA, Mikhail M, Yeh

J, Berbari N. A randomized controlled trial of vitamin D3 supplementation

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tract infections. 2009. Epidemiol Infect 137(10):1396?404.

563. Long KZ, Estrada?Garcia T, Rosado JL, Ignacio Santos J,

Haas M, Firestone M, Bhagwat J, Young C, DuPont HL,

Hertzmark E, Nanthakumar NN. The effect of vitamin A supplementation

on the intestinal immune response in Mexican

“Although our study suggests that many

elderly individuals might benefit from a

supplementary intake of vitamin E, such

public health recommendations can

only be considered after longer-term

studies with lower amounts of tocopherol

are completed. This point will be especially

important in determining if the

immunostimulatory effect observed is

due to pharmacologic or physiologic

effect of vitamin E. Nevertheless, it is encouraging

to note that a single nutrient

supplement can enhance immune responsiveness

in healthy elderly subjects

consuming the recommended amounts

of all nutrients. This is especially significant

because dietary intervention

represents the most practical approach

for delaying or reversing the rate of decline

of immune function with age.”

- SN Meydani, et al. (#568)

“Investigators have demonstrated how

appropriate serum concentrations of

vitamin D facilitate the ability of immune

cells to defend against bacterial and

viral infections. Ongoing research in this

area has provided new ways of understanding

the immune system and how

the pleiotropic actions of vitamin D serve

an important immunoregulatory role in

proper immune function. With the increasing

evidence of vitamin D insufficiency's

detrimental effects beyond the

classically defined cause of rickets, the

full story behind the role of vitamin D insufficiency/

deficiency in pediatric infection

and immune function awaits full

elucidation.”

- VP Walker, et al. (#598)

children is modified by pathogen infections and diarrhea. 2006.

J Nutr 136(5):1365?70.

564. Maggini S, Wintergerst ES, Beveridge S, Hornig DH.

Selected vitamins and trace elements support immune function

by strengthening epithelial barriers and cellular and humoral

immune responses. 2007. BJN 98(Suppl 1):S29?35.

565. Marko MG, Ahmed T, Bunnell SC, We Dayong, Chung

H, Huber BT, Meydani SN. Age?Associated Decline in Effective

Immune Synapse Formation of CDR+ T Cells is Reversed by

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566. McKay DL, Perrone G, Rasmussen H, Dallal G, Hartman

W, Cao G, Prior RL, Roubenoff R, Blumberg JB. Los efectos

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adults consuming a fortified diet. 2000. J Am Coll Nutr

19(5):613?21.

567. Merchant AT, Curhan G, Bendich A, Singh VN, Willett

WC, Fawzi WW. Vitamin intake is not associated with community?

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568. Meydani SN, Barklund MP, Liu S, Meydani M, Miller

RA, Cannon JG, Morrow FD, Rocklin R, Blumberg JB. Vitamin E supplementation enhances cell?mediated immunity

in healthy elderly subjects. 1990. Am J Clin Nutr 52(3):557?63.

569. Meydani SN, Meydani M, Blumberg JB, Leka LS, Siber G, Loszewski R, Thompson C, Pedrosa MC, Diamond

RD, Stollar BD. Vitamin E supplementation and in vivo immune response in healthy elderly subjects: a randomized

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570. Mora JR, Iwata M, von Andrian UH. Vitamin effects on the immune system: vitamins A and D take centre

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571. Moreira A, Kekkonen RA, Delgado L, Fonseca J, Korpela R, Haahtela T. Nutritional modulation of exerciseinduced

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572. Muñoz C, Rios E, Olivos J, Brunser O, Olivares M. Iron, copper and immunocompetence. 2007. Br J Nutr

98(Suppl 1):S24?8.

573. Nakamura K, Kariyazono H, Komokata T, Hamada N, Sakata R, Yamada K. Influence of preoperative administration

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major surgery for cancer. 2005. Nutrition 21(6):639?49.

574. Newton S, Owusu?Agyei S, Ampofo W, Zandoh C, Adjuik M, Adjei G, Tchum S, Filteau S, Kirkwood BR. Vitamina

A supplementation enhances infants' immune responses

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575. Nieman DC. Exercise immunology: future directions

for research related to athletes, nutrition, and the elderly. 2000.

Int J Sports Med 21 Suppl 1:S61?8.

576. Nieman DC, Henson DA, Gross SJ, Jenkins DP, Davis

JM, Murphy EA, Carmichael MD, Dumke CL, Utter AC, McAnulty

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577. Nugent AP, Roche HM, Noone EJ, Long A, Kelleher DK,

Gibney MJ. The effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation

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578. Overbeck S, Rink L, Haase H. Modulating the immune

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“In summary, the present study demonstrates

that modest daily doses of micronutrients

given for 1 y can enhance cellular

immunity and can also prevent the

development of biochemical evidence

of micronutrient deficiencies in healthy,

independently living older people. Estos

results suggest that the dietary micronutrient

intake of older people and/or the

current RDAs for one or more micronutnients

may be too low to support optimal

immunity in older individuals.”

- JD Bogden, et al. (# 515)

“In conclusion, our double-blind, placebo-

controlled study shows that levels of

vitamin E higher than currently recommended

enhance in vivo indexes of T

cell-mediated function in healthy elderly.

The enhancement of cell-mediated

immunity by vitamin E was not associated

with any adverse effects. Desde

age-associated decline in immune response

is associated with increased

morbidity and mortality in the elderly

and is widely observed, recommendations

to increase the intake of vitamin E

for elderly should be considered.”

- EG Pallast, et al. (#580)

579. Pagmantidis V, Méplan C, van Schothorst EM, Keijer J,

Hesketh JE. Supplementation of healthy volunteers with nutritionally

relevant amounts of selenium increases the expression

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580. Pallast EG, Schouten EG, de Waart FG, Fonk HC,

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581. Penn ND, Purkins L, Kelleher J, Heatley RV, Mascie?

Taylor BH, Belfield PW. The effect of dietary supplementation

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586. Richard SA, Zavaleta N, Caulfield LE, Black RE, Witzig

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587. Richards JB, Valdes AM, Gardner JP, Paximadas D, Kimura

M, Nessa A, Lu X, Surdulescu GL, Swaminathan R, Spector

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589. Ryan?Borchers TA, Park JS, Chew BP, McGuire MK,

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590. Ryan?Harshman M, Aldoori W. The relevance of selenium

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2005. Can J Diet Pract Res 66(2):98?102.

591. Santos MS, Leka LS, Ribaya?Mercado JD, Russell RM,

Meydani M, Hennekens CH, Gaziano JM, Meydani SN. Shortand

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592. Schauber J, Gallo RL. The vitamin D pathway: a new tar?

“Although many open questions remain,

there is promise that vitamin A and D

metabolites or their analogues have the

potential to be used in clinical settings

for therapeutic benefit. In particular, it

will be important to assess the impact of

using 1,25(OH)2VD3 analogues as an

adjuvant immunomodulatory therapy in

the setting of autoimmune diseases and

in transplant recipients. It will also be important

to determine the net effects of

retinoic acid or synthetic RAR-agonists,

especially in the intestine, where these

agents appear to have a role in enhancing

immune responses. La capacidad

of vitamin A metabolites to foster guthoming

T cells might improve strategies

of mucosal vaccination or aid in decreasing

pathogenic immunity by potentiating

the induction of TReg cells.”

- JR Mora, et al. (#570)

“Nutritional intervention has proven to

be a practical approach in modulating

dysregulated immune and inflammatory

respuestas. The efficacy of such intervention,

as with vitamin E, for example, has

been demonstrated in clinical trials using

infections as an endpoint. Al mismo

time, mechanistic studies have deciphered

how vitamin E affects T cell functions

at cellular and molecular levels and

thus, lend further support to the efficacy

of nutrient supplementation in modulating

the age-related immune dysregulation.”

- D Wu, et al. (#605)

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593. Smolders J, Damoiseaux J, Menheere P, Hupperts R.

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597. Villamor E, Fawzi WW. Effects of vitamin a supplementation

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598. Walker VP, Modlin RL. The Vitamin D Connection to

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599. Wang TT, Dabbas B, Laperriere D, Bitton AJ, Soualhine

H, Tavera?Mendoza LE, Dionne S, Servant MJ, Bitton A, Seidman EG, Mader S, Behr MA, White JH. Direct and indirect

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600. Webb AL, Villamor E. Update: effects of antioxidant and non?antioxidant vitamin supplementation on immune

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602. Winkler P, de Vrese M, Laue Ch, Schrezenmeir J. Effect of a dietary supplement containing probiotic bacteria

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603. Wintergerst ES, Maggini S, Hornig DH. Contribution of selected vitamins and trace elements to immune

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604. Wintergerst ES, Maggini S, Hornig DH. Immune?enhancing role of vitamin C and zinc and effect on clinical

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“In our study, patients who received zinc

and selenium had a better antibody response

after influenza vaccine, and the

percentage of patients without respiratory

tract infections was higher in the T

[trace elements: zinc, selenium] and VT

[vitamin and trace elements: zinc, selenium,

ascorbic acid, beta carotene, alpha-

tocopherol] groups. Our results suggest

a beneficial effect of these nutrients

on the immunity of elderly persons by

improving their resistance to infections.

Larger trials will be required to confirm

our findings, which may have considerable

impact on the health of the institutionalized

elderly.”

- F Girodon, et al. (#540)

“The results of this study substantiate the

hypothesis that nutritional status is an important

determinant of immunocompetence

in old age and that an optimum

intake of micronutrients is needed for enhanced

immune responses in elderly subjects.

Such an intervention led to a striking

reduction in illness, a finding that is of

considerable clinical and public-health

importance.”

- RK Chandra (#520)

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Schlossman DK, Feener EP, Laffel L, King GL. High?dose vitamin

E supplementation normalizes retinal blood flow and

“We found that high dietary intake of vitamin

E and zinc was associated with a

lower risk of incident AMD [age-related

macular degeneration]. An abovemedian

intake of the combination of vitamins

C and E, beta carotene, and zinc

was associated with a 35% lower risk of

incident AMD.”

- R van Leeuwen, et al. (#673)

“A daily dose of 10 mg lutein supplementation

induced an increase in mean

plasma lutein by a factor of 5 and a linear

4-week increase in relative MP

[macular pigment] density of 4% to 5%.

To our knowledge, this is the first study in

which the effects of intake of lutein have

been assessed with objective measurement

técnicas. In particular, the SLObased

technique provided very reliable

resultados. With this technique all subjects

showed a significant increase in MP density.”

- TTJM Berendschot, et al. (#612)

creatinine clearance in patients with type 1 diabetes. 1999. Diabetes

Care 22(8):1245?51.

620. Carpentier S, Knaus M, Suh M. Associations between

lutein, zeaxanthin, and age?related macular degeneration: an

visión de conjunto. 2009. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 49(4):313?26.

621. Chasan?Taber L, Willett WC, Seddon JM, Stampfer MJ,

Rosner B, Colditz GA, Speizer FE, Hankinson SE. A prospective

study of carotenoid and vitamin A intakes and risk of cataract

extraction in US women. 1999. Am J Clin Nutr 70:509?16.

622. Chasan?Taber L, Willett WC, Seddon JM, Stampfer MJ,

Rosner B, Colditz GA, Hankinson SE. Un estudio prospectivo de

vitamin supplement intake and cataract extraction among US

las mujeres. 1999. Epidemiology 10(6):679?84.

623. Cho E, Stampfer MJ, Seddon JM, Hung S, Spiegelman D,

Rimm EB, Willett WC, Hankinson SE. Prospective study of zinc

intake and the risk of age?related macular degeneration. 2001.

Ann Epidemiol 11(5):328?36.

624. Chong EWT, Wong TY, Kreis AJ, Simpson JA, Guymer

RH. Dietary antioxidants and primary prevention of age related

macular degeneration: systematic review and meta?analysis.

2007. BMJ 335(7623):755.

625. Christen WG, Ajani UA, Glynn RJ, Manson JE,

Schaumberg DA, Chew EC, Buring JE, Hennekens CH. Futuro

cohort study of antioxidant vitamin supplement use and

the risk of age?related maculopathy. 1999. Am J Epidemiol

149(5):476?84.

626. Chylack LT Jr, Brown NP, Bron A, Hurst M, Kopcke W, Thien U, Schalch W. The Roche European American

Cataract Trial (REACT): a randomized clinical trial to investigate the efficacy of an oral antioxidant micronutrient

mixture to slow progression of age?related cataract. 2002. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 9(1):49?80.

627. Coleman H, Chew E. Nutritional supplementation in age?related macular degeneration. 2007. Curr Opin

Ophthalmol 18(3):220?3.

628. Delcourt C, Cristol J, Tessier F, Leger CL, Descomps B, Papox L, POLA Study Group. Age?related macular

degeneration and antioxidant status in the POLA study. 1999. Arch Ophthalmol 117(10):1384?90.

629. Fletcher E, Bentham GC, Agnew M, Young IS, Augood C, Chakravarthy U, de Jong PT, Rahu M, Seland J,

Soubrane G, Tomazzoli L, Topouzis F, Vingerling JR, Vioque J. Sunlight exposure, antioxidants, and age?related macular

degeneration. 2008. Arch Ophthalmol 126(10):1396?1403.

630. Flood V, Smith W, Wang JJ, Manzi F, Webb K, Mitchell

P. Dietary antioxidant intake and incidence of early age?related

maculopathy: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. 2002. Oftalmología

109(12):2272?8.

631. Hammond R Jr, Johnson EZ, Russell RM, Krinsky MI,

Yeum KJ, Edwards RM, Snodderly DM. Dietary modification of

human macular pigment density. 1997. Invest Ophthalmol Vis

Sci 38(9):1795?1801.

632. Hammond R Jr, Wooten BR, Snodderly DM. Densidad

of the human crystalline lens is related to the macular pigment

carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin. 1997. Optom Vis Sci

74(7):499?504.

633. Hankinson SE, Stampfer MJ, Seddon JM, Colditz GA,

Rosner B, Speizer FE, Willett WC. Nutrient intake and cataract

extraction in women: a prospective study. 1992. BMJ

305(6849):335?9.

“In this large prospective study, we observed

a modest inverse association between

intake of lutein and zeaxanthin

and extraction of cataracts. Men in the

highest fifth of lutein and zeaxanthin intake

had a 19% lower risk of cataract

extraction compared with those in the

lowest fifth of intake. No hubo significativa

asociación entre la ingesta de vitamina

A or other carotenoids and risk of

cataract in multivariate analyses. Aumentado

consumption of some foods

high in lutein, including broccoli and spinach,

was associated with a lower risk of

cataract extraction. The finding that increased

intake of other fruit and vegetables

was not associated with a decreased

risk suggests that the relation

may be specifically due to lutein and

zeaxanthin and not simply to a healthy

lifestyle.”

-L Brown, et al. (#618)

“In summary, data from the present short

term prospective study are consistent

with potentially protective influences of

vitamins E and C and lutein on the development

of cataract in the lens nucleus.

However, strong inverse relations for

intake of these nutrients were not observed.

Data from longer term prospective

studies and from clinical trials currently

under way will be useful in further evaluating

these associations.”

-PR Trumbo, et al. (#672)

634. Hawkins WR. Zinc supplementation for macular degeneration.

1991. Arch Ophthalmol 109:1345.

635. Jacques PF, Taylor A, Moeller S, Hankinson SE, Rogers

G, Tung W, Ludovico J, Willett WC, Chylack LT Jr. Long?term

nutrient intake and 5?year change in nuclear lens opacities. 2005.

Arch Ophthalmol 123(4):517?26.

636. Jacques PF, Chylack LT Jr, Hankinson SE, Khu PM, Rogers

G, Friend J, Tung W, Wolfe JK, Padhye N. Willett WC, Taylor

A. Long?term nutrient intake and early age?related nuclear lens

opacities. 2001. Arch Ophthalmol 119(7):1009?19.

637. Jacques PF, Taylor A, Hankinson SE, Willett WC,

Mahnken B, Lee Y, Vaid K, Lahav M. Long?term vitamin C supplement

use and prevalence of early age?related lens opacities.

1997. Am J Clin Nutr 66(4):911?6.

638. Jampol LM. Antioxidants, zinc and age?related macular

degeneration results and recommendations. 2001. Arch. Ophthalmol

119(10):1533?4.

639. Jampol LM, Ferris FL III. Antioxidants and zinc to prevent

progression of age related macular degeneration. 2001. JAMA

286(19):2466?8.

640. Johnson J, Hammond BR, Yeum K, Qin J, Wang XD,

Castaneda C, Snodderly DM, Russell RM. Relation among serum

and tissue concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin and

macular pigment density. 2000. Am J Clin Nutr 71(6):1555?62.

641. Koh HH, Murray IJ, Nolan D, Carden D, Feather J, Beatty S. Plasma and macular responses to lutein supplement

in subjects with and without age?related maculopathy: a pilot study. 2004. Exp Eye Res 79(1):21?7.

642. Kowluru RA, Tang J, Kern TS. Abnormalities of retinal metabolism in diabetes and experimental galactosemia.

VII. Effect of long?term administration of antioxidants on the development of retinopathy. 2001. Diabetes

50(8):1938?42.

643. Krishnadev N, Meleth AD, Chew EY. Nutritional supplements for age?related macular degeneration. 2010.

Curr Opin Ophthalmol 21(3):184?9.

644. Kuzniarz M, Mitchell P, Cumming RG, Flood VM. Use of vitamin supplements and cataract: the Blue

Mountains Eye Study. 2001. Am J Ophthalmol 132(1):19?26.

645. Landrum JT, Bone RA. Lutein, zeaxanthin, and the macular pigment. 2001. Arch Biochem Biophys 385(1):28?

40.

646. Landrum JT, Bone RA, Joa H, Kilburn MD, Moore LL,

Sprague KE. A one year study of the macular pigment: the effect

of 140 days of a lutein supplement. 1997. Exp Eye Res 65(1):57?62.

647. Laplaud PM, Lelubre A, Chapman MJ. Antioxidant action

of Vaccinium myrtillus extract on human low density lipoproteins

in vitro: initial observations. 1997. Fundam Clin Pharmacol

11(1):35?40.

648. Larkin M. Vitamins reduce risk of vision loss from macular

degeneration. 2001. Lancet 358(9290):1347.

649. Leske MC, Chylack LT Jr, He Q, Wu SY, Schoenfeld E,

Friend J, Wolfe J. Antioxidant vitamins and nuclear opacities:

the longitudinal study of cataract. 1998. Oftalmología

105(5):831?6.

650. Leske MC, Wu SY, Connell AM, Hyman L, Schachat AP.

Lens opacities, demographic factors and nutritional supplements

in the Barbados Eye Study. 1997. Int J Epidemiol

26(6):1314?22.

“In summary, a multivitamin-multimineral

supplement with a combination of vitamin

C, vitamin E, ?-carotene, and zinc

(with cupric oxide) is recommended for

AMD but not cataract. Observational

studies for cataract provide only weak

support for multivitamins or other vitamin

suplementos. The results of observational

studies suggest that a healthy lifestyle

with a diet containing foods rich in antioxidants,

especially lutein and zeaxanthin,

and n–3 fatty acids appears beneficial

for AMD and possibly cataract.”

-JM Seddon (#664)

“The results of our LAST [Lutein Antioxidant

Supplementation Trial] study support

the results of our pilot spinach data

that lutein may be useful in the nutritional

intervention of atrophic ARMD [agerelated

macular degeneration] in midwestern

male subjects. In LAST, lutein enhanced

macular pigment and visual

function with AREDS stages II, III, and IV.

Thus lutein supplementation may be

beneficial at all stages of ARMD. Además

studies with more patients of both

genders are needed to determine the

long-term effect of lutein alone or lutein

together with a broad spectrum of antioxidants,

vitamins, and minerals on patients

with atrophic age-related macular

degeneration.”

-S Richer, et al. (#661)

651. Lyle BJ, Mares?Perlman JA, Klein BE, Klein R, Greger JL.

Antioxidant intake and risk of incident age?related nuclear cataracts

in the Beaver Dam Eye Study. 1999. Am J Epidemiol

149(9):801?9.

652. Lyle BJ, Mares?Perlman JA, Klein BE, Klein R, Palta M,

Bowen PE, Greger JL. Serum carotenoids and tocopherols and

incidence of age?related nuclear cataract. 1999. Am J Clin Nutr

69(2):272?7.

653. Mares?Perlman JA, Brady WE, Klein R, Klein BE, Bowen

P, Stacewicz?Sapuntzakis M, Palta M. Serum antioxidants

and age?related macular degeneration in a population?based

case?control study. 1995. Arch Ophthalmol 113(12):1518?23.

654. Mares?Perlman JA, Klein BE, Klein R, Ritter LL. Relación

between lens opacities and vitamin and mineral supplement

utilizar. 1994. Ophthalmology 101(2):315?25.

655. Mares?Perlman JA, Lyle BJ, Klein R, Fisher AI, Brady

WE, VandenLangenberg GM, Trabulsi JN, Palta M. Vitamin

supplement use and incident cataracts in a population?based

estudio. 2000. Arch Ophthalmol 118(11):1556?63.

656. McNeil JJ, Robman L, Tikellis G, Sinclair MI, McCarty

CA, Taylor HR. Vitamin E supplementation and cataract: randomized

controlled trial. 2004. Ophthalmology 111(1):75?84.

657. Moeller SM, Parekh N, Tinker L, Ritenbaugh C, Blodi B,

Wallace RB, Mares JA. Associations between intermediate agerelated

macular degeneration and lutein and zeaxanthin in the

Carotenoids in Age?related Eye Disease Study (CAREDS): ancillary

study of the Women's Health Initiative. 2006. Arch. Ophthalmol

124(8):1151?62.

658. Moeller SM, Voland R, Tinker L, Blodi BA, Klein ML, Gehrs KM, Johnson EJ, Snodderly DM, Wallace RB,

Chappell RJ, Parekh N, Ritenbaugh C, Mares JA. Associations Between Age?Related Nuclear Cataract and Lutein

and Zeaxanthin in the Diet and Serum in the Carotenoids in the Age?Related Eye Disease Study (CAREDS), an Ancillary

Study of the Women's Health Initiative. 2008. Arch Ophthalmology 126(3):354?64.

659. Olmedilla B, Granado F, Blanco I, Vaquero M. Lutein, but not alpha?tocopherol, supplementation improves

visual function in patients with age?related cataracts: a 2?y double?blind, placebo?controlled pilot study. 2003. Nutrición

19(1):21?4.

660. Parekh N, Chappell RJ, Millen AE, Albert DM, Mares

JA. Association between vitamin D and age?related macular

degeneration in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination

Survey, 1988 through 1994. 2007. Arch. Ophthalmol

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661. Richer S, Stiles W, Statkute L, Pulido J, Frankowski J,

Rudy D, Pei K, Tsipursky M, Nyland J. Double?masked, placebo?

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662. Robertson JM, Donner AP, Trevithick JR. A possible

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663. Sangiovanni JP, Agrón E, Meleth AD, Reed GF, Sperduto

RD, Clemons TE, Chew EY; Age?Related Eye Disease Study

Grupo de Investigación. {omega}?3 Long?chain polyunsaturated fatty

acid intake and 12?y incidence of neovascular age?related macu?

“In summary, the results of the present

study provide added support for a relation

between nutrient intake and nuclear

opacification. Our observation that

vitamin E intake is associated with a reduction

in nuclear opacification is consistent

with other longitudinal studies,

strengthening the hypothesized role for

this specific nutrient in nuclear cataract

formation, and the associations with riboflavin,

thiamin, and niacin should

serve to focus added effort on examining

the role of these nutrients in the development

of nuclear cataract.”

- PF Jacques, et al. (#635)

“In this large prospective study, those

with the highest intake of lutein and

zeaxanthin had a 22% lower risk of cataract

extraction than did those in the

lowest quintile of intake (RR: 0.78; 95%

CI:0.63, 0.95; P for trend = 0.04) after

age, smoking, and other potential cataract

risk factors were controlled for. Otro

specific carotenoids (a-carotene, bcarotene,

lycopene, and bcryptoxanthin),

vitamin A, and retinol

were not associated with cataract in

multivariate analysis. El aumento de la frecuencia

of intake of spinach and kale,

foods rich in lutein, was associated with

a moderate decrease in risk. The observation

that other fruit and vegetables

were not associated with decreased risk

suggests that the relation may be due to

lutein, a specific carotenoid predominantly

found in spinach and kale, and

not to a healthy lifestyle per se.”

- L Chasan-Taber, et al. (#621)

lar degeneration and central geographic atrophy: AREDS report

30, a prospective cohort study from the Age?Related Eye Disease

Estudio. 2009. Am J Clin Nutr 90(6):1601?7.

664. Seddon JM. Multivitamin?multimineral supplements

and eye disease: age?related macular degeneration and cataract.

2007. AJCN 85(1):304S?7S.

665. Seddon JM, Christen WG, Manson JE, LaMotte FS,

Glynn RJ, Buring JE, Hennekens CH. The use of vitamin supplements

and the risk of cataract among US male physicians.

1994. Am J Public Health 84(5):788?92.

666. Smith W, Mitchell P, K Webb, Leeder SR. Dietary antioxidant

and age?related maculopathy: the Blue Mountains Eye

Estudio. 1999. Ophthalmology 106(4):761?7.

667. Sperduto RD, Hu TS, Milton RC, Zhao JL, Everett DF,

Cheng QF, Blot WJ, Bing L, Taylor PR, Li JY, et al. The Linxian

cataract studies: two nutrition intervention trials. 1993. Arco

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668. Stur M, Tittl M, Reitner A, Meisinger V. Oral zinc and

the second eye in age?related macular degeneration. 1996. Invertir

Ophthalmol Vis Sci 37(7):1225?35.

669. Taylor A, Jacques PF, Chylack LT Jr, Hankinson SE, Khu

PM, Rogers G, Friend J, Tung W, Wolfe JK, Padhye N, Willett

WC. Long?term intake of vitamins and carotenoids and odds of

early age?related cortical and posterior subcapsular lens opacities.

2002. Am J Clin Nutr 75(3):540?9.

670. Taylor HR, Tikellis G, Robman LD, McCarty CA, McNeil JJ. Vitamin E supplementation and macular degeneration:

randomised controlled trial. 2002. BMJ 325(7354):11.

671. Teikari JM, Virtamo J, Rautalahti M, Palmgren J, Liesto K, Heinonen OP. Long?term supplementation with

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673. Van Leeuwen R, Boekhoorn S, Vingerling JR, Witteman JC, Klaver CC, Hofman A, de Jong PT. La ingesta dietética

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“In the overall sample we observed no

associations between antioxidant nutrient

intake and either cortical or PSC

[posterior subcapsular] opacities, but we

noted significant and provocative associations

in selected subgroups. The inverse

association observed in the

present study between vitamin C intake

and the prevalence of cortical opacities

in women aged <60 y and the fact that

significantly decreased odds of cortical

opacities were found only with a duration

of vitamin C supplement use >=10 y

provide added support for a protective

role for vitamin C against the formation

of lens opacities. We also found that for

PSC opacities there were decreased

odds for nonsmokers with higher intakes

of carotenoids.”

- A Taylor, et al. (#669)

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