Bienfaits pour la santé des suppléments nutritionnels

Lectures choisies à partir des 20 dernières années (1990? 2010)

Compilé par USANA de Recherche & Développement

USANA Health Sciences

3838 Parkway West Blvd.

Salt Lake City, UT 84120

Mise à jour: Octobre 2010

Avant-propos

L'importance de la nutrition pour la santé humaine est reconnu depuis longtemps. Avant 1960,

d'intérêt dans ce domaine portait principalement sur l'étiologie et la prévention des nutriments aiguë

les maladies de carence, comme le scorbut, le rachitisme, et la pellagre. Quelque 50 éléments nutritifs essentiels (vitamines,

minéraux, des antioxydants, des cofacteurs, des acides aminés essentiels, des acides gras essentiels)

ont été identifiés, et apports quotidiens recommandés pour les éléments nutritifs essentiels ont été développés.

Ces recommandations, à son tour, s'est avérée précieuse dans l'éradication de aiguë carence en éléments nutritifs

maladies.

Au cours des 20 dernières années, l'attention s'est déplacée vers le rôle de l'alimentation et la nutrition dans la pathogenèse

des maladies dégénératives chroniques. Les maladies du cœur, certains cancers, l'ostéoporose,

diabète de type II, et la dégénérescence maculaire sont bien? exemples connus de maladies avec alimentaire

facteurs de risque et de la recherche est actuellement en cours sur de nombreux interactions entre les maladies plus d'éléments nutritifs?.

Malheureusement, ces associations sont difficiles à étudier, en partie en raison de la

délais d'exécution impliqués. Les maladies dégénératives chroniques de développer au fil des décennies (ou la durée de vie),

et il est extrêmement difficile de mener des recherches

programmes couvrant plus de plusieurs

ans en longueur. Néanmoins, les progrès

dans la recherche épidémiologique et clinique

ont découvert une grande quantité d'informations

sur l'impact de l'alimentation et les apports nutritionnels

sur le long? santé à long terme.

Au cours de la dernière décennie, la science et de la santé

les chercheurs ont accordé une attention croissante

le rôle des suppléments nutritionnels

que possible des composants alimentaires avec

rôles dans la prévention et le traitement chronique

la maladie. Des centaines d'études scientifiques ont

été réalisées et publiées, couvrant chacune

un large éventail de problèmes de santé potentiels.

Ces études ont utilisé une échelle

variété de méthodologies et ils ont

«Nous recommandons que tous les adultes de prendre

une multivitamine quotidienne. Cette pratique est

justifie principalement par le plus connu et dont on soupçonne

avantages de l'acide folique supplémentaire

et de vitamines B12, B6 et D dans les

prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires,

le cancer et l'ostéoporose ...

Nous recommandons des multivitamines, plutôt

que les vitamines individuelles, parce que les multivitamines

sont plus simples à prendre et

moins cher que les vitamines individuelles

pris séparément et parce qu'une grande

proportion de la population a besoin

suppléments de plus d'une vitamine. "

Fletcher-RH, Fairfield KM. Vitamines pour chroniques

la prévention des maladies chez les adultes: des applications cliniques.

2002. JAMA 287:3127-9.

produit des résultats positifs et négatifs. Dans certaines régions - telles que le rôle du calcium

et des suppléments de vitamine D dans le ralentissement de la progression de l'ostéoporose, ou le rôle des folique

des suppléments d'acide dans la prévention de certaines malformations congénitales - les résultats ont été en grande partie conforme,

et ces nutriments sont devenus une composante acceptée de pratiques de soins de santé modernes.

Dans d'autres domaines (par exemple le rôle de la supplémentation en antioxydants dans la prévention des maladies du cœur),

résultats ont été moins uniformes, et des conclusions définitives restent controversés.

Ce qui suit est une bibliographie énumérative des pairs? De recherche a examiné l'examen possible

avantages pour la santé de suppléments nutritionnels et des aliments fonctionnels. Cette liste n'est pas exhaustive.

Des communications ont été sélectionnés sur la base du mérite scientifique et la pertinence de la

domaine, indépendamment du fait que les résultats positifs ou négatifs ont été obtenus. Notre objectif dans

compilation de cette liste est de fournir aux lecteurs un bon centre? section de la littérature scientifique récente,

avec l'espoir de contribuer à une meilleure compréhension de l'état actuel de l'état nutritionnel

recherche.

Pour plus de commodité, les références ont été triées par problème de santé:

• la santé cardiovasculaire

• le cancer

• os et des articulations

• Les grossesses saines et Bébés en santé,

• la fonction immunitaire

• Vision saine

• Autres

Ces déclarations n'ont pas été évaluées par la Food and Drug Administration. Aucun produit USANA est destiné à

diagnostiquer, traiter, guérir ou prévenir une maladie quelconque.

"Comme il est indiqué dans le tableau 1, les 900

mg / jour pour cible EPA / DHA pourrait exiger

3-21 portions de poisson / semaine selon

le type de source / choisi.

Par conséquent, une huile de haute qualité du poisson

compléter / concentré et fonctionnel

aliments enrichis en EPA / DHA

devenir des véhicules importants pour renforcer

actuelles de faibles apports en

EPA / DHA ... "

-DJ Holub et al. (# 65)

"Mg 2 + [magnésium] déficience ou un

réduction de l'apport alimentaire de Mg 2 +

joue un rôle important dans l'étiologie

du diabète et de nombreuses cardiovasculaires

maladies, y compris la thrombose,

l'athérosclérose, les cardiopathies ischémiques,

l'infarctus du myocarde, l'hypertension,

arythmies et d'insuffisance cardiaque congestive

chez l'homme. Mg2 + supplémentation

peut entraîner une diminution significative

de la pression artérielle et une stabilisation de

arythmies cardiaques et aigu du myocarde

infarctus. "

-S Chakraborti, et al. (# 22)

La santé cardiovasculaire

1. Abbaye M, Nestel PJ, Baghurst PA. Les vitamines antioxydantes

et une faible? densité? oxydation des lipoprotéines. 1993. Am J Clin Nutr

58 (4): 525 32?.

2. Adank C, Green TJ, Skeaff CM, Briars B. hebdomadaire HighDose

Une supplémentation en acide folique est efficace pour abaisser le sérum

les concentrations d'homocystéine chez les femmes. 2003. Ann Nutr Metab

47 (2): 55 9?.

3. Allender PS, Cutler juge, Follmann D, Cappuccio FP, Pryer

J, P. Elliott calcium alimentaire et la pression artérielle:? Une méta analyse de

essais cliniques randomisés. 1996. Ann Intern Med 124 (9): 825 31?.

4. Agarwal S, Rao AV. Lycopène de tomate et de la lipoprotéine de faible densité

l'oxydation: une étude d'intervention humaine alimentaire. 1998.

Lipides 33 (10): 981 4.?

5. Aminbakhsh A, Mancini J. l'utilisation d'antioxydants chronique et

changements dans la dysfonction endothéliale: un examen des investigations cliniques.

1999. Can J Cardiol 15 (8): 895 903?.

6. Anderson JW, Allgood LD, Laurent A, Altringer LA, Jerdack GR, Hengehold DA, Morel JG. Cholesterollowering

effets de l'apport d'appoint de psyllium à une diète chez les hommes et les femmes atteints d'hypercholestérolémie: méta-analyse

de 8 essais contrôlés. 2000. Am J Clin Nutr 71 (2): 472 9?.

7. Anderson JW, Davidson MH, L Blonde, brune WV, Howard WJ, Ginsberg H, Allgood LD, KW Weingand.

Long? Cholestérol terme? Effets d'abaissement de psyllium comme un complément à la thérapie régime dans le traitement de l'hypercholestérolémie.

2000. Am J Clin Nutr 71 (6): 1433 8?.

8. Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Hernan MA, Giovannucci E, Kawachi I, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Relation de la consommation

de la vitamine E, vitamine C, caroténoïdes et de risque d'AVC chez les hommes aux États-Unis. 1999. Ann

Intern Med 130 (12):? 963 70.

9. Bao B, Prasad AS, Beck FW, Fitzgerald JT, Snell D, Bao GW, Singh T, Cardozo LJ. Zinc diminue C? Réactive

cytokines protéines, la peroxydation des lipides, et inflammatoires chez les sujets âgés: une implication potentielle de zinc comme un

agent de athéroprotecteur. 2010. AJCN 91:1634? 41.

10. Baur JA, Sinclair DA. Potentiel thérapeutique de resvératrol: la preuve in vivo. 2006. Nat Rev Drug Discov

5 (6): 493 506.

11. Bellamy MF, McDowell SI, Ramsey MW, Brownlee M,

RG Newcombe, Lewis MJ. Folate orale améliore la fonction endothéliale

chez les sujets hyperhomocysteinaemic. 1999. Eur J Clin Invest

29:659? 62.

12. Berman M, Erman A, Ben? Gal T, Dvir D, Georghiou GP,

Un Stamler, Vered Y, Vidne BA, Aravot D. La coenzyme Q10 chez les patients

avec la fin insuffisance cardiaque en phase attente d'une transplantation cardiaque?:

une étude randomisée, contre placebo? étude contrôlée. 2004. Clin Cardiol

27 (5): 295 9?.

13. Boaz M, S Smetana, Weinstein T, Z Matas, Gafter U, Iaina

A, Knecht A, Y Weissgarten, Brunner D, Fainaru M, Vert MS.

La prévention secondaire avec des antioxydants de la maladie cardio-vasculaire

dans la maladie rénale au stade terminal (SPACE): étude randomisée placebo controlé

procès. 2000. Lancet 356 (9237): 1213 8?.

14. Bronstrup A, Hages M, Prinz? Langenohl R, Pietrzik K.

Effets de l'acide folique et les combinaisons de l'acide folique et en vitamine B?

12 sur les concentrations plasmatiques d'homocystéine chez des volontaires sains, jeunes

les femmes. 1998. AJCN 68 (5): 1104 10?.

«La vitamine C, caroténoïdes et vitamine E,

les trois principales sources alimentaires d'antioxydants,

chaque peroxydation lipidique effet

et peut réduire l'athérogénèse et

réduire le risque de maladie coronarienne

(CHD). "

Rimm-EB, et al. (# 121)

"Dans cette étude prospective de grande envergure de

les femmes, nous avons observé une modeste inverse

association entre la consommation de vitamine

C et l'incidence de la maladie coronarienne [coronarienne

maladies du cœur]. Les femmes dans la plus haute

quintile consommation de vitamine C (? 360

mg / jour) de l'alimentation et les suppléments

avaient un risque inférieur de 27% des IM non mortels et

maladies coronariennes mortelles que les femmes dans le plus bas

quintile de consommation (? 93 mg / jour). La

réduction du risque semble être limité

aux femmes qui ont pris la vitamine C

suppléments. Parmi les usagers de la vitamine C

suppléments, nous avons observé une importante

Risque inférieur de 28% des IM non mortels et

fatale maladie coronarienne que chez les non-utilisateurs. Bien que

risque ne varie pas significativement

durée d'utilisation selon des suppléments

ou la dose de suppléments, la réduction

du risque était un peu plus forte

pour les femmes qui prennent au moins 400

mg / jour. "

-SK Osganian, et al. (# 110)

15. Brouwer IA, van Dusseldorp M, Thomas CM, Duran M,

Hautvast JG, Eskes savoirs traditionnels, Steegers? Theunissen RP. Faible? Dose folique

Une supplémentation en acide diminue la concentration d'homocystéine plasmatique:

un essai randomisé. 1999. Am J Clin Nutr 69 (1): 99 104?.

16. Brouwer IA, van Rooij IA, van Dusseldorp M, Thomas CM,

Blom HJ, Hautvast JG, Eskes savoirs traditionnels, Steegers? Theunissen RP. L'homocystéine?

effet d'abaissement de 500 microg d'acide folique chaque jour d'autres

contre 250 microg / jour. 2000. Ann Nutr Metab 44 (5 6?): 194 7?.

17. Brown AA, Hu FB. Modulation de diététique de l'endothélium

fonction: implications pour les maladies cardio-vasculaires. 2001. Am J Clin

Nutr 73:673? 86.

18. Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Chait A, Fisher LD, Cheung MC,

Morse JS, Dowdy AA, Marin EK, EL Bolson, Alaupovic P, Frohlich

J, JJ Albers. La simvastatine et de la niacine, vitamines antioxydantes ou la

Combinaison pour la prévention de la maladie coronarienne. 2001. N Engl J

Med 345 (22): 1583 92?.

19. Brown L, B Rosner, Willett WW, Sacks FM. Cholesterollowering

effets des fibres alimentaires: une méta analyse?. 1999. Am J Clin

Nutr 69 (1): 30 42?.

20. Bucher HC, Cook RJ, Guyatt GH, Lang JD, Cook DJ, Hatala

R, DL Hunt. Effets de la supplémentation en calcium alimentaire sur

la pression artérielle. Une méta? Analyse d'essais contrôlés randomisés.

1996. JAMA 275 (13): 1016 22?.

21. Bucher HC, Hengstler P, Schindler C, Meier G. N? 3 polyinsaturés

acides gras dans la maladie coronarienne: une méta-analyse

d'essais contrôlés randomisés. 2002. Am J Med

112 (4): 298 304?.

22. Chakraborti S, T Chakraborti, Mandal M, Mandal A, Das S, Ghosh S. rôle de protection du magnésium dans cardiovasculaires

maladies: une revue. 2002. Biochimie Moléculaire et Cellulaire 238:163? 79.

23. Chambres JC, McGregor A, Jean? Marie J, Obeid OA, Kooner JS. Démonstration d'origine vasculaire endothéliale apparition rapide

dysfonctionnement après l'hyperhomocystéinémie: un effet réversible avec de la vitamine C la thérapie. 1999. Circulation

99:1156? 60.

24. Cheng S, Massaro JM, Fox CS, Larson MG, MJ Keyes, McCabe EL, Robins SJ, O'Donnell CJ, Hoffmann U,

Jacques PF, Booth SL, Vasan RS, Wolf M, Wang TJ. Adiposité, le risque cardiométabolique, et de vitamine D: l'étude Framingham

Heart Study. 2010. Diabète 59 (1): 242 8?.

25. Cheung MC, Zhao XQ, Chait A, Albers JJ, Brown BG. Les suppléments d'antioxydants bloquent la réponse des HDL

à la simvastatine? traitement par la niacine chez les patients atteints de maladie coronarienne et de faible taux de HDL. 2001. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc

21:1320 Biol? 6.

26. Collaborative Group du projet de prévention primaire (PPP). L'aspirine à faible dose? Et la vitamine E chez les personnes à

risque cardio-vasculaire: un essai randomisé en médecine générale. 2001. Lancet 357 (9250): 89 95?.

27. Connor WE. Importance de la n? 3, acides gras dans la santé et la maladie. 2000. Am J Clin Nutr 71 (suppl): 171S 5S?.

28. Constans J, Blann AD, Resplandy F, F Parrot, Renard M,

Seigneur M, Guérin V, BoisseauM, Conri C. Trois mois supplémentation

des patients hyperhomocysteinaemic avec l'acide folique

et la vitamine B6 améliore les marqueurs biologiques de la dysfonction endothéliale.

1999. Br J Haematol 107:776? 8.

29. Cos P, De Bruyne T, N Hermans, Apers S, Berghe DV,

Vlietinck AJ. Les proanthocyanidines dans les soins de santé: actuel et le nouveau

tendances. 2004. Curr Med Chem 11 (10): 1345 59?.

30. Cui R, Iso H, C Date, Kikuchi S, Tamakoshi A, le Japon

Collaborative Cohort Study Group. Alimentaires en acide folique et la vitamine B6

et de réception des B12 en relation avec la mortalité par maladies cardio-vasculaires

? Étude de cohorte au Japon Collaboratif. 2010. Course 41:1285? 9.

«Dans l'ensemble, la supplémentation en DHA réduit

les concentrations de athérogène

lipides et des lipoprotéines et augmenté

concentrations de cardioprotecteur

lipoprotéines. "

-DS Kelley, et al. (# 75)

"Les résultats sont compatibles avec NHEFS

l'hypothèse que les niveaux élevés d'antioxydants

vitamines comme les vitamines C, E,

et A) augmenter la défense de l'organisme

système contre les radicaux libres et de réduire

le risque de l'artériosclérose. En outre,

les résultats sont plausibles NHEFS

dans le sens où elles sont compatibles

avec les tendances séculaires au cours de la

20 dernières années de fortes hausses de la

la consommation de suppléments contenant de

vitamine C et de fortes baisses dans

les taux de mortalité ajusté selon l'âge (total, les maladies cardiovasculaires

la maladie, et de l'estomac

le cancer) dans la population générale que

ne sont que partiellement expliquées par établie

facteurs de risque ».

-EJ Enstrom, et al. (# 44)

31. Davi G, M Romano, Mezzetti A, et al. Des niveaux accrus de

P soluble? sélectine chez les patients hypercholestérolémiques. 1998. Circulation

97? 953? 7.

32. Davidson MH, Maki KC, Kong JC, Dugan LD, Torri SA,

Salle HA, Drennan KB, Anderson SM, Fulgoni VL, Saldanha LG,

Olson BH. Longues? Effets à long terme de la consommation d'aliments contenant du psyllium

enveloppe de graines sur les lipides sériques chez les sujets atteints d'hypercholestérolémie.

1998. Am J Clin Nutr 67 (3): 367 76?.

33. Devaraj S, Jialal I. supplémentation tocophérol alpha diminue

Sérum C réactive protéine? et de l'interleukine 6 niveaux monocytes?

chez des volontaires sains et des patients diabétiques de type 2. 2000. Free Radic Biol Med 29 (8): 790 2?.

34. Devaraj S, Li D, Jialai I. Les effets de la supplémentation d'alpha-tocophérol sur la fonction des monocytes. Diminution de la

l'oxydation des lipides, l'interleukine 1beta et l'adhésion des monocytes à l'endothélium. 1996. J Clin Invest 98:756? 63.

35. Dieber? Rotheneder M, H Puhl, Waeg G, G Striegl, Esterbauer H. Effet de la supplémentation orale avec dalphatocopherol

sur la teneur en vitamine E des lipoprotéines de basse densité de l'homme et de la résistance à l'oxydation. 1991. J Lipid

Res 32 (8): 1325 32?.

36. Djousse L, DK Arnett, Carr JJ, Eckfeldt JH, Hopkins PN, Province MA, Ellison RC. L'acide linolénique alimentaire est

inversement associée à la plaque d'athérome calcifiée dans les artères coronaires: le National Heart, Lung, and

Blood Institute Heart Study famille. 2005. Circulation 7; 111 (22): 2921 6?.

37. Duffy SJ, Gokce N, Holbrook M, Huang A, B Frei, Keaney JF Jr, Vita juge. Traitement de l'hypertension avec ascorbique

acide. 1999. Lancet 354 (9195): 2048 9?.

38. Duffy SJ, Gokce N, Holbrook M, LM Hunter, Biegelsen ES, Huang A, Keaney JF Jr, Vita juge. Effet de l'acide ascorbique

traitement à l'acide sur la dysfonction endothéliale navire conduit chez des patients souffrant d'hypertension. 2001. Am J Physiol Coeur

Circ Physiol 280 (2): H528 34?.

39. Dutta A, SK Dutta. La vitamine E et son rôle dans la prévention de l'athérosclérose et la cancérogenèse? Un examen.

2003. JACN 22 (4): 258 68?.

40. Dwyer JH, Dwyer KM, Scribner RA, Sun P, Li L, Nicholson LM, Davis IJ, Hohn AR. Alimentaires de calcium,

pression supplémentation, et le sang dans les pays africains les adolescents américains. 1998. Am J Clin Nutr 68 (3): 648 55?.

41. Elliott TG, Barth JD, Mancini Go. Effets de la vitamine E sur la fonction endothéliale chez les hommes après un infarctus du myocarde.

1995. Am J Cardiol 76 (16): 1188 90?.

42. Emmert DH, Kirchner JT. Le rôle de la vitamine E dans la prévention

de maladie cardiaque. 1999. Arch Fam Med 8 (6): 537 42?.

43. Engelen W, Keenoy BM, Vertommen J, De Leeuw Effets I.

de temps? supplémentation terme avec des doses pharmacologiques modérés

de la vitamine E sont saturable et réversible chez des patients atteints de type 1

le diabète. 2000. Am J Clin Nutr 72 (5): 1142 9?.

44. Enstrom JE, LE Kanim, Klein MA. Apport en vitamine C et

Mortalité parmi un échantillon de la population des États-Unis. 1992.

Épidémiologie 3:194? 202.

45. Eritsland J, H Arnesen, Seljeflot I, Hostmark AT. À long terme

effets métaboliques de n? 3 acides gras polyinsaturés chez des patients

d'une maladie coronarienne. 1995. Am J Clin Nutr 61:831? 6.

46. Fang JC, Kinlay S, J Beltrame, Hikiti H, M Wainstein, Behrendt

D, J Suh, Frei B, Mudge GH, Selwyn AP, Ganz P. Effet de

vitamines C et E sur la progression de l'artériosclérose de greffe associé?:

un essai randomisé. 2002. Lancet 359 (9312): 1108 13?.

47. Fleischhauer FJ, Yan DEO, Fischell TA. L'huile de poisson améliore

endothélium? vasodilatation dépendante coronaire transplantation cardiaque

bénéficiaires. 1993. J Am Coll Cardiol 21:982? 9.

48. Fotherby MD, Williams JC, Forster LA, Craner P, GA Fougères.

Effet de la vitamine C sur la pression artérielle ambulatoire et les lipides plasmatiques

chez les personnes âgées. 2000. Hypertens J 18 (4): 411 5?.

«Chez les mammifères, il existe des preuves de plus en plus

que le resvératrol peut prévenir ou

retarder l'apparition du cancer, les maladies cardiaques,

ischémique et chimiquement induite

blessures, le diabète, pathologie

inflammation et une infection virale. "

JA-Baur, et al. (# 10)

"Il semble que la coenzyme Q10 peut

être bénéfique dans une variété de situations cliniques.

Il peut avoir un rôle dans la prévention

des maladies cardiovasculaires en raison

de son rôle dans la prévention oxydation des LDL,

si ce rôle exige des recherches plus poussées.

Il semble que cette substance est

déficiente chez de nombreux patients avec une variété

des troubles cardiovasculaires, et que

certains d'entre eux, en particulier ceux qui

maladie coronarienne, insuffisance cardiaque,

et la cardiomyopathie-peuvent bénéficier

de sa capacité à améliorer l'efficacité

de production d'énergie du myocarde. "

-B Sarter (# 128)

49. Freedman JE, Parker C, Li L, Perlman juge, Frei B, V Ivanov,

Deak LR, Iafrati MD, JD Folts. Sélectionnez les flavonoïdes et les jus de toute

à partir de raisins violets inhiber la fonction plaquettaire et à améliorer nitrique

la libération d'oxyde. 2001. Circulation 103:2792? 8.

50. Galley HF, Thornton J, Howdle PD, Walker BE, Webster

NR. La supplémentation en antioxydants Combinaison orale réduit

la pression artérielle. 1997. Clin Sci (Colch) 92 (4): 361 5?.

51. Gilligan DM, Sack MN, Guetta V, Casino PR, Quyyumi

AA, Rader DJ, Panza JA, RO Cannon. Effet de vitamines antioxydantes

sur l'oxydation des lipoprotéines de basse densité et de l'endothélium avec facultés affaiblies?

vasodilatation dépendante chez les patients atteints d'hypercholestérolémie.

1994. J Am Coll Cardiol 24 (7): 1611 7?.

52. GISSI? Prevenzione enquêteurs. La supplémentation alimentaire avec n? 3 acides gras polyinsaturés et en vitamine

E après un infarctus du myocarde: résultats de l'essai GISSI procès Prevenzione?. 1999. Lancet 354:447? 55.

53. Gillman MW, Hood MA, LL Moore, Nguyen États-Unis, Singer, MR, Andon MB. Effet de la supplémentation en calcium

sur la pression artérielle chez les enfants. 1995. J Pediatr 127 (2): 186 92?.

54. Glore SR, Van Treeck D, Knehans AW, Guild M. fibres solubles et les lipides sériques: une revue de la littérature. 1994. J

Am Diet 94 (4):? 425 36.

55. Gocke N, Keaney JF Jr, Frei B, Holbrook M, M Olesiak, BJ Zacharie, Leeuwenburgh C, Heinecke JW, Vita

JA. Long terme? L'administration d'acide ascorbique renverse une dysfonction vasomotrice endothéliale chez les patients avec coronaires

maladie de l'artère. 1999. Circulation 99 (25): 3234 40?.

56. Goodfellow J, Bellamy MF, Ramsey MW, Jones CJH, Lewis MJ. La supplémentation alimentaire en oméga marine?

3 acides gras d'améliorer la fonction systémique grande artère endothéliale chez les sujets atteints d'hypercholestérolémie. 2000. J

Am Coll Cardiol 35 (2): 265 70?.

57. Vert D, G O'Driscoll, Rankin JM, Maiorana AJ, Taylor RR. L'effet bénéfique de la vitamine E sur l'administration

fonction de l'oxyde nitrique chez les sujets atteints d'hypercholestérolémie. 1998. Clin Sci (Colch) 95 (3): 361 7?.

58. Griffith LE, Guyatt GH, Cook RJ, Bucher HC, Cook DJ. L'influence du calcium alimentaire et nondietary

supplémentation sur la pression artérielle: une méta-analyse à jour des essais contrôlés randomisés. 1999. Am J Hypertens

12 (1 Pt 1): 84 92?.

59. Guyton JR, Blazing MA, Hagar J, Kashyap ML, Knopp RH, McKenney JM, Nash DT, Nash SD, Niaspan?

Groupe d'étude gemfibrozil. Extended? Niacine à libération vs gemfibrozil pour le traitement de faibles niveaux de haute? Density lipoprotein

le cholestérol. 2000. Arc Intern Med 160 (8): 1177 84?.

60. Harris WS. n 3, acides gras et des lipoprotéines sériques:? études sur les humains. 1997. Am J Clin Nutr 65 (5 Suppl): 1645S?

54S.

61. Groupe Heart Study protection Collaboratif. MRC / BHF

Heart Protection Study de la supplémentation en vitamine antioxydante

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apport plus élevé de l'acide linolénique alimentaire

a été associée à une prévalence plus faible

du CAC, telle que mesurée par cardiaque

CT chez les hommes et les femmes, après ajustement

pour les facteurs confondants, dans un

dose-réponse de la mode. Cette association

indépendamment de l'âge, l'éducation,

revenu, l'apport d'énergie, rapport de n-6 à

n-3, acides gras, et la consommation de poisson. "

L-Djousse, et al. (# 36)

"En complément de CoQ10 modifie l'environnement naturel

l'histoire des maladies cardio-vasculaires

et a le potentiel pour la prévention de

une maladie cardiovasculaire par l'inhibition

de l'oxydation du cholestérol LDL

et par le maintien de la optimale

la fonction cellulaire et mitochondriale

tout au long des ravages du temps et

contraintes internes et externes. "

-PH Langsjoen, et al. (# 82)

25.

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70. Jialal I, Grundy SM. Effet de la supplémentation combinée avec alpha? Tocophérol, l'ascorbate et le bêta-carotène

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"Nous concluons que l'administration de CoQ10

peut améliorer la récupération de la mitochondrie

et le myocyte cardic

du stress. Lorsqu'il est administré pendant une semaine

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le congé du patient de l'hôpital. "

FL-Rosenfeldt, et al. (# 124)

"Dans cette cohorte d'hommes suivis pendant

12 [ans], nous avons trouvé une association inverse

entre l'apport en folate et le risque de

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"En conclusion, nos résultats ont montré que

la consommation d'un supplément de calcium + D

amélioré l'effet bénéfique

de perte de poids corporel sur le lipide et

profil des lipoprotéines en surpoids ou obèses

les femmes dont l'apport habituel de calcium bas ...

[En] le contexte clinique de l'obésité

la supplémentation en calcium de traitement,

pourrait être recommandée chez les femmes

avec l'apport en calcium insuffisant pour

améliorer la maladie cardiovasculaire

profil de risque. "

GC-major, et al. (# 92)

«Acides gras polyinsaturés (AGPI) de

n-6 et n-3 sont des nutriments essentiels série

qui exercent une influence importante

sur les lipides plasmatiques et de servir cardiaque

et les fonctions endothéliales d'avoir un impact

la prévention et le traitement de

les maladies coronariennes (CHD). La fois le n-

6 et n-3 PUFA ont biologique distincte

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l'action. "

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revealed an inverse relationship between

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of chronic diseases. It is believed

that vitamin E's various actions,

including its role as an antioxidant,

have both antiatherogenic effects and

chemoprotective action.”

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“The administration of CoQ10 to heart

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of resveratrol and other plant phenolic

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Finally, resveratrol should be evaluated

as an interesting candidate for nondrug

approaches to combat blood

vessel-related diseases in humans.”

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of the difference with respect

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study suggest that moderate to severe

vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor for

developing cardiovascular disease.

These findings may have potentially

broad public health implications, given

the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency

in developed countries, the

contribution of lifestyle and geography

to vitamin D status, and the ease, safety,

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endothelial dysfunction and abolishes

the increase in radical-damage end

products induced by triglyceride-rich

lipoproteins. In combination, these data

imply that folic acid enhances NO

[nitric oxide] bioavailability through

inhibition of lipid-induced oxygen radical

stress. These data underscore a

potential beneficial effect of folic acid

supplementation for cardiovascular

prevention strategies, especially in patients

with an impaired cholesterol

remnant clearance, such as in diabetes

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189. Blot WJ, Li JY, Taylor PR, Guo W, Dawsey S, Wang GQ,

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selenium supplementation reduces the

risk of BCC or SCC of the skin, showing no

statistically significant treatment effect on

their incidence. However, selenium supplementation

was found to be associated

with significant reductions in secondary

end points of total cancer incidence

(all-sites combined), long, colorectal

and prostate cancer incidences,

and lung cancer mortality.”

- LC Clark, et al. (#197)

“In vitro, animal and clinical studies

strongly indicate that vitamin D may have

anticancer benefits, including against

progression (such as metastasis) in colorectal

cancer and possibly other cancers.

Thus improving vitamin D status could be

potentially beneficial against either incidence

or mortality, or both.”

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191. Bostick RM, Potter JD, McKenzie DR, Sellers TA, Kushi

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192. Brasky TM, Lampe JW, Potter JD, Patterson RE, White

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193. Chan JM, Stampfer MJ, Ma J, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Giovannucci

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194. Chlebowski RT, Johnson KC, Kooperberg C, Pettinger

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198. Clark LC, Dalkin B, Krongrad A, Combs GF Jr, Turnbull BW, Slate EH, Witherington R, Herlong JH, Janosko

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199. Clarke R, Halsey J, Lewington S, Lonn E, Armitage J, Manson JAE. Bønaa KH, Spence JD, Nygård O, Jamison

R, Gaziano JM, Guarino P, Bennett D, Mir F, Peto R, Collins R, B?Vitamin Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Effets

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200. Combs GF Jr, Clark LC, Turnbull BW. Reduction of

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201. Cook NR, Le IM, Manson JE, Buring JE, Hennekens

CH. Effects of beta?carotene supplementation on cancer incidence

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202. Correa P, Fontham ET, Bravo JC, Bravo LE, Ruiz B, Zarama

G, Realpe JL, Malcom GT, Li D, Johnson WD, Mera R.

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203. Davis CD. Vitamin D and cancer: current dilemmas

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“In this case-control study of North Carolina

women, we found only very limited

support for the hypothesis that vitamin

supplement use is associated with a decreased

risk of breast cancer. Among

white women, any use of multivitamins,

vitamin C or vitamin E in the past five

years was each associated with an approximately

20% decrease in breast

cancer risk; however, the confidence

intervals around these estimates all included

one. There was no evidence of a

dose-response relationship between duration

of use and breast cancer risk. Dans

contrast to the modest inverse associations

with certain vitamin supplements

suggested for white women, there was

essentially no evidence of a protective

effect among black women for any of

the vitamins examined.”

- PG Moorman, et al. (#256)

“In this cohort, we observed a statistically

significant inverse association between

vitamin E intake and bladder cancer risk,

which was strongest among those who

had been taking vitamin E supplements

for many years. A suggestive inverse association

was noted for intake of vitamin

C supplement dose and bladder cancer

des risques. No associations were observed between

intake of total energy, macronutrients,

or other micronutrients and bladder

cancer risk.”

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204. Duffield?Lillico AJ, Slate EH, Reid ME, Turnbull BW,

Wilkins PA, Combs GF Jr, Park HK, Gross EG, Graham GF,

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205. Ebbing M, Bønaa KH, Nygård O, Arnesen E, Ueland

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206. Egan KM, Signorello LB, Munro HM, Hargreaves MK,

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207. Fedirko V, Bostick RM, Goodman M, Flanders WD, Gross MD. Blood 25?hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations

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208. Fleischauer AT, Olson SH, Mignone L, Simonsen N, Caputo TA, Harlap S. Dietary antioxidants, supplements,

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209. Fleischauer AT, Simonsen N, Arab L. Antioxidant supplements and risk of breast cancer recurrence and

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210. Flood A, Peters U, Chatterjee N, Lacey JV Jr, Schairer C, Schatzkin A. Calcium from diet and supplements is

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211. Freedman DM, Chang SC, Falk RT, Purdue MP, Huang WY, McCarty CA, Hollis BW, Graubard BI, Berg CD,

Ziegler RG. Serum levels of vitamin D metabolites and breast cancer risk in the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian

cancer screening trial. 2008. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 17(4):889?94.

212. Gandini S, Raimondi S, Gnagnarella P, Doré JF, Maisonneuve P, Testori A. Vitamin D and skin cancer: a meta?

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213. Garland CF, Gorham ED, Mohr SB, Garland FC. Vitamin

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214. Gaziano JM, Glynn RJ, Christen WG, Kurth T, Belanger

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men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled

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215. Giovannucci E. The epidemiology of vitamin D and colorectal

cancer: recent findings. 2006. Curr Opin Gastroenterol

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216. Giovannucci E. Vitamin D and cancer incidence in the

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217. Giovannucci E, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ,

Fuchs C, Rosner BA, Speizer FE, Willett WC. Multivitamin use,

folate, and colon cancer in women in the Nurses' Health Study.

1998. Ann Intern Med 129(7):517?24.

218. Goodwin PJ, Ennis M, Pritchard KI, Koo J, Hood N.

Frequency of vitamin D (Vit D) deficiency at breast cancer (BC)

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219. Gorham ED, Garland CF, Garland FC, Grant WB, Mohr

“The SU.VI.MAX trial followed a pragmatic

approach in testing the effect of a combination

of 5 antioxidant vitamins or mineral

at low doses. It is thus not possible to

identify which individual micronutrient or

combination is responsible for the preventative

effect observed. Nevertheless, our

study results support the hypothesis that

chemoprevention of prostate cancer

can be achieved with antioxidant vitamins

and minerals.”

- F Meyer, et al. (#250)

“In the 11 non-hormone-dependent

cancer sites described above, 46 studies

have specifically reported on a vitamin

C index or plasma ascorbate values; 33

of these found statistically significant

protective effects, and several more

were in the protective direction but did

not achieve significance. None has

found elevated risk with increasing intake.

In addition to those, 29 studies reported

on the effect of fruit consumption,

21 of which found significant protection

associated with frequent consumption

or high risk associated with low

consumption. For oral, esophageal, gastric,

and pancreatic cancer, the evidence

is extremely strong, with virtually

all studies showing a significant protective

effect.”

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220. Grau MV, Baron JA, Sandler RS, Haile RW, Beach ML,

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221. Gridley G, McLaughlin JK, Block G, Blot WJ, Gluch M,

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222. Hatfield DL, Gladyshev VN. The Outcome of Selenium

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223. Heinonen OP, Albanes D, Virtamo J, Taylor PR, Huttunen

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M, Edwards BK. Prostate cancer and supplementation with alpha?tocopherol and beta?carotene: incidence and

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224. Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Manson JE, Stampfer M, Rosner B, Cook NR, Belanger C, LaMotte F, Gaziano JM,

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225. Hercberg S, Galan P, Preziosi P, Bertrais S, Mennen L, Malvy D, Roussel AM, Favier A, Briancon S. The SU.VI.

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226. Hernaandez J, Syed S, Weiss G, Fernandes G, von Merveldt Dl, Troyer DA, Basler JW, Thompson IM Jr. The

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227. Hoenjet KM, Dagnelie PC, Delaere KP, Wijckmans NE, Zambon JV, Oosterhof GO. Effect of a nutritional

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228. Ishitani K, Lin J, Mason JE, Buring JE, Zhang SM. A Prospective Study of Multivitamin Supplement Use and

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229. Johansson M, Appleby PN, Allen NE, Travis RC, Roddam AW, Egevad L, Jenab M, Rinaldi S, Kiemeney LA,

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Quirós JR, González CA, Larrañaga N, Chirlaque MD, Ardanaz

E, Sieri S, Palli D, Vineis P, Tumino R, Linseisen J, Kaaks R,

Boeing H, Pischon T, Psaltopoulou T, Trichopoulou A, Trichopoulos

D, Khaw KT, Bingham S, Hallmans G, Riboli E, Stattin P,

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2008. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 17(2):279?85.

230. Kilkkinen A, Knekt P, Heliövaara M, Rissanen H,

Marniemi J, Hakulinen T, Aromaa A. Vitamin D Status and the

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231. Kirsh VA, Hayes RB, Mayne ST, Chatterjee N, Subar AF,

Dixon LB, Albanes D, Andriole GL, Urban DA, Peters U; PLCO

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“Our study of nearly 1100 incident cases

of cancer is one of the largest prospective

studies of serum selenium levels and

cancer risk and has more site-specific

cancers than any previous study. Nous

found highly significant (p < 10?4) inverse

associations of serum selenium levels with

the incidence of both esophageal and

gastric cardia cancers over a period of

5.25 years of follow-up. Individuals in the

highest quartile of selenium developed

these cancers at approximately half the

rate as individuals in the lowest quartile.”

-SD Mark, et al. (#245)

“Total vitamin B6 intake was also statistically

significantly inversely associated

with risk of colorectal cancer. We observed

59 cases of colorectal cancer

among the 25% of women (approximately

8200) with the lowest plasma vitamin B6

concentrations over the 10-year followup,

compared with 33 cases of colorectal

cancer in the 25% of women with the

highest plasma vitamin B6 concentrations.”

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232. Klein EA. The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention

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233. Kranse R, Dagnelie PC, van Kemenade MC, de Jong

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“So far, epidemiological data for cancer

argue for an overall positive role of suninduced

vitamin D. There may be more

beneficial than adverse effects of moderately

increased sun exposure, even for

total cancer mortality. This message

should be addressed to populations at risk

for vitamin D deficiency.”

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“Based on overall consideration of results

from observational and laboratory studies,

the existing evidence is consistent

with the hypothesis that increasing vitamin

D3 intake to 1000–2000 IU per day or

raising the serum level of 25(OH)D to 33

ng/mL or higher would be associated

with substantially lower incidence rates of

colorectal cancer, with only minimal

risks.”

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a protective role of calcium and

vitamin D intakes against colorectal

cancer incidence. However, given the

strong evidence from both animal studies

and in vitro studies, the benefits of

these two nutrients cannot be ruled out.

More detailed investigation of the interaction

of calcium with other nutrients,

including vitamin D, and additional

questions better characterizing vitamin D

status may be necessary to elucidate

the true associations of calcium and vitamin

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“Optimizing micronutrient intake

(through better diets, fortification of

foods, or multivitamin-mineral pills) can

have a major impact on public health at

low cost. Other micronutrients are likely

to be added to the list of those whose

deficiency causes DNA damage in the

coming years. Tuning-up human metabolism,

which varies with genetic constitution

and changes with age, is likely to

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improve health and prolong

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effect on lung cancer; however, preliminary

analyses indicate possible efficacy

with longer duration of intervention. Prostate

cancer incidence was 34% lower in

the vitamin E group and colorectal cancer

was 16% lower, the latter being consistent

with recent observational data

suggesting such a protective association.

Such effects, if corroborated by other

studies, would have substantial public

health consequences on two common

malignancies.”

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“On a very simplistic level, cancer is

thought to arise because of an excess of

DNA damage and/or the inappropriate

expression of critical genes. Folate has

consequently been of particular interest

as a potential cancer protective agent

because of the important roles it plays in

nucleotide synthesis, as well as in the biological

methylation of molecules such as

DNA, RNA, proteins, and the phospholipids.”

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AW, Tjønneland A, Olsen A, Linseisen J, Kaaks R, Boeing H,

Kröger J, Trichopoulou A, Dilis V, Trichopoulos D, Vineis P,

Palli D, Tumino R, Sieri S, Bueno?de?Mesquita HB, van Duijnhoven

FJ, Chirlaque MD, Barricarte A, Larrañaga N, González

CA, Argüelles MV, Sánchez MJ, Stattin P, Hallmans G, Khaw

KT, Bingham S, Rinaldi S, Slimani N, Jenab M, Riboli E, Key TJ.

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280. Tsavachidou D, McDonnell TJ, Wen S, Wang X, Vakar?

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282. Velicer CM, Ulrich CM. Vitamin and Mineral Supplement Use Among US Adults After Cancer Diagnosis: A

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284. Wactawski?Wende J, Kotchen JM, Anderson FL, Assaf AR, Brunner RL, O'Sullivan MJ, Margolis KL, Ockene

JK, Phillips L, Pottern L, Prentice RL, Robbins J, Rohan TE, Sarto FE, Sharma S, Stefanick ML, Van Horn L, Wallace

RB, Whitlock E, Bassford T, Beresford SA, Black HR, Bonds DE, Brzyski RG, Caan B, Chlebowski RT, Cochrane B,

Garland C, Gass M, Hays J, Heiss G, Hendrix SL, Howard BV, Hsia J, Hubbell FA, Jackson RD, Johnson KC, Judd H,

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285. Wei EK, Giovannucci E, Selhub J, Fuchs CS, Hankinson SE, Ma J. Plasma vitamin B6 and the risk of colorectal

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286. Wu K, Willett WC, Chan JM, Fuchs CS, Colditz GA, Rimm EB, Giovannucci EL. A prospective study on

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287. Xu Q, Parks CG, DeRoo LA, Cawthon RM, Sandler DP, Chen H. Multivitamin use and telomere length in

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288. Zhang SM, Cook NR, Albert CM, Gaziano JM, Buring JE, Manson JE. Effect of combined folic acid, vitamin

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289. Zhang SM, Giovannucci EL, Hunter DJ, Rimm EB, Ascherio A, Colditz GA, Speizer FE, Willett WC. Vitamin

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290. Zhang SM, Moore SC, Lin J, Cook NR, Manson JE, Lee

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291. Zheng W, Anderson KE, Kushi LH, Sellers TA, Greenstein

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selected for risk factors, indicates that a

7.5-year low-dose antioxidant supplementation

lowered total cancer incidence in

men but not in women. A similar tendency

was observed for all-cause mortality.”

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“In summary, overall risks for prostate

cancer were unaffected by supplemental

dietary antioxidant use among participants

in the PLCO Trial; however, vitamin

E supplementation in smokers and ?-

carotene supplementation in men with

low dietary ?-carotene were associated

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294. Allen SC, Raut S. Biochemical recovery time scales in

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295. Barnes MS, Robson PJ, Bonham MP, Strain JJ, Wallace

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296. Bikle DD. Role of vitamin D, its metabolites, and analogs

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297. Binkley NC, Krueger DC, Kawahara TN, Engelke JA,

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298. Binkley NC, Suttie JW. Vitamin K nutrition and osteoporosis.

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299. Bischoff?Ferrari HA, Willett WC, Wong JB, Giovannucci

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300. Bolton?Smith C, McMurdo MET, Paterson CR, Mole PA,

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303. Brownbill RA, Petrosian M, Ilich JZ. Association between dietary conjugated linoleic acid and bone mineral

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305. Buckley LM, Hillner BE. A cost effectiveness analysis

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306. Cameron MA, Paton LM, Nowson CA, Margerison C,

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“One member in each twin pair was

randomly assigned using computergenerated

numbers to receive 800 mg

of elemental Calcium from citrate and

carbonate, 400 IU of vitamin D3 (as Cholecaliferol),

400 mg of Magnesium from

citrate, and amino acid chelate and

oxide in four orange-flavoured chewable

tablets (Active Calcium™ Chewable);

the other twin was given a

matched placebo in a double-blinded

manner. The placebo tablet was identical

in appearance, taste and composition

but contained no active ingredient.

All tablets were supplied by USANA

Health Sciences, Inc., Sydney, Australia…

“Our findings indicate that supplementation

with 800 mg calcium and 400 IU vitamin

D3 per day for a period of 6

months was associated with increased

trabecular area, trabecular density and

strength strain index at the ultra-distal

tibia and radius and increased cortical

area at tibial mid-shaft.”

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“[Boron] may have a preventive or therapeutic

effect that helps to diminish bone

mineral loss in susceptible populations.”

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307. Chapuy MC, Arlot ME, Duboeuf F, Brun J, Crouzet B,

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308. Chapuy MC, Pamphile R, Paris E, Kempf C, Schlichting

M, Arnaud S, Garnero P, Meunier PJ. Combined calcium and vitamin

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309. Cheng S, Lyytikäinen A, Kröger H, Lamberg?Allardt C,

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A, Nicholson PHF, Ivaska KK, Korpela R, Ohlsson C,

Väänänen KH, Tylavsky F. Effects of calcium, dairy product, and

vitamin D supplementation on bone mass accrual and body

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310. Chevalley T, Bonjour JP, Ferrari S, Hans D, Rizzoli R. Skeletal site selectivity in the effects of calcium supplementation

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311. Cooper L, Clifton?Bligh PB, Nery ML, Figtree G, Twigg S, Hibbert E, Robinson BG. Vitamin D supplementation

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312. Cumming RG, Nevitt MC. Calcium for prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women.

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313. Curtis CL, Hughes CE, Flannery CR, Little CB, Harwood JL, Caterson B. n?3 Fatty Acids Specifically Modulate

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314. Curtis CL, Rees SG, Cramp J, Flannery CR, Hughes CE, Little CB, Williams R, Wilson C, Dent CM, Harwood

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315. Dawson?Hughes B, Harris SS, Krall EA, Dallal GE. Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on

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316. Dawson?Hughes B, Harris SS, Krall EA, Dallal GE, Falconer G, Green CL. Rates of bone loss in postmenopausal

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317. Dawson?Hughes B, Dallal GE, Krall EA, Harris S, Sokoll LJ, Falconer G. Effect of vitamin D supplementation

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319. Dietrich T, Joshipura KJ, Dawson?Hughes B, Bischoff?Ferrari HA. Association between serum concentrations

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320. Dodiuk?Gad RP, Rozen GS, Rennert G, Rennert HS, Ish?

Shalom S. Sustained effect of short?term calcium supplementation

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2005. AJCN 81(1):168?74.

321. Feskanich D, Singh V, Willett WC, Colditz GA. Vitamin

A intake and hip fractures among postmenopausal women.

2002. JAMA 287(1):47?54.

322. Feskanich D, Willett WC, Colditz GA. Calcium, vitamin

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323. Fraser DR. Vitamin D?deficiency in Asia. 2004. J Steroid

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324. Gennari C. Calcium and vitamin D nutrition and bone

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“Our particular contribution has been to

extend from animal models to humans

the essentiality of Cu, Mn and Zn in the

development and maintenance of BMD

[bone mineral density]… Through understanding

the value of trace elements

from food or supplements, and through

sensible dietary strategies, we can slow

the rate of bone loss, thus delaying or

preventing osteoporosis, in a simple and

inexpensive manner.”

- PD Saltman, et al. (#371)

“In summary, dietary supplementation

with a combination of nutritionally relevant

amounts of vitamin K with vitamin D

and calcium in healthy older women

was associated with a modest but significant

increase in BMC at one site, consisting

predominantly of trabecular bone.

Similar changes were not observed in

either the vitamin K group alone or in the

calcium plus vitamin D group, suggesting

a synergistic role of the combination as

sugggested by previous reports.”

- C Bolton-Smith, et al. (#300)

325. Going S, Lohman T, Houtkooper L, Metcalfe L, Flint?

Wagner H, Blew R, Stanford V, Cussler E, Martin J, Teixeira P,

Harris M, Milliken L, Figueroa?Galvez A, Weber J. Effects of exercise

on bone mineral density in calcium?replete postmenopausal

women with and without hormone replacement therapy.

2003. Osteoporos Int 14(8):637?43.

326. Grant AM, Avenell A, Campbell MK, McDonald AM,

MacLennan GS, McPherson GC, Anderson FH, Cooper C, Francis

RM, Donaldson C, Gillespie WJ, Robinson CM, Torgerson DJ,

Wallace WA, RECORD Trial Group. Oral vitamin D3 and calcium

for secondary prevention of low?trauma fractures in elderly

people (Randomised Evaluation of Calcium Or vitamin D,

RECORD): a randomized placebo?controlled trial. 2005. Lancet

365(9471):1621?8.

327. Greene DA, Naughton GA. Calcium and vitamin?D

supplementation on bone structural properties in peripubertal

female identical twins: a randomised controlled trial. 2010. Osteoporos

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328. Greenspan SL, Resnick NM, Parker RA. Vitamin D supplementation

in older women. 2005. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 60(6):754?9.

329. Gulati S, Sharma RK, Gulati K, Singh U, Srivastava A. Longitudinal follow?up of bone mineral density in

children with nephritic syndrome and the role of calcium and vitamin D supplements. 2005. Nephrol Dial Transplant

20(8):1598?603.

330. Haney EM, Stadler D, Bliziotes MM. Vitamin D insufficiency in internal medicine residents. 2005. Calcif

Tissue Int 76(1):11?6.

331. Hanley DA, Cranney A, Jones G, Whiting SJ, Leslie WD, Cole DEC, Atkinson SA, Josse RG, Feldman S, Kline

GA, Rosen C. Vitamin D in adult health and disease: a review and guideline statement from Osteoporosis Canada.

2010. CMAJ 182(12):E610?8.

332. Harris S, Dawson?Hughes B. Rates of change in bone mineral density of the spine, heel, femoral, neck and

radius in healthy postmenopausal women. 1992. Bone Miner 17(1):87?95.

333. Harwood RH, Sahota O, Gaynor K, Masud T, Hosking DJ, The Nottingham Neck of Femur (NONOF) Study.

A randomized, controlled comparison of different calcium and vitamin D supplementation regimens in elderly

women after hip fracture: The Nottingham Neck of Femur (NONOF) Study. 2004. Age Ageing 33(1):45?51.

334. Heaney RP. Bone health. 2007. Am J Clin Nutr

85(suppl):300S?3S.

335. Heaney RP. Nutritional factors in osteoporosis. 1993.

Annu Rev Nutr 13:287?316.

336. Hunter D, Major P, Arden N, Swaminathan R, Andrew T,

MacGregor AJ, Keen R, Snieder H, Spector TD. A randomized

controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation on preventing

postmenopausal bone loss and modifying bone metabolism

using identical twin pairs. 2000. J Bone Miner Res 15(11):2276?83.

337. Hyun TH, Barrett?Connor E, Milne DB. Zinc intakes

and plasma concentrations in men with osteoporosis: the Rancho

Bernardo Study. 2004. AJCN 80(3):715?21.

338. Ilich JZ, Kerstetter JE. Nutrition in Bone Health Revisited:

A Story Beyond Calcium. 2000. JACN 19(6):715?37.

339. Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M, Wallace RB, Robbins J,

Lewis CE, Bassford T, Beresford SAA, Black HR, Blanchette P,

Bonds DE, Brunner RL, Brzyski RG, Caan B, Cauley JA, Chlebowski

RT, Cummings SR, Granek I, Hays J, Heiss G, Hendrix SL,

Howard BV, Hsia J, Hubbell FA, Johnson KC, Judd H, Kotchen

JM, Kuller LH, Langer RD, Lasser NL, Limacher MC, Ludlam S,

“Much evidence indicates that both

calcium and vitamin D are efficacious in

protecting the skeleton, particularly

when these 2 nutrients are used in combination.

Each nutrient is necessary for

the full expression of the effect of the

other, and where their actions are independent,

their effects on skeletal health

are complementary. Nutrient status for

both tends to be deficient in the adult

population of the industrialized nations.

Hence, supplementation or food fortification

with both nutrients is appropriate

and, given contemporary diets and sun

exposure, probably necessary.”

- RP Heaney (#334)

“Adequate nutrition plays a major role in

the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis;

the nutrients of greatest importance

are calcium and vitamin D. Numerous

studies have shown that higher

calcium intake at various ages are associated

with higher bone mineral density

compared with the bone mass of those

with lower calcium intakes. In older

postmenopausal women, the benefits of

vitamin D and calcium supplementation

in preventing bone loss, decreasing

bone turnover, and decreasing nonvertebral

fractures are clear.”

- JW Nieves (#358)

Manson JE, Margolis KL, McGowan J, Ockene JK, O'Sullivan

MJ, Phillips L, Prentice RL, Sarto GE, Stefanick ML, Van Horn

L, Wactawski?Wende J, Whitlock E, Anderson GL, Assaf AR,

Barad D. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the

risk of fractures. 2006. N Engl J Med 354(7):669?83.

340. Javaid MK, Crozier SR, Harvey NC, Gale CR, Dennison

EM, Boucher BJ, Arden NK, Godfrey KM, Cooper C; Princess

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study. 2006. Lancet 367(9504):36?43.

341. Johnston CC Jr, Miller JZ, Slemenda CW, Reister TK,

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342. Jugdaohsingh R, Tucker KL, Qiao N, Cupples LA, Kiel

DP, Powell JJ. Dietary silicon intake is positively associated with bone mineral density in men and premenopausal

women of the Framingham Offspring Cohort. 2004. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 19(2):297?307.

343. Lambert HL, Eastell R, Karnik K, Russell JM, Barker ME. Calcium supplementation and bone mineral accretion

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62.

344. Larsen ER, Mosekilde L, Foldspang A. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation prevents osteoporotic fractures

in elderly community dwelling residents: a pragmatic population?based 3?year intervention study. 2004. J Bone

Miner Res 19(3):370?8.

345. Lee WTK, Leung SSF, Leung DMY, Cheng JCY. A follow?up study on the effects of calcium?supplement

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346. Lee WTK, Leung SSF, Leung DMY, Tsang HSY, Lau J, Cheng JCY. A randomized double?blind controlled

calcium supplementation trial, and bone and height acquisition in children. 1995. Br J Nutr 74:125?39.

347. Lee WTK, Leung SSF, Leung DMY, Wang SH, Xu YC, Zeng WP, Cheng JCY. Bone mineral acquisition in low

calcium intake children following the withdrawal of calcium supplement. 1997. Acta Paediatr 86:570?6.

348. Lee WTK, Leung SSF, Wang SH, Xu YC, Zeng WP, Lau J, Oppenheimer SJ, Cheng JCY. Double?blind, controlled

calcium supplementation and bone mineral accretion in children accustomed to a low?calcium diet. 1994.

Am J Clin Nutr 60:744?50.

349. Lips P, Graafmans WC, Ooms ME, Bezemer PD, Bouter LM. Vitamin D supplementation and fracture incidence

in elderly persons: a randomized, placebo?controlled clinical trial. 1996. Ann Intern Med 124(4):400?6.

350. Lloyd T, Andon MB, Rollings N, Martel JK, Landis JR, Demers LM, Eggli DF, Kieselhorst K, Kulin HE. Calcium

supplementation and bone mineral density in adolescent girls. 1993. JAMA 270(7):841?4.

351. Meacham SL, Taper LJ, Volpe SL. Effect of boron supplementation on blood and urinary calcium, magnesium,

and phosphorus, and urinary boron in athletic and sedentary

les femmes. 1995. AJCN 61(2):341?5.

352. Meacham SL, Taper LJ, Volpe SL. Effects of boron supplementation

on bone mineral density and dietary, blood, and

urinary calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and boron in female

athlètes. 1994. Environ Health Perspect 102(Suppl 7):79?82.

353. Meier C, Woitge HW, Witte K, Lemmer B, Seibel MJ.

Supplementation with oral vitamin D3 and calcium during

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30.

354. Meunier P. Prevention of hip fractures by correcting

calcium and vitamin D insufficiencies in elderly people. 1996.

Scand J Rheumatol Suppl 103:75?8.

355. Meyer HE, Smedshaug GB, Kvaavik E, Falch JA, Tverdal

A, Pedersen JI. Can vitamin D supplementation reduce the

“Osteoporosis is a multifactorial disorder,

and, despite the considerable influence

of heredity, bone health depends on the

whole range of other nutrients and foods

as well as the environmental factors. La

prolonged deficiency or excess of one or

the combination of several, as well as the

changes in requirements of those nutrients

caused by physiological and metabolic

changes, might contribute to osteoporosis.”

- JZ Ilich, et al. (#338)

“Numerous studies have demonstrated

the importance of vitamin K in bone

health. Cell studies have helped delineate

the mechanism by which menaquinone

promotes bone mineralization

and inhibits resorption. Human and animal

studies have clearly demonstrated

that vitamin K can improve bone health

by increasing bone mass and reducing

bone loss.”

- J Adams, et al. (#292)

risk of fracture in the elderly? A randomized controlled trial.

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356. Michaëlsson K, Lithell H, Vessby B, Melhus H. Serum

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348:287?94.

357. Ng NTM, Heesch KC, Brown WJ. Efficacy of a progressive

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358. Nieves JW. Osteoporosis: the role of micronutrients.

2005. AJCN 81(5):1232S?9S.

359. Nowson CA, Green RM, Hopper JL, Sherwin AJ, Young

D, Kaymakci B, Guest CS, Smid M, Larkins RG, Wark JD. A cotwin

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360. Papadimitropoulos E, Wells G, Shea B, Gillespie W,

Weaver B, Zytaruk N, Cranney A, Adachi J, Tugwell P, Josse R,

Greenwood C, Guyatt G; Osteoporosis Methodology Group and

The Osteoporosis Research Advisory Group. Meta?analyses of

therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. VIII: Meta?analysis

of the efficacy of vitamin D treatment in preventing osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. 2002. Endocr Rev

23(4):560?9.

361. Peacock M, Liu G, Carey M, McClintock R, Ambrosius W, Hui S, Johnston CC. Effect of calcium or 25OH vitamin

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362. Porthouse J, Cockayne S, King C, Saxon L, Steele E, Aspray T, Baverstock M, Birks Y, Dumville J, Francis R,

Iglesias C, Puffer S, Sutcliffe A, Watt I, Tortrson DJ. Randomised controlled trial of calcium and supplementation

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363. Potter SM, Baum JA, Teng H, Stillman RJ, Shay NF, Erdman JW Jr. Soy protein and isoflavones: their effects

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364. Prentice A, Ginty F, Stear SJ, Jones SC, Laskey MA, Cole TJ. Calcium Supplementation Increases Stature and

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365. Raiten DJ, Picciano MF. Vitamin D and health in the 21st century: bone and beyond. Executive summary.

2004. Am J Clin Nutr 80(suppl):1673S–7S.

366. Recker RR, Hinders S, Davies KM, Heaney RP, Stegman MR, Lappe JM, Kimmel DB. Correcting calcium nutritional

deficiency prevents spine fractures in elderly women. 1996. J Bone Miner Res 11(12):1961?6.

367. Reid IR, Ames RW, Evans MC, Gamble GD, Sharpe SJ. Long?term effects of calcium supplementation on

bone loss and fractures in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. 1995. Am J Med 98(4):331?5.

368. Reid IR, Ames RW, Evans MC, Gamble GD, Sharpe SJ. Effect of calcium supplementation on bone loss in

postmenopausal women. 1993. N Engl J Med 328(7):460?4.

369. Ricci TA, Chowdhury HA, Heymsfield SB, Stahl T,

Pierson RN, Jr., Shapses SA. Calcium supplementation suppresses

bone turnover during weight reduction in postmenopausal

les femmes. 1998. J Bone Miner Res 13:1045?50.

370. Ryder KM, Shorr RI, Bush AJ, Kritchevsky SB, Harris T,

Stone K, Cauley J, Tylavsky FA. Magnesium intake from food

and supplements is associated with bone mineral density in

healthy older white subjects. 2005. J Am Geriatr Soc

53(11):1875?80.

371. Saltman PD, Strause LG. The Role of Trace Minerals in

Osteoporosis. 1993. JACN 12(4):384?9.

372. Sato Y, Honda Y, Iwamoto J, Kanoko T, Satoh K. Effect

of folate and mecobalamin on hip fractures in patients with

“In the presence of osteoporosis, vitamin

D insufficiency may amplify bone loss and

thus enhance fracture risk. It follows that

at any age, but particularly in the elderly,

an adequate intake of both calcium and

vitamin D is important for the preservation

of bone mass and prevention of osteoporosis.”

- C Gennari (#324)

“The effects of low intakes of minerals

important to normal bone metabolism

need further investigation. An inadequate

intake or imbalance of one or

several of the minerals critical to bone

development may jeopardize normal

bone metabolism. There has been widespread

interest over the years in assuring

adequate calcium intakes at critical

stages of the female life cycle. This interest

should be extended to emphasize

optimal intakes of all minerals known or

suspected to affect bone mineral density,

such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium,

and boron.”

- SL Meacham, et al. (#352)

stroke: a randomized controlled trial. 2005. JAMA 293(9):1082?

373. Shea B, Wells G, Cranney A, Zytaruk N, Robinson V,

Griffith L, Ortiz Z, Peterson J, Adachi J, Tugwell P, Guyatt G,

Osteoporosis Methodology Group, Osteoporosis Research Advisory

Group. Meta?analyses of therapies for postmenopausal

osteoporosis. VII. Meta?analysis of calcium supplementation

for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. 2002. Endocr

Rev 23(4):552?9.

374. Shearer MJ. The roles of vitamins D and K in bone

health and osteoporosis prevention. 1997. Proc Nutr Soc

56(3):915?937.

375. Shearer MJ, Bach A, Kohlmeier M. Chemistry, nutritional

sources, tissue distribution and metabolism of vitamin K

with special reference to bone health. 1996. J Nutr 126(4

Suppl):1181S?6S.

376. Stear SJ, Prentice A, Jones SC, Cole TJ. Effect of a calcium

and exercise intervention on the bone mineral status of

16?18?y?old adolescent girls. 2003. Am J Clin Nutr 77:985?92.

377. Strause L, Saltman P, Smith KT, Bracker M, Andon MB. Spinal bone loss in postmenopausal women supplemented

with calcium and trace minerals. 1994. J Nutr 124:1060?4.

378. Thie NM, Prasad NG, Major PW. Evaluation of glucosamine sulfate compared to ibuprofen for the treatment

of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis: a randomized double blind controlled 3 month clinical trial. 2001.

J Rheumatol 28(6):1347?55.

379. Thomas MK, Lloyd?Jones DM, Thadhani RI, Shaw AC, Deraska DJ, Kitch BT, Vamvakas EC, Dick IM, Prince

RL, Finkelstein JS. Hypovitaminosis D in medical inpatients. 1998. N Engl J Med 338(12):777?83.

380. Trivedi DP, Doll R, Khaw KT. Effect of four monthly oral vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) supplementation on

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381. Utiger RD. The need for more vitamin D. 1998. N Engl J Med 338(12):828?9.

382. von Hurst PR, Stonehouse W, Kruger MC, Coad J. Vitamin D supplementation suppresses age?induced

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383. Winters?Stone KM, Snow CM. One year of oral calcium

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384. Yasui T, Miyatani Y, Tomita J, Yamada M, Uemura H,

Miura M, Irahara M. Effect of vitamin K2 treatment on carboxylation

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385. Zamora SA, Rizzoli R, Belli DC, Slosman DO, Bonjour

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“Collectively, our data provide evidence

supporting dietary supplementation of n-3

PUFA [omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids],

which in turn may have a beneficial

effect of slowing and reducing inflammation

in the pathogenesis of degenerative

joint diseases in man.”

- CL Curtis, et al. (#314)

“In summary, spinal bone loss in a small

group of older postmenopausal women

was slowed by supplementation with

calcium as CCM [calcium citrate malate]

and was halted by supplementation

with a mineral cocktail composed of

CCM along with zinc, manganese and

copper. Only the group supplemented

with calcium plus trace minerals differed

from the placebo group, which, as expected,

lost a significant amount of bone

density.”

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387. Amirlak I, Ezimokhai M, Dawodu A, Dawson KP, Kochiyil

J, Thomas L, Abdulle AM. Current maternal?infant micronutrient

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388. Auestad N, Halter R, Hall RT, Blatter M, Bogle ML,

Burks W, Erickson JR, Fitzgerald KM, Dobson V, Innis SM, Singer

LT, Montalto MB, Jacobs JR, Qiu W, Bornstein MH. Growth

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389. Auestad N, Scott DT, Janowsky JS, Jacobsen C, Carroll

RE, Montalto MB, Halter R, Qiu W, Jacobs JR, Connor WE, Connor

SL, Taylor JA, Neuringer M, Fitzgerald KM, Hall RT. Visual,

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390. Bailey LB, Berry RJ. Folic acid supplementation and the

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392. Berry RJ, Li Z, Erickson JD, Li S, Moore CA, Wang H, Mulinare J, Zhao P, Wong LY, Gindler J, Hong SX, Correa

A. Prevention of neural?tube defects with folic acid in China. China?US Collaborative Project for Neural Tube

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393. Bhate V, Deshpande S, Bhat D, Joshi N, Ladkat R, Watve S, Fall C, de Jager CA, Refsum H, Yajnik C. Vitamin

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29(4):249?54.

394. Birch EE, Birch DG, Hoffman DR, Uauy R. Dietary essential fatty acid supply and visual acuity development.

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395. Birch EE, Carlson SE, Hoffman DR, Fitzgerald?Gustafson KM, Fu VLN, Drover JR, Castañeda YS, Minns L,

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396. Birch EE, Garfield S, Hoffman DR, Uauy R, Birch DG.

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397. Bodnar LM, Krohn MA, Simhan HN. Maternal Vitamin

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398. Bodnar LM, Simhan HN, Powers RW, Frank MP, Cooperstein

E, Roberts JM. High Prevalence of Vitamin D Insufficiency

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“We have demonstrated for the first time

in a purposeful, community-based prospective

study an association between

maternal nutritional measurements in

pregnancy and two major risk factors for

type 2 diabetes in the offspring… Maternal

macronutrient intakes were unrelated

to adiposity and insulin resistance

in the offspring. However, higher maternal

folate concentrations predicted

greater adiposity (fat mass and body fat

per cent) and higher insulin resistance,

and lower vitamin B12 concentrations

predicted higher insulin resistance. Enfants

born to mothers with low vitamin B12

concentrations but high folate concentrations

were the most insulin resistant.”

- CS Yajnik, et al. (#491)

“In conclusion, relatively modest amounts

of dietary docosahexaenoic acid during

pregnancy appear to extend gestational

age and may lead to enhanced fetal

growth.”

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401. Bourre JM. Dietary omega?3 fatty acids for women.

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402. Brehm JM, Celedón JC, Soto?Quiros ME, Avila L, Hunninghake

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403. Bucher HC, Guyatt GH, Cook RJ, Hatala R, Cook DJ,

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404. Camargo CA Jr, Rifas?Shiman SL, Litonjua AA, Rich?

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406. Chappell LC, Seed PT, Briley AL, Kelly FJ, Lee R, Hunt BJ, Parmar K, Bewley SJ, Shennan AH, Steer PJ, Poston

L. Effect of antioxidants on the occurrence of pre?eclampsia in women at increased risk: a randomized trial. 1999.

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407. Chappell LC, Seed PT, Kelly FJ, Briley A, Hunt BJ, Charnock?Jones DS, Mallet A, Poston L. Vitamin C and E

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408. Chen K, Zhang X, Wei XP, Qu P, Liu YX, Li TY. Antioxidant vitamin status during pregnancy in relation to

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411. Cooper C, Javaid K, Westlake S, Harvey N, Dennison E. Developmental origins of osteoporotic fracture: the

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413. Czeizel AE, Dudas I. Prevention of the first occurrence of neural?tube defects by periconceptional vitamin

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414. Dahle LO, Berg G, Hammar M, Hurtig M, Larsson L. The effect of oral magnesium substitution on pregnancy

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415. Daly LE, Kirke PN, Molloy A, Weir DG, Scott JM. Folate levels and neural tube defects: implications for prevention.

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416. Dawodu A, Wagner CL. Mother?child vitamin D deficiency:

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417. Devereux G, Litonjua AA, Turner SW, Craig LC,

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418. Devereux G, Turner SW, Craig LC, McNeill G, Mar?

“Given the results of this study, we think

that all women planning pregnancy

should receive a vitamin supplement containing

folic acid.”

- AE Czeizel, et al. (#413)

“Dosing recommendations for mothers

during pregnancy should be aimed at

preventing problems in neonates and

infants, and a vitamin D dose sufficient

for the mother during pregnancy should

produce normal cord blood 25(OH)D

concentrations at birth. Giving relatively

small doses of vitamin D directly to the

infant or supplementing the mother with

100 ?g (4000 IU) vitamin D daily should

maintain normal 25(OH)D concentrations

in exclusively breastfed infants without

harming the mother.”

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507.

419. Dijkstra SH, van Beek A, Janssen JW, de Vleeschouwer

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“Our study demonstrates an association

between maternal vitamin B12 status during

pregnancy and children's cognitive

functioning. Higher maternal plasma vitamin

B12 concentration in pregnancy

was an independent predictor of the

child's cognitive performance on the CTTA

and Digit Span Backward tests, after

controlling for a number of possible confounders,

including the child's own vitamin

B12 status at 6 years of age.”

- V Bhate, et al. (#393)

“The recommendations for dietary omega-

3 fatty acids should be adopted at

the onset of pregnancy, but there may

be benefits for all women who are considering

becoming pregnant. Donné

concerns for mercury toxicity with overconsumption

of certain fish, in order to

meet these recommendations, pregnant

women will need to consume omega-3

fatty acids from 3 sources: vegetable oils,

2 servings of seafood per week, and

omega-3 fatty acid supplements containing

EPA and DHA or DHA alone.”

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acids for the developing fetus and the

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large quantities of EPA and DHA in the

diet slightly lengthens pregnancy, and

improves its quality.”

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positively with birth weight, birth

length, and head circumference, maternal

DHA supplementation during pregnancy

may improve the prognosis of preterm

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“Studies summarized in this review provide

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One explanation for our findings is the

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2005. Antioxid Redox Signal 7(9?10):1356?66.

529. Dreyfuss ML, Fawzi WW. Micronutrients and vertical

transmission of HIV?1. 2002. AJCN 75(6):959?70.

530. El?Kadiki A, Sutton AJ. Role of multivitamins and

mineral supplements in preventing infections in elderly

people: systematic review and meta?analysis of randomised

“Inadequate intake and status of vitamins

and trace elements may lead to

suppressed immunity, which predisposes

to infections and aggravates undernutrition.

Evidence has accumulated that in

humans certain nutrients selectively influence

the immune response, induce

dysregulation of a coordinated host response

to infections in cases of deficiency

and oversupply, and that deficiency

may impact virulence of otherwise

harmless pathogens. Thus, micronutrients

are required at appropriate intakes for

the immune system to function optimally.

Available data indicate a role of vitamins

(A, D, E, B6, B12, folate, and C),

and trace elements (selenium, zinc,

copper, and iron) on the immune response…

Overall, inadequate intake and

status of these vitamins and trace elements

may lead to suppressed immunity,

which predisposes to infections and aggravates

malnutrition. Therefore, supplementation

with these selected micronutrients

can support the body's natural

defence system by enhancing all

three levels of immunity.”

- S Maggini, et al. (#564)

“The elucidation of the precise roles of

vitamin D in the immune system and in the

pathogenesis of multiple diseases has the

potential to have profound effects on our

ability to prevent and treat these disorders.”

- NE Lange, et al. (#559)

controlled trials. 2005. BMJ 330(7496):871.

531. Enioutina EY, Bareyan D, Daynes RA. TLR?induced local

metabolism of vitamin D3 plays an important role in the diversification

of adaptive immune responses. 2009. J Immunol

182(7):4296?305.

532. Fawzi WW, Villamor E, Msamanga GI, Antelman G,

Aboud S, Urassa W, Hunter D. Trial of zinc supplements in relation

to pregnancy outcomes, hematologic indicators, and T cell

counts among HIV?1?infected women in Tanzania. 2005. Am J

Clin Nutr 81(1):161?7.

533. Ferguson LR, Philpott M. Cancer prevention by dietary

bioactive components that target the immune response. 2007.

Curr Cancer Drug Targets 7(5):459?64.

534. Fogarty A, Lewis S, Weiss S, Britton J. Dietary vitamin E,

IgE concentrations, and atopy. 2000. Lancet 356(9241):1573?4.

535. Fritsche K. Fatty acids as modulators of the immune response.

2006. Annu Rev Nutr 26:45?73.

536. Froicu M, Cantorna MT. Vitamin D and the vitamin D

receptor are critical for control of the innate immune response

to colonic injury. 2007. BMC Immunol 8:5.

537. Fuller CJ, Faulkner H, Bendich A, Parker RS, Roe DA.

Effect of beta?carotene supplementation on photosuppression of delayed?type hypersensitivity in normal young

hommes. 1992. Am J Clin Nutr 56(4):684?90.

538. Gariballa S. Vitamin and mineral supplements for preventing infections in older people. 2005. BMJ

331(7512):304?5.

539. Gariballa S, Forster S, Walters S, Powers H. A randomized, double?blind, placebo?controlled trial of nutritional

supplementation during acute illness. 2006. Am J Med 119(8):693?9.

540. Girodon F, Galan P, Monget AL, Boutron?Ruault MC, Brunet?Lecomte P, Preziosi P, Arnaud J, Manuguerra

JC, Herchberg S, MIN. VIT. AOX. geriatric network. Impact of trace elements and vitamin supplementation on immunity

and infections in institutionalized elderly patients: a randomized controlled trial. 1999. Arch Intern Med

159(7):748?54.

541. Girodon F, Lombard M, Galan P, Brunet?Lecomte P, Monget AL, Arnaud J, Preziosi P, Hercberg S. Effect of

micronutrient supplementation on infection in institutionalized elderly subjects: a controlled trial. 1997. Ann Nutr

Metab 41(2):98?107.

542. Gleeson M. Can nutrition limit exercise?induced immunodepression?.

2006. Nutr Rev 64(3):119?31.

543. Gleeson M, Bishop NC. Elite athlete immunology: importance

of nutrition. 2000. Int J Sports Med 21 Suppl 1:S4450.

544. Gottrand F. Long?chain polyunsaturated fatty acids influence

the immune system of infants. 2008. J Nutr

138(9):1807S?12S.

545. Graat JM, Schouten EG, Kok FJ. Effect of daily vitamin E

and multivitamin?mineral supplementation on acute respiratory

tract infections in elderly persons: a randomized controlled

trial. 2002. JAMA 288(6):715?21.

546. Haase H, Mocchegiani E, Rink L. Correlation between

zinc status and immune function in the elderly. 2006. Biogerontology

7(5?6):421?8.

547. Håberg SE, London SJ, Stigum H, Nafstad P, Nystad W.

Folic acid supplements in pregnancy and early childhood respiratory

health. 2009. Arch Dis Child 94(3):180?4.

548. Hara M, Tanaka K, Hirota Y. Immune response to influenza

vaccine in healthy adults and the elderly: association

“Because aging and malnutrition exert

cumulative influences on immune responses,

many elderly people have poor

cell-mediated immune responses and

are therefore at a high risk of infection.

Nutritional therapy may improve immune

responses of elderly patients with

protein-energy malnutrition. La supplémentation

with high pharmacologic doses of

a single nutrient (zinc or vitamin E) may

be useful for improving immune responses

of self-sufficient elderly people

living at home. Therefore, nutritional deficiency

must be treated in the elderly to

reduce infectious risk and possibly slow

the aging process.”

- BM Lesourd (#560)

“In summary, our results show that the

age-associated defect in the redistribution

of signaling molecules to the immunological

synapse is reversed by vitamin

E. This effect is strongest in naive T cells,

which exhibit the age-related defects in

protein recruitment and T cell activation.

This is the first demonstration of a reversal

of a key early signaling defect in aged T

cells by a nutrient. These findings have

important implications for the development

of preventive and therapeutic

strategies to reduce age-associated defects

in T cells.”

- MG Marko, et al. (#565)

with nutritional status. 2005. Vaccine 23(12):1457?63.

549. Herraiz LA, Hsieh WC, Parker RS, Swanson JE, Bendich

A, Roe DA. Effect of UV exposure and beta?carotene supplementation

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550. Hewison M. Vitamin D and the immune system: new

perspectives on an old theme. 2010. Endocrinol Metab Clin

North Am 39(2):365?79.

551. High KP. Micronutrient supplementation and immune

function in the elderly. 1999. Clin Infect Dis 28(4):717?22.

552. High KP. Nutritional strategies to boost immunity and

prevent infection in elderly individuals. 2001. Clin Infect Dis

33:1892?900.

553. Hoffmann PR, Berry MJ. The influence of selenium on

immune responses. 2008. Mol Nutr Food Res 52(11):1273?80.

554. Hojsak I, Snovak N, Abdovi? S, Szajewska H, Mišak Z,

Kola?e S. Lactobacillus GG in the prevention of gastrointestinal

and respiratory tract infections in children who attend day care

centres: a randomized, double?blind, placebo?controlled trial.

2010. Clin Nutr 29(3):312?6.

555. Holmøy T. Vitamin D status modulates the immune response

to Epstein Barr virus: Synergistic effect of risk factors in

multiple sclerosis. 2008. Med Hypotheses 70(1):66?9.

556. Hughes DA, Wright AJA, Finglas PM, Perrless ACJ, Bailey AL, Astley SB, Pinder AC, Southon S. The effect of

b?carotene supplementation on the immune function of blood monocytes from healthy male nonsmokers. 1997. J

Lab Clin Med 129:309?17.

557. Hurwitz BE, Klaus JR, Llabre MM, Gonzalez A, Lawrence PJ, Maher KJ, Greeson JM, Baum MK, Shor?Posner

G, Skyler JS, Schneiderman N. Suppression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral load with selenium supplementation:

a randomized controlled trial. 2007. Arch Intern

Med 167(2):148?54.

558. Kaiser JD, Campa AM, Ondercin JP, Leoung GS, Pless

RF, Baum MK. Micronutrient supplementation increases CD4

count in HIV?infected individuals on highly active antiretroviral

therapy: a prospective, double?blinded, placebo?controlled trial.

2006. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 42(5):523?8.

559. Lange NE, Litonjua A, Hawrylowicz CM, Weiss S. Vitamin

D, the immune system and asthma. 2009. Expert Rev Clin

Immunol 5(6):693?702.

560. Lesourd BM. Nutrition and immunity in the elderly:

modification of immune responses with nutritional treatments.

1997. Am J Clin Nutr 66(2):478S?84S.

561. Leyes P, Martínez E, Forga MT. Use of diet, nutritional

supplements and exercise in HIV?infected patients receiving

combination antiretroviral therapies: a systematic review. 2008.

Antivir Ther 13(2):149?59.

562. Li?Ng M, Aloia JF, Pollack S, Cunha BA, Mikhail M, Yeh

J, Berbari N. A randomized controlled trial of vitamin D3 supplementation

for the prevention of symptomatic upper respiratory

tract infections. 2009. Epidemiol Infect 137(10):1396?404.

563. Long KZ, Estrada?Garcia T, Rosado JL, Ignacio Santos J,

Haas M, Firestone M, Bhagwat J, Young C, DuPont HL,

Hertzmark E, Nanthakumar NN. The effect of vitamin A supplementation

on the intestinal immune response in Mexican

“Although our study suggests that many

elderly individuals might benefit from a

supplementary intake of vitamin E, such

public health recommendations can

only be considered after longer-term

studies with lower amounts of tocopherol

are completed. This point will be especially

important in determining if the

immunostimulatory effect observed is

due to pharmacologic or physiologic

effect of vitamin E. Nevertheless, it is encouraging

to note that a single nutrient

supplement can enhance immune responsiveness

in healthy elderly subjects

consuming the recommended amounts

of all nutrients. This is especially significant

because dietary intervention

represents the most practical approach

for delaying or reversing the rate of decline

of immune function with age.”

- SN Meydani, et al. (#568)

“Investigators have demonstrated how

appropriate serum concentrations of

vitamin D facilitate the ability of immune

cells to defend against bacterial and

viral infections. Ongoing research in this

area has provided new ways of understanding

the immune system and how

the pleiotropic actions of vitamin D serve

an important immunoregulatory role in

proper immune function. With the increasing

evidence of vitamin D insufficiency's

detrimental effects beyond the

classically defined cause of rickets, the

full story behind the role of vitamin D insufficiency/

deficiency in pediatric infection

and immune function awaits full

elucidation.”

- VP Walker, et al. (#598)

children is modified by pathogen infections and diarrhea. 2006.

J Nutr 136(5):1365?70.

564. Maggini S, Wintergerst ES, Beveridge S, Hornig DH.

Selected vitamins and trace elements support immune function

by strengthening epithelial barriers and cellular and humoral

immune responses. 2007. BJN 98(Suppl 1):S29?35.

565. Marko MG, Ahmed T, Bunnell SC, We Dayong, Chung

H, Huber BT, Meydani SN. Age?Associated Decline in Effective

Immune Synapse Formation of CDR+ T Cells is Reversed by

Vitamin E Supplementation. 2007. J Immunol 178:1443?9.

566. McKay DL, Perrone G, Rasmussen H, Dallal G, Hartman

W, Cao G, Prior RL, Roubenoff R, Blumberg JB. The effects

of a multivitamin/mineral supplement on micronutrient status,

antioxidant capacity and cytokine production in healthy older

adults consuming a fortified diet. 2000. J Am Coll Nutr

19(5):613?21.

567. Merchant AT, Curhan G, Bendich A, Singh VN, Willett

WC, Fawzi WW. Vitamin intake is not associated with community?

acquired pneumonia in US men. 2004. J Nutr 134:439?44.

568. Meydani SN, Barklund MP, Liu S, Meydani M, Miller

RA, Cannon JG, Morrow FD, Rocklin R, Blumberg JB. Vitamin E supplementation enhances cell?mediated immunity

in healthy elderly subjects. 1990. Am J Clin Nutr 52(3):557?63.

569. Meydani SN, Meydani M, Blumberg JB, Leka LS, Siber G, Loszewski R, Thompson C, Pedrosa MC, Diamond

RD, Stollar BD. Vitamin E supplementation and in vivo immune response in healthy elderly subjects: a randomized

controlled trial. 1997. JAMA 277(17):1380?6.

570. Mora JR, Iwata M, von Andrian UH. Vitamin effects on the immune system: vitamins A and D take centre

scène. 2008. Nat Rev Immunol 8(9):685?98.

571. Moreira A, Kekkonen RA, Delgado L, Fonseca J, Korpela R, Haahtela T. Nutritional modulation of exerciseinduced

immunodepression in athletes: a systematic review and meta?analysis. 2007. Eur J Clin Nutr 61(4):443?60.

572. Muñoz C, Rios E, Olivos J, Brunser O, Olivares M. Iron, copper and immunocompetence. 2007. Br J Nutr

98(Suppl 1):S24?8.

573. Nakamura K, Kariyazono H, Komokata T, Hamada N, Sakata R, Yamada K. Influence of preoperative administration

of omega?3 fatty acid?enriched supplement on inflammatory and immune responses in patients undergoing

major surgery for cancer. 2005. Nutrition 21(6):639?49.

574. Newton S, Owusu?Agyei S, Ampofo W, Zandoh C, Adjuik M, Adjei G, Tchum S, Filteau S, Kirkwood BR. Vitamin

A supplementation enhances infants' immune responses

to hepatitis B vaccine but does not affect responses to Haemophilus

influenzae type b vaccine. 2007. J Nutr 137(5):1272?7.

575. Nieman DC. Exercise immunology: future directions

for research related to athletes, nutrition, and the elderly. 2000.

Int J Sports Med 21 Suppl 1:S61?8.

576. Nieman DC, Henson DA, Gross SJ, Jenkins DP, Davis

JM, Murphy EA, Carmichael MD, Dumke CL, Utter AC, McAnulty

SR, McAnulty LS, Mayer EP. Quercetin reduces illness but

not immune perturbations after intensive exercise. 2007. Med

Sci Sports Exerc 39(9):1561?9.

577. Nugent AP, Roche HM, Noone EJ, Long A, Kelleher DK,

Gibney MJ. The effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation

on immune function in healthy volunteers. 2005. Eur J Clin

Nutr 59(6):742?50.

578. Overbeck S, Rink L, Haase H. Modulating the immune

response by oral zinc supplementation: a single approach for

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“In summary, the present study demonstrates

that modest daily doses of micronutrients

given for 1 y can enhance cellular

immunity and can also prevent the

development of biochemical evidence

of micronutrient deficiencies in healthy,

independently living older people. Ces

results suggest that the dietary micronutrient

intake of older people and/or the

current RDAs for one or more micronutnients

may be too low to support optimal

immunity in older individuals.”

- JD Bogden, et al. (#515)

“In conclusion, our double-blind, placebo-

controlled study shows that levels of

vitamin E higher than currently recommended

enhance in vivo indexes of T

cell-mediated function in healthy elderly.

The enhancement of cell-mediated

immunity by vitamin E was not associated

with any adverse effects. Depuis

age-associated decline in immune response

is associated with increased

morbidity and mortality in the elderly

and is widely observed, recommendations

to increase the intake of vitamin E

for elderly should be considered.”

- EG Pallast, et al. (#580)

579. Pagmantidis V, Méplan C, van Schothorst EM, Keijer J,

Hesketh JE. Supplementation of healthy volunteers with nutritionally

relevant amounts of selenium increases the expression

of lymphocyte protein biosynthesis genes. 2008. Am J Clin Nutr

87(1):181?9.

580. Pallast EG, Schouten EG, de Waart FG, Fonk HC,

Doekes G, von Blomberg BM, Kok FJ. Effect of 50?and 100mg

vitamin E supplements on cellular immune function in noninstitutionalized

elderly persons. 1999. Am J Clin Nutr

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581. Penn ND, Purkins L, Kelleher J, Heatley RV, Mascie?

Taylor BH, Belfield PW. The effect of dietary supplementation

with vitamins A, C and E on cell?mediated immune function in

elderly long?stay patients: a randomized controlled trial. 1991.

Age Aging 20(3):169?74.

582. Pichard C, Sudre P, Karsegard V, Yerly S, Slosman DO,

Delley V, Perrin L, Hirschel B, Swiss HIV Cohort Study. A randomized

double?blind controlled study of 6 months of oral nutritional

supplementation with arginine and omega?3 fatty acids

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583. Prasad AS. Zinc: mechanisms of host defense. 2007. J Nutr 137(5):1345?9.

584. Prasad AS, Beck FW, Bao B, Fitzgerald JT, Snell DC, Steinberg JD, Cardozo LJ. Zinc supplementation decreases

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585. Rahman MJ, Sarker P, Roy SK, Ahmad SM, Chisti J, Azim T, Mathan M, Sack D, Andersson J, Raqib R. Effects

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Nutr 81(2):495?502.

586. Richard SA, Zavaleta N, Caulfield LE, Black RE, Witzig

RS, Shankar AH. Zinc and iron supplementation and malaria,

diarrhea, and respiratory infections in children in the Peruvian

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587. Richards JB, Valdes AM, Gardner JP, Paximadas D, Kimura

M, Nessa A, Lu X, Surdulescu GL, Swaminathan R, Spector

TD, Aviv A. Higher serum vitamin D concentrations are associated

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Am J Clin Nutr 86(5):1420?5.

588. Roth DE, Caulfield LE, Ezzati M, Black RE. Acute lower

respiratory infections in childhood: opportunities for reducing

the global burden through nutritional interventions. 2008. Taureau

World Health Organ 86(5):356?64.

589. Ryan?Borchers TA, Park JS, Chew BP, McGuire MK,

Fournier LR, Beerman KA. Soy isoflavones modulate immune

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590. Ryan?Harshman M, Aldoori W. The relevance of selenium

to immunity, cancer, and infectious/inflammatory diseases.

2005. Can J Diet Pract Res 66(2):98?102.

591. Santos MS, Leka LS, Ribaya?Mercado JD, Russell RM,

Meydani M, Hennekens CH, Gaziano JM, Meydani SN. Shortand

long?term beta?carotene supplementation do not influence

T cell?mediated immunity in healthy elderly persons. 1997. Am J

Clin Nutr 66(4):917?24.

592. Schauber J, Gallo RL. The vitamin D pathway: a new tar?

“Although many open questions remain,

there is promise that vitamin A and D

metabolites or their analogues have the

potential to be used in clinical settings

for therapeutic benefit. In particular, it

will be important to assess the impact of

using 1,25(OH)2VD3 analogues as an

adjuvant immunomodulatory therapy in

the setting of autoimmune diseases and

in transplant recipients. It will also be important

to determine the net effects of

retinoic acid or synthetic RAR-agonists,

especially in the intestine, where these

agents appear to have a role in enhancing

immune responses. The capacity

of vitamin A metabolites to foster guthoming

T cells might improve strategies

of mucosal vaccination or aid in decreasing

pathogenic immunity by potentiating

the induction of TReg cells.”

- JR Mora, et al. (#570)

“Nutritional intervention has proven to

be a practical approach in modulating

dysregulated immune and inflammatory

responses. The efficacy of such intervention,

as with vitamin E, for example, has

been demonstrated in clinical trials using

infections as an endpoint. At the same

time, mechanistic studies have deciphered

how vitamin E affects T cell functions

at cellular and molecular levels and

thus, lend further support to the efficacy

of nutrient supplementation in modulating

the age-related immune dysregulation.”

- D Wu, et al. (#605)

get for control of the skin's immune response?. 2008. Exp Dermatol

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593. Smolders J, Damoiseaux J, Menheere P, Hupperts R.

Vitamin D as an immune modulator in multiple sclerosis, a

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594. Stephen AI, Avenell A. A systematic review of multivitamin

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595. Taylor AL, Hale J, Wiltschut J, Lehmann H, Dunstan JA,

Prescott SL. Effects of probiotic supplementation for the first 6

months of life on allergen? and vaccine?specific immune responses.

2006. Clin Exp Allergy 36(10):1227?35.

596. van Etten E, Stoffels K, Gysemans C, Mathieu C, Overbergh

L. Regulation of vitamin D homeostasis: implications for

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597. Villamor E, Fawzi WW. Effects of vitamin a supplementation

on immune responses and correlation with clinical

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598. Walker VP, Modlin RL. The Vitamin D Connection to

Pediatric Infections and Immune Function. 2009. Pediatr Res

65(5 Pt 2):106R?13R.

599. Wang TT, Dabbas B, Laperriere D, Bitton AJ, Soualhine

H, Tavera?Mendoza LE, Dionne S, Servant MJ, Bitton A, Seidman EG, Mader S, Behr MA, White JH. Direct and indirect

induction by 1,25?dihydroxyvitamin D3 of the NOD2/CARD15?defensin beta2 innate immune pathway defective

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600. Webb AL, Villamor E. Update: effects of antioxidant and non?antioxidant vitamin supplementation on immune

function. 2007. Nutr Rev 65(5):181?217.

601. White JH. Vitamin D signaling, infectious diseases, and regulation of innate immunity. 2008. Infect Immun

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602. Winkler P, de Vrese M, Laue Ch, Schrezenmeir J. Effect of a dietary supplement containing probiotic bacteria

plus vitamins and minerals on common cold infections and cellular immune parameters. 2005. Int J Clin Pharmacol

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603. Wintergerst ES, Maggini S, Hornig DH. Contribution of selected vitamins and trace elements to immune

function. 2007. Ann Nutr Metab 51(4):301?23.

604. Wintergerst ES, Maggini S, Hornig DH. Immune?enhancing role of vitamin C and zinc and effect on clinical

conditions. 2006. Ann Nutr Metab 50(2):85?94.

605. Wu D, Meydani SN. Age?associated changes in immune and inflammatory responses: impact of vitamin E

intervention. 2008. J Leukoc Biol 84:900?14.

606. Yamshchikov AV, Desai NS, Blumberg Hm, Ziegler

TR, Tangpricha V. Vitamin D for treatment and prevention

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“In our study, patients who received zinc

and selenium had a better antibody response

after influenza vaccine, and the

percentage of patients without respiratory

tract infections was higher in the T

[trace elements: zinc, selenium] and VT

[vitamin and trace elements: zinc, selenium,

ascorbic acid, beta carotene, alpha-

tocopherol] groups. Our results suggest

a beneficial effect of these nutrients

on the immunity of elderly persons by

improving their resistance to infections.

Larger trials will be required to confirm

our findings, which may have considerable

impact on the health of the institutionalized

elderly.”

- F Girodon, et al. (#540)

“The results of this study substantiate the

hypothesis that nutritional status is an important

determinant of immunocompetence

in old age and that an optimum

intake of micronutrients is needed for enhanced

immune responses in elderly subjects.

Such an intervention led to a striking

reduction in illness, a finding that is of

considerable clinical and public-health

importance.”

- RK Chandra (#520)

Vision saine

607. Age?Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. Une

randomized, placebo?controlled, clinical trial of high?dose

supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and

zinc for age?related macular degeneration and vision loss. 2001.

Arch Ophthalmol 119:1417?36.

608. Age?related Eye Disease Study Research Group. A randomized,

placebo?controlled, clinical trial of high?dose supplementation

with vitamins C and E and beta carotene for agerelated

cataract and vision loss. 2001. Arch Ophthalmol

119:1439?52.

609. Age?Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. La

Relationship of Dietary Carotenoid and Vitamin A, E, and C

Intake With Age?Related Macular Degeneration in a Case?

Control Study: AREDS Report No. 22. 2007. Arch Ophthalmol

125(9):1225?32.

610. AREDS Research Group. A randomized, placebocontrolled,

clinical trial of high?dose supplementation with

vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age?related macular

degeneration and vision loss. 2001. Arch Ophthamol 119:1417?36.

611. AREDS Research Group. A randomized, placebo?controlled, clinical trial of high?dose supplementation

with vitamins C and E and beta carotene for age?related cataract and vision loss. 2001. Arch Ophthamol 119:1439?52.

612. Berendschot TTJM, Goldbohm RA, Klopping WAA, van de Kraats J, van Norel J, van Norren D. Influence of

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613. Bernstein PS, Zhao DY, Wintch SW, Ermakov IV, McClane RW, Gellermann W. Resonance Raman measurement

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109(10):1780?1787.

614. Berson EL, Rosner B, Sandberg MA, Weigel?DiFranco C, Brockhurst RJ, Hayes KC, Johnson EJ, Anderson EJ,

Johnson CA, Gaudio AR, Willett WC, Schaefer EJ. Clinical trial of lutein in patients with retinitis pigmentosa receiving

vitamin A. 2010. Arch Ophthalmol 128(4):403?11.

615. Birch EE, Carlson SE, Hoffman DR, Fitzgerald?Gustafson KM, Fu VLN, Drover JR, Castañeda YS, Minns L,

Wheaton DKH, Mundy D, Marunycz J, Diersen?Schade DA. The DIAMOND (DHA Intake And Measurement Of

Neural Development) Study: a double?masked, randomized controlled clinical trial of the maturation of infant visual

acuity as a function of the dietary level of docosahexaenoic acid. 2010. AJCN 91(4):848?59.

616. Bone RA, Landrum JT. Distribution of macular pigment

components, zeaxanthin and lutein, in human retina.

1992. Methods in Enzymology 213:360?6.

617. Bone RA, Landrum JT, Mayne ST, Gomez CM, Tibor

SE, Twaroska EE. Macular pigment in donor eyes with and

without AMD: a case control study. 2001. Investigative Ophthalmology

and Visual Science 42(1):135?240.

618. Brown L, Rimm EB, Seddon JM, Giovannucci EL, Chasan?

Taber L, Spiegelman D, Willett WC, Hankinson SE. Une

prospective study of carotenoid intake and risk of cataract extraction

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619. Bursell SE, Clermont AC, Aiello LP, Aiello LM,

Schlossman DK, Feener EP, Laffel L, King GL. High?dose vitamin

E supplementation normalizes retinal blood flow and

“We found that high dietary intake of vitamin

E and zinc was associated with a

lower risk of incident AMD [age-related

macular degeneration]. An abovemedian

intake of the combination of vitamins

C and E, beta carotene, and zinc

was associated with a 35% lower risk of

incident AMD.”

- R van Leeuwen, et al. (#673)

“A daily dose of 10 mg lutein supplementation

induced an increase in mean

plasma lutein by a factor of 5 and a linear

4-week increase in relative MP

[macular pigment] density of 4% to 5%.

To our knowledge, this is the first study in

which the effects of intake of lutein have

been assessed with objective measurement

techniques. In particular, the SLObased

technique provided very reliable

results. With this technique all subjects

showed a significant increase in MP density.”

- TTJM Berendschot, et al. (#612)

creatinine clearance in patients with type 1 diabetes. 1999. Diabète

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620. Carpentier S, Knaus M, Suh M. Associations between

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621. Chasan?Taber L, Willett WC, Seddon JM, Stampfer MJ,

Rosner B, Colditz GA, Speizer FE, Hankinson SE. A prospective

study of carotenoid and vitamin A intakes and risk of cataract

extraction in US women. 1999. Am J Clin Nutr 70:509?16.

622. Chasan?Taber L, Willett WC, Seddon JM, Stampfer MJ,

Rosner B, Colditz GA, Hankinson SE. A prospective study of

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intake and the risk of age?related macular degeneration. 2001.

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624. Chong EWT, Wong TY, Kreis AJ, Simpson JA, Guymer

RH. Dietary antioxidants and primary prevention of age related

macular degeneration: systematic review and meta?analysis.

2007. BMJ 335(7623):755.

625. Christen WG, Ajani UA, Glynn RJ, Manson JE,

Schaumberg DA, Chew EC, Buring JE, Hennekens CH. Éventuel

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the risk of age?related maculopathy. 1999. Am J Epidemiol

149(5):476?84.

626. Chylack LT Jr, Brown NP, Bron A, Hurst M, Kopcke W, Thien U, Schalch W. The Roche European American

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mixture to slow progression of age?related cataract. 2002. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 9(1):49?80.

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630. Flood V, Smith W, Wang JJ, Manzi F, Webb K, Mitchell

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maculopathy: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. 2002. Ophtalmologie

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631. Hammond R Jr, Johnson EZ, Russell RM, Krinsky MI,

Yeum KJ, Edwards RM, Snodderly DM. Dietary modification of

human macular pigment density. 1997. Invest Ophthalmol Vis

Sci 38(9):1795?1801.

632. Hammond R Jr, Wooten BR, Snodderly DM. Densité

of the human crystalline lens is related to the macular pigment

carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin. 1997. Optom Vis Sci

74(7):499?504.

633. Hankinson SE, Stampfer MJ, Seddon JM, Colditz GA,

Rosner B, Speizer FE, Willett WC. Nutrient intake and cataract

extraction in women: a prospective study. 1992. BMJ

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“In this large prospective study, we observed

a modest inverse association between

intake of lutein and zeaxanthin

and extraction of cataracts. Men in the

highest fifth of lutein and zeaxanthin intake

had a 19% lower risk of cataract

extraction compared with those in the

lowest fifth of intake. There was no significant

association between intake of vitamin

A or other carotenoids and risk of

cataract in multivariate analyses. Increased

consumption of some foods

high in lutein, including broccoli and spinach,

was associated with a lower risk of

cataract extraction. The finding that increased

intake of other fruit and vegetables

was not associated with a decreased

risk suggests that the relation

may be specifically due to lutein and

zeaxanthin and not simply to a healthy

lifestyle.”

-L Brown, et al. (#618)

“In summary, data from the present short

term prospective study are consistent

with potentially protective influences of

vitamins E and C and lutein on the development

of cataract in the lens nucleus.

However, strong inverse relations for

intake of these nutrients were not observed.

Data from longer term prospective

studies and from clinical trials currently

under way will be useful in further evaluating

these associations.”

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634. Hawkins WR. Zinc supplementation for macular degeneration.

1991. Arch Ophthalmol 109:1345.

635. Jacques PF, Taylor A, Moeller S, Hankinson SE, Rogers

G, Tung W, Ludovico J, Willett WC, Chylack LT Jr. Long?term

nutrient intake and 5?year change in nuclear lens opacities. 2005.

Arch Ophthalmol 123(4):517?26.

636. Jacques PF, Chylack LT Jr, Hankinson SE, Khu PM, Rogers

G, Friend J, Tung W, Wolfe JK, Padhye N. Willett WC, Taylor

A. Long?term nutrient intake and early age?related nuclear lens

opacities. 2001. Arch Ophthalmol 119(7):1009?19.

637. Jacques PF, Taylor A, Hankinson SE, Willett WC,

Mahnken B, Lee Y, Vaid K, Lahav M. Long?term vitamin C supplement

use and prevalence of early age?related lens opacities.

1997. Am J Clin Nutr 66(4):911?6.

638. Jampol LM. Antioxidants, zinc and age?related macular

degeneration results and recommendations. 2001. Arch Ophthalmol

119(10):1533?4.

639. Jampol LM, Ferris FL III. Antioxidants and zinc to prevent

progression of age related macular degeneration. 2001. JAMA

286(19):2466?8.

640. Johnson J, Hammond BR, Yeum K, Qin J, Wang XD,

Castaneda C, Snodderly DM, Russell RM. Relation among serum

and tissue concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin and

macular pigment density. 2000. Am J Clin Nutr 71(6):1555?62.

641. Koh HH, Murray IJ, Nolan D, Carden D, Feather J, Beatty S. Plasma and macular responses to lutein supplement

in subjects with and without age?related maculopathy: a pilot study. 2004. Exp Eye Res 79(1):21?7.

642. Kowluru RA, Tang J, Kern TS. Abnormalities of retinal metabolism in diabetes and experimental galactosemia.

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643. Krishnadev N, Meleth AD, Chew EY. Nutritional supplements for age?related macular degeneration. 2010.

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40.

646. Landrum JT, Bone RA, Joa H, Kilburn MD, Moore LL,

Sprague KE. A one year study of the macular pigment: the effect

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647. Laplaud PM, Lelubre A, Chapman MJ. Antioxidant action

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105(5):831?6.

650. Leske MC, Wu SY, Connell AM, Hyman L, Schachat AP.

Lens opacities, demographic factors and nutritional supplements

in the Barbados Eye Study. 1997. Int J Epidemiol

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“In summary, a multivitamin-multimineral

supplement with a combination of vitamin

C, vitamin E, ?-carotene, and zinc

(with cupric oxide) is recommended for

AMD but not cataract. Observational

studies for cataract provide only weak

support for multivitamins or other vitamin

supplements. The results of observational

studies suggest that a healthy lifestyle

with a diet containing foods rich in antioxidants,

especially lutein and zeaxanthin,

and n–3 fatty acids appears beneficial

for AMD and possibly cataract.”

-JM Seddon (#664)

“The results of our LAST [Lutein Antioxidant

Supplementation Trial] study support

the results of our pilot spinach data

that lutein may be useful in the nutritional

intervention of atrophic ARMD [agerelated

macular degeneration] in midwestern

male subjects. In LAST, lutein enhanced

macular pigment and visual

function with AREDS stages II, III, and IV.

Thus lutein supplementation may be

beneficial at all stages of ARMD. Further

studies with more patients of both

genders are needed to determine the

long-term effect of lutein alone or lutein

together with a broad spectrum of antioxidants,

vitamins, and minerals on patients

with atrophic age-related macular

degeneration.”

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651. Lyle BJ, Mares?Perlman JA, Klein BE, Klein R, Greger JL.

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69(2):272?7.

653. Mares?Perlman JA, Brady WE, Klein R, Klein BE, Bowen

P, Stacewicz?Sapuntzakis M, Palta M. Serum antioxidants

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WE, VandenLangenberg GM, Trabulsi JN, Palta M. Vitamin

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study. 2000. Arch Ophthalmol 118(11):1556?63.

656. McNeil JJ, Robman L, Tikellis G, Sinclair MI, McCarty

CA, Taylor HR. Vitamin E supplementation and cataract: randomized

controlled trial. 2004. Ophthalmology 111(1):75?84.

657. Moeller SM, Parekh N, Tinker L, Ritenbaugh C, Blodi B,

Wallace RB, Mares JA. Associations between intermediate agerelated

macular degeneration and lutein and zeaxanthin in the

Carotenoids in Age?related Eye Disease Study (CAREDS): ancillary

study of the Women's Health Initiative. 2006. Arch Ophthalmol

124(8):1151?62.

658. Moeller SM, Voland R, Tinker L, Blodi BA, Klein ML, Gehrs KM, Johnson EJ, Snodderly DM, Wallace RB,

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and Zeaxanthin in the Diet and Serum in the Carotenoids in the Age?Related Eye Disease Study (CAREDS), an Ancillary

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660. Parekh N, Chappell RJ, Millen AE, Albert DM, Mares

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“In summary, the results of the present

study provide added support for a relation

between nutrient intake and nuclear

opacification. Our observation that

vitamin E intake is associated with a reduction

in nuclear opacification is consistent

with other longitudinal studies,

strengthening the hypothesized role for

this specific nutrient in nuclear cataract

formation, and the associations with riboflavin,

thiamin, and niacin should

serve to focus added effort on examining

the role of these nutrients in the development

of nuclear cataract.”

- PF Jacques, et al. (#635)

“In this large prospective study, those

with the highest intake of lutein and

zeaxanthin had a 22% lower risk of cataract

extraction than did those in the

lowest quintile of intake (RR: 0.78; 95%

CI:0.63, 0.95; P for trend = 0.04) after

age, smoking, and other potential cataract

risk factors were controlled for. Autre

specific carotenoids (a-carotene, bcarotene,

lycopene, and bcryptoxanthin),

vitamin A, and retinol

were not associated with cataract in

multivariate analysis. Increasing frequency

of intake of spinach and kale,

foods rich in lutein, was associated with

a moderate decrease in risk. The observation

that other fruit and vegetables

were not associated with decreased risk

suggests that the relation may be due to

lutein, a specific carotenoid predominantly

found in spinach and kale, and

not to a healthy lifestyle per se.”

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665. Seddon JM, Christen WG, Manson JE, LaMotte FS,

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666. Smith W, Mitchell P, Webb K, Leeder SR. Dietary antioxidant

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Study. 1999. Ophthalmology 106(4):761?7.

667. Sperduto RD, Hu TS, Milton RC, Zhao JL, Everett DF,

Cheng QF, Blot WJ, Bing L, Taylor PR, Li JY, et al. The Linxian

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668. Stur M, Tittl M, Reitner A, Meisinger V. Oral zinc and

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669. Taylor A, Jacques PF, Chylack LT Jr, Hankinson SE, Khu

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670. Taylor HR, Tikellis G, Robman LD, McCarty CA, McNeil JJ. Vitamin E supplementation and macular degeneration:

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671. Teikari JM, Virtamo J, Rautalahti M, Palmgren J, Liesto K, Heinonen OP. Long?term supplementation with

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“In the overall sample we observed no

associations between antioxidant nutrient

intake and either cortical or PSC

[posterior subcapsular] opacities, but we

noted significant and provocative associations

in selected subgroups. The inverse

association observed in the

present study between vitamin C intake

and the prevalence of cortical opacities

in women aged <60 y and the fact that

significantly decreased odds of cortical

opacities were found only with a duration

of vitamin C supplement use >=10 y

provide added support for a protective

role for vitamin C against the formation

of lens opacities. We also found that for

PSC opacities there were decreased

odds for nonsmokers with higher intakes

of carotenoids.”

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