पूरक पोषाहार के स्वास्थ्य लाभ

पिछले 20 वर्षों से चयनित पाठ (1990 2010)

USANA अनुसंधान एवं विकास द्वारा संकलित

USANA स्वास्थ्य विज्ञान

3838 पश्चिम पार्कवे Blvd.

साल्ट लेक सिटी, केन्द्र शासित प्रदेशों के 84,120

अद्यतन: अक्टूबर 2010

प्राक्कथन

मानव स्वास्थ्य के लिए पोषण का महत्व लंबे समय से मान्यता प्राप्त किया गया है. 1960 से पहले,

एटियलजि और तीव्र पोषक तत्वों की रोकथाम पर मुख्य रूप से ध्यान केंद्रित इस क्षेत्र में ब्याज

कमी रोगों, जैसे स्कर्वी, रिकेट्स, और पॅलाग्रा. कुछ 50 आवश्यक पोषक तत्वों (विटामिन,

खनिज, एंटीऑक्सिडेंट, cofactors, आवश्यक अमीनो एसिड, आवश्यक फैटी एसिड)

पहचान की गई, और उन आवश्यक पोषक तत्वों के लिए सिफारिश की दैनिक सेवन विकसित किए गए.

इन सिफारिशों, बारी में, तीव्र पोषक तत्वों की कमी के उन्मूलन में मूल्यवान साबित

रोगों.

पिछले 20 वर्षों के दौरान, ध्यान रोगजनन में आहार और पोषण की भूमिका करने के लिए स्थानांतरित कर दिया गया है

पुरानी अपक्षयी रोगों की. हृदय रोग, कुछ तरह के कैंसर, ऑस्टियोपोरोसिस,

प्रकार द्वितीय मधुमेह, और धब्बेदार अध: पतन में अच्छी तरह से कर रहे हैं आहार के साथ ज्ञात रोगों के उदाहरण?

जोखिम कारक है, और अनुसंधान वर्तमान में बहुत अधिक पोषक? रोग बातचीत पर चल रहा है.

दुर्भाग्य से, इन संगठनों अध्ययन करने के लिए मुश्किल हैं, भाग में, क्योंकि का

शामिल timeframes. पुरानी अपक्षयी रोगों दशकों (या जन्मों) में विकसित,

और अनुसंधान का संचालन करने के लिए यह बहुत मुश्किल है

कई से अधिक फैले कार्यक्रम

लंबाई में साल. फिर भी अग्रिम,

महामारी विज्ञान और नैदानिक अनुसंधान में

खुला सूचना का एक बड़ा सौदा है

आहार और पोषक तत्व सेवन के प्रभाव के बारे में

लंबे समय पर शब्द? स्वास्थ्य.

पिछले दशक के दौरान विज्ञान और स्वास्थ्य

शोधकर्ताओं ने बढ़ती ध्यान दिया है

पोषण की खुराक की भूमिका

संभव आहार घटकों के साथ के रूप में

रोकने और इलाज क्रोनिक में भूमिका

रोग. वैज्ञानिक अध्ययन के सैकड़ों है

आयोजित किया गया और प्रकाशित, प्रत्येक फैले

संभावित स्वास्थ्य मुद्दों की एक व्यापक रेंज.

इन अध्ययनों से एक व्यापक कार्यरत है

तरीके की विविधता है और वे

"हम अनुशंसा करते हैं कि सभी वयस्कों ले

एक मल्टीविटामिन दैनिक. इस अभ्यास है

मुख्य रूप से जाना जाता है और संदिग्ध उचित

पूरक फोलेट का लाभ

और विटामिन बी 12, बी -6, और विकास में

हृदय रोग को रोकने,

, कैंसर और हड्डियों की कमजोरी ...

हम multivitamins की सलाह देते हैं बल्कि,

अलग - अलग विटामिन से क्योंकि, multivitamins

सरल कर रहे हैं करने के लिए ले और

व्यक्ति विटामिन की तुलना में सस्ता

अलग से लिया है और क्योंकि एक बड़े

जनसंख्या के अनुपात की जरूरत है

एक से अधिक विटामिन की आपूर्ति करता है. "

फ्लेचर आरएच, फेयरफील्ड के.एम.. पुरानी के लिए विटामिन

वयस्कों में रोग की रोकथाम: नैदानिक अनुप्रयोगों.

2002. जामा 287:3127-9.

दोनों सकारात्मक और नकारात्मक परिणामों का उत्पादन किया. कुछ क्षेत्रों में जैसे कैल्शियम की भूमिका के रूप में

ऑस्टियोपोरोसिस की प्रगति को धीमा करने में और विटामिन डी की खुराक, या फोलिक का भूमिका

कुछ जन्म दोष को रोकने में एसिड की खुराक परिणाम काफी हद तक लगातार किया गया है,

और इन पोषक तत्वों को आधुनिक स्वास्थ्य देखभाल प्रथाओं का एक स्वीकृत हिस्सा बन गए हैं.

अन्य क्षेत्रों में, (जैसे हृदय रोग को रोकने में एंटीऑक्सीडेंट पूरकता की भूमिका)

परिणाम कम लगातार चल रही है, और फर्म निष्कर्ष विवादास्पद रहते हैं.

निम्नलिखित सहकर्मी की एक गणनासूचक ग्रंथ सूची की समीक्षा संभव जांच अनुसंधान है?

पोषक तत्वों की खुराक और कार्यात्मक खाद्य पदार्थों के स्वास्थ्य लाभ. यह सूची संपूर्ण नहीं है.

पत्रों वैज्ञानिक योग्यता और प्रासंगिकता के आधार पर चुना गया है

क्षेत्र की परवाह किए बिना कि क्या सकारात्मक या नकारात्मक परिणाम प्राप्त किया गया. हमारा उद्देश्य में

इस सूची संकलन करने के लिए एक अच्छा पार के साथ पाठकों को उपलब्ध कराने के हाल ही में वैज्ञानिक साहित्य के खंड है?

पोषण की वर्तमान स्थिति का एक बेहतर समझ के लिए योगदान की उम्मीद के साथ

अनुसंधान.

सुविधा के लिए, स्वास्थ्य के मुद्दे के संदर्भ द्वारा हल किया गया है:

• कार्डियोवास्कुलर स्वास्थ्य

• कैंसर

• हड्डी और संयुक्त स्वास्थ्य

• स्वस्थ गर्भधारण और स्वस्थ शिशुओं

• प्रतिरक्षा समारोह

• स्वस्थ विजन

अन्य •

इन बयानों के खाद्य एवं औषधि प्रशासन द्वारा मूल्यांकन नहीं किया गया. नहीं USANA उत्पाद का इरादा है

निदान, उपचार, इलाज, या किसी भी बीमारी को रोकने.

"जैसा कि तालिका 1, 900 में संकेत

लक्ष्य EPA / DHA के लिए मिलीग्राम / दिन की आवश्यकता होती है सकते हैं

मछली / निर्भर करता सप्ताह के 3-21 सर्विंग्स

पर / स्रोत के प्रकार को चुना.

नतीजतन, एक उच्च गुणवत्ता मछली के तेल

पूरक / ध्यान केंद्रित करने और कार्यात्मक

खाद्य पदार्थ EPA / DHA में समृद्ध

बढ़ाने के लिए महत्वपूर्ण वाहनों बन जाते हैं

की वर्तमान कम सेवन

/ EPA के DHA "...

डीजे Holub, एट अल. (# 65)

"Mg2 + [] मैग्नीशियम की कमी या

Mg2 के आहार का सेवन में कमी +

एटियलजि में एक महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाता है

मधुमेह और कई हृदय की

घनास्त्रता सहित रोगों,

atherosclerosis, हृदय रोग,

रोधगलन, उच्च रक्तचाप,

arrhythmias और congestive दिल की विफलता

मानव में. Mg2 पूरकता +

के बारे में एक महत्वपूर्ण कमी ला सकता है

रक्तचाप और के एक स्थिरीकरण में

कार्डियक arrhythmias और तीव्र myocardial

रोधगलन. "

एस चक्रवर्ती, एट अल. (# 22)

कार्डियोवास्कुलर स्वास्थ्य

1. अभय एम, Nestel पी.जे., Baghurst पीए. एंटीऑक्सीडेंट विटामिन

और कम घनत्व लेपोप्रोटीन ऑक्सीकरण. 1993. हूँ जे क्लीन Nutr

58 (4): 525 32?.

2. Adank सी, ग्रीन टी जे, Skeaff मुख्यमंत्री, briars बी वीक्ली highdose

फोलिक एसिड अनुपूरण सीरम को कम करने में प्रभावी है

महिलाओं में homocysteine सांद्रता. 2003. एन Nutr Metab

47 (2): 55 9?.

3. Allender पुनश्च, कटलर जावेद, Follmann विकास, Cappuccio एफपी, Pryer

जम्मू, इलियट पी. आहार कैल्शियम और रक्तचाप: एक मेटा का विश्लेषण?

यादृच्छिक चिकित्सीय परीक्षण. 1996. एन नजरबंद मेड 124 (9): 825 31?.

4. अग्रवाल एस, ए वी राव. टमाटर लाइकोपीन और कम घनत्व लेपोप्रोटीन

ऑक्सीकरण: एक मानव आहार हस्तक्षेप अध्ययन. 1998.

33 (10) के lipids: 981 4.

5. Aminbakhsh ए, Mancini जे जीर्ण एंटीऑक्सीडेंट का उपयोग करें और

endothelial रोग में परिवर्तन: नैदानिक जांच की समीक्षा.

1999. Cardiol जम्मू 15 (8): 895 903.

6. एंडरसन JW, Allgood LD, में लॉरेंस एक, Altringer ला, Jerdack जीआर, Hengehold डीए, खाने की गुच्छी JG. Cholesterollowering

psyllium का सेवन जोड़ने वाले के और hypercholesterolemia साथ पुरुषों और महिलाओं में आहार चिकित्सा प्रभाव: metaanalysis के

8 नियंत्रित परीक्षण की. 2000. हूँ जम्मू Clin Nutr 71 (2): 472 9.

7. एंडरसन JW, डेविडसन महाराष्ट्र, गोरा एल ब्राउन WV, हावर्ड WJ, गिन्सबर्ग एच, Allgood LD, Weingand किलोवाट.

लंबी अवधि के कोलेस्ट्रॉल? Hypercholesterolemia की उपचार में आहार चिकित्सा के लिए एक सहायक के रूप में psyllium के प्रभाव को कम.

2000. हूँ जम्मू Clin Nutr 71 (6): 1433 8?.

8. Ascherio ए, Rimm EB, Hernan एमए, गियोवान्नुकी ई, कावाची मैं, Stampfer एम.जे., Willett WC के. उपभोग का रिश्ता

विटामिन ई, विटामिन सी और carotenoids संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका में लोगों के बीच स्ट्रोक के लिए जोखिम के लिए. 1999. एन

प्रशिक्षु मेड (12) 130: 70 963?.

9. बाओ बी, प्रसाद के रूप में, बेक परिवार कल्याण, फिजराल्ड़ संयुक्त, Snell डी, बाओ गिनीकृमि सिंह टी, Cardozo एल.जे.. जिंक सी घट जाती है प्रतिक्रियाशील?

बुजुर्ग विषयों में प्रोटीन, लिपिड peroxidation, और भड़काऊ साइटोकिन्स: एक के रूप में एक जस्ता के संभावित निहितार्थ

atheroprotective एजेंट. 2010. 91:1634 AJCN 41?.

10. Baur जावेद, सिंक्लेयर डीए. Resveratrol के चिकित्सीय क्षमता vivo साक्ष्य के रूप में. 2006. नेट रेव औषधि discov

5 (6): 493 506.

11. बेल्लामी एमएफ, मैकडोवेल अगर, रैमसे मेगावाट, Brownlee एम,

Newcombe आरजी, लुईस एम.जे.. मौखिक फोलेट endothelial समारोह को बढ़ाती है

hyperhomocysteinaemic विषयों में. 1999. निम्न जम्मू क्लीन निवेश

29:659? 62.

12. बर्मन एम, एक Erman, बेन लड़की टी?, Dvir डी, Georghiou जीपी,

एक stamler, Vered वाई, Vidne बीए, Aravot रोगियों में डी. Coenzyme Q10

अंत के साथ मंच दिल हृदय प्रत्यारोपण का इंतजार कर विफलता?

एक यादृच्छिक, placebo नियंत्रित अध्ययन. 2004. क्लीन Cardiol

27 (5): 295 9?.

13. में बोअज एम, एस Smetana, Weinstein टी, Matas जेड, Gafter यू, Iaina

Knecht एक, Weissgarten वाई, Brunner डी, Fainaru एम, ग्रीन एमएस.

एंटीऑक्सीडेंट के साथ हृदय रोग के माध्यमिक निवारण

endstage गुर्दे (अंतरिक्ष) रोग में: placebocontrolled यादृच्छिक

परीक्षण. 2000. नुकीला (9237) 356: 1213 8?.

14. एक bronstrup, Hages एम Prinz Langenohl? आर, Pietrzik के.एच.

फोलिक एसिड और फोलिक एसिड और विटामिन बी के संयोजन के प्रभाव?

12 में स्वस्थ, युवा प्लाज्मा homocysteine सांद्रता पर

महिलाओं. 1998. 68 AJCN (5): 1104 10?.

विटामिन सी, कैरोटीन, विटामिन ई,

एंटीऑक्सीडेंट की तीन मुख्य आहार स्रोतों,

प्रत्येक प्रभावित लिपिड peroxidation

और मेदार्बुदजनन और कम कर सकते हैं

कोरोनरी हृदय रोग के खतरे को कम

(सीएचडी). "

EB Rimm, एट अल. (121 #)

"यह बड़े भावी अध्ययन में

महिलाओं, हम एक मामूली उलटा मनाया

विटामिन के सेवन के बीच सहयोग

सी और सीएचडी [कोरोनरी की घटना

दिल] रोग. उच्चतम में महिला

विटामिन सी का सेवन पंचमक (360?

मिलीग्राम / दिन) आहार की आपूर्ति करता है और से

nonfatal एमआई के एक 27% कम जोखिम था

महिलाओं की तुलना में सबसे कम घातक सीएचडी

सेवन की पंचमक (93 मिलीग्राम / दिन).

जोखिम में कमी करने के लिए सीमित किया जा दिखाई दिया

महिलाओं को जो विटामिन सी लिया

की खुराक. विटामिन सी के उपयोगकर्ताओं के बीच में

की आपूर्ति करता है, हम एक महत्वपूर्ण मनाया

Nonfatal एमआई का 28% कम जोखिम और

गैर उपयोगकर्ताओं के बीच की तुलना में घातक CHD. हालांकि

जोखिम काफी भिन्न नहीं था

पूरक आहार के उपयोग के अनुसार अवधि

की खुराक की खुराक, या कमी

जोखिम में कुछ हद तक मजबूत था

कम से कम 400 ले महिलाओं के लिए

मिलीग्राम / दिन. "

एसके Osganian, एट अल. (110 #)

15. Brouwer के आइए, के वैन Dusseldorp एम, थॉमस मुख्यमंत्री, डूरैन एम,

Hautvast JG, Eskes टी, Steegers Theunissen? आरपी. कम फोलिक खुराक

एसिड अनुपूरण प्लाज्मा homocysteine एकाग्रता कम हो जाती है:

एक यादृच्छिक परीक्षण. 1999. हूँ जे क्लीन Nutr (1) 69: 99 104?.

16. Brouwer आइए, वैन Rooij आइए, वैन Dusseldorp एम, थॉमस मुख्यमंत्री,

में HJ Blom, Hautvast JG, Eskes TK, Steegers Theunissen? आरपी. Homocysteine?

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250 / microg दिन बनाम. 2000. एन Nutr 44 Metab (5 6?): 194 7?.

17. ब्राउन ए.ए., हू अमेरिकन प्लान. Endothelial की आहार मॉडुलन

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18. ब्राउन बीजी, झाओ XQ, Chait, फिशर LD, Cheung एम सी,

मोर्स जे एस, बेस्वाद ए.ए., मारिनो ई.के., Bolson ईएल, Alaupovic पी, Frohlich,,

जम्मू, Albers जे जे. Simvastatin और नियासिन, एंटीऑक्सीडेंट विटामिन या

हृदय रोग की रोकथाम के लिए संयोजन. 2001. एन इंग्ल जे

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19. ब्राउन एल, Rosner बी, Willett WW, एफएम बोरियों. Cholesterollowering

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आर, हंट डीएल. कैल्शियम अनुपूरण के आहार पर प्रभाव

रक्तचाप. एक मेटा बेतरतीब नियंत्रित परीक्षण का विश्लेषण.

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22. चक्रवर्ती एस, टी, मंडल, एम मंडल, दास, एस घोष एस चक्रवर्ती हृदय में मैग्नीशियम की सुरक्षा भूमिका

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23. मंडलों जे.सी., McGregor एक जीन मैरी? जम्मू, Obeid OA, कूनेर जे एस. तेजी से शुरू होने संवहनी के प्रदर्शन endothelial

hyperhomocysteinemia के बाद शिथिलता: एक विटामिन सी चिकित्सा के साथ पलटवाँ प्रभाव. 1999. परिसंचरण

99:1156? 60.

24. चेंग, Massaro जेएम, फॉक्स सीएस, लार्सन एमजी, Keyes एम.जे., McCabe ईएल, रोबिन्स एसजे, O'Donnell मुख्य न्यायाधीश, Hoffmann यू,

जैक्स पीएफ, बूथ, SL वासन रुपये, वुल्फ एम, वैंग टी जे. Adiposity, cardiometabolic जोखिम है, और विटामिन डी की स्थिति: फ्रामिंघम

हार्ट अध्ययन. 2010. 59 मधुमेह (1): 242 8?.

25. Cheung एम सी, झाओ XQ, Chait एक, एल्बर्स जे जे ब्राउन बीजी. एंटीऑक्सीडेंट की खुराक एचडीएल की प्रतिक्रिया ब्लॉक

कोरोनरी धमनी की बीमारी और कम एचडीएल के साथ रोगियों में simvastatin नियासिन चिकित्सा?. 2001. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc

बॉय 21:1320 6?.

26. प्राथमिक रोकथाम परियोजना (पीपीपी) के सहयोगी समूह. कम खुराक एस्पिरिन और लोगों में विटामिन ई पर

हृदय जोखिम: सामान्य व्यवहार में एक यादृच्छिक परीक्षण. 2001. 357 नुकीला (9250): 89 95?.

27. हमें धक्का देकर. N स्वास्थ्य और रोग में 3 फैटी एसिड का महत्व. 2000. हूँ जे क्लीन Nutr 71 है (suppl): 171S 5S?.

28. जम्मू constans, Blann ई., Resplandy एफ, तोता एफ, Renard एम,

सामन्त एम, Guerin वी, BoisseauM के Conri सी. तीन महीने पूरकता

फोलिक एसिड के साथ hyperhomocysteinaemic रोगियों की

और विटामिन बी -6 endothelial रोग के जैविक मार्करों में सुधार.

1999. Br Haematol जम्मू 107:776 8?.

29. क्योंकि पी De Bruyne टी, Hermans एन, Apers एस, Berghe DV,

Vlietinck ए जे. स्वास्थ्य देखभाल के क्षेत्र में proanthocyanidins: वर्तमान और नए

रुझान. 2004. Curr मेड रसायन (10) 11: 1345 59?.

30. कुई, अनुसंधान आईएसओ एच, तिथि सी, Kikuchi एस, Tamakoshi ए, जापान

सहयोगात्मक पलटन अध्ययन समूह. आहार फोलेट और विटामिन बी -6

और बी 12 की मृत्यु के संबंध में हृदय रोगों से सेवन

? जापान सहयोगात्मक पलटन अध्ययन. 2010. स्ट्रोक 41:1285 9.

"कुल मिलाकर, कम DHA पूरकता

मेदार्बुदजनक की सांद्रता

लिपिड और प्रोटीन और बढ़

, cardioprotective की सांद्रता

लिपो प्रोटीन. "

डी एस केली, एट अल. (# 75)

"NHEFS निष्कर्षों के साथ संगत कर रहे हैं

परिकल्पना है कि एंटीऑक्सिडेंट का उच्च स्तर

विटामिन (विटामिन सी, ई,

और एक) शरीर की रक्षा में वृद्धि

मुक्त कण के खिलाफ प्रणाली और कम

धमनीकाठिन्य के जोखिम. इसके अलावा,

NHEFS निष्कर्ष प्रशंसनीय हैं

इस अर्थ में कि वे संगत कर रहे हैं

दौरान धर्मनिरपेक्ष रुझान के साथ

पिछले 20 वर्षों में बड़े बढ़ जाती

युक्त खुराक की खपत

विटामिन सी और बड़ी गिरावट में

उम्र से समायोजित मृत्यु दर (कुल हृदय,

रोग, और पेट

सामान्य जनसंख्या कि में) कैंसर

केवल आंशिक रूप से द्वारा स्थापित समझाया

जोखिम कारक हैं. "

जेई Enstrom, एट अल. (# 44)

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32. डेविडसन, महाराष्ट्र, माकी के.सी., काँग जे.सी., Dugan LD, Torri एसए,

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33. देवराज एस, Jialal मैं अल्फा tocopherol पूरकता कम हो जाती है

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लिपिड ऑक्सीकरण, इंटरल्यूकिन 1beta, और endothelium एककेंद्रकश्वेतकोशिका आसंजन. 1996. जम्मू क्लीन 98:756 निवेश 63?.

35. Dieber? Rotheneder एम, Puhl एच, Waeg के जी, Striegl, जी, मौखिक अनुपूरण के dalphatocopherol साथ एच. प्रभाव Esterbauer

मानव घनत्व लिपो प्रोटीन और ऑक्सीकरण प्रतिरोध करने के लिए विटामिन ई सामग्री पर. 1991. जम्मू लिपिड

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मधुमेह. 2000. हूँ जे क्लीन Nutr 72 (5): 1142 9.

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“In mammals, there is growing evidence

that resveratrol can prevent or

delay the onset of cancer, heart disease,

ischaemic and chemically induced

injuries, diabetes, pathological

inflammation and viral infection.”

-JA Baur, et al. (#10)

“It appears that coenzyme Q10 may

be of benefit in a variety of clinical situations.

It may have a role in the prevention

of cardiovascular disease because

of its role in preventing LDL oxidation,

though this role requires further research.

It appears that this substance is

deficient in many patients with a variety

of cardiovascular disorders, and that

some of them—particularly those with

coronary artery disease, heart failure,

and cardiomyopathy—may benefit

from its ability to enhance the efficiency

of myocardial energy production.”

-B Sarter (#128)

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64. Holmquist सी, लार्सन एस, Wolk एक डे faire अमेरिकी मल्टीविटामिन

पूरक inversely दौरे के जोखिम के साथ जुड़े रहे हैं

स्टॉकहोम हार्ट जानपदिक रोग विज्ञान - पुरुषों और महिलाओं में रोधगलन

प्रोग्राम (भेड़). 2003. जम्मू Nutr 133 (8): 2650 4.

65. Holub डीजे, Holub बी.जे.. ओमेगा? मछली के तेल से 3 फैटी एसिड होता है

और हृदय रोग. 2004. Mol सेल बायोकेम (1 2) 263: 217?

"हम इस अध्ययन में प्रदर्शन किया है कि

आहार linolenic एसिड की उच्च सेवन

एक कम प्रसार के साथ जुड़े थे

सीएसी के रूप में हृदय के द्वारा मापा

दोनों पुरुषों और महिलाओं में समायोजन के बाद, सीटी

एक कारकों, के लिए

फैशन खुराक - प्रतिक्रिया. इस संस्था

उम्र, शिक्षा की स्वतंत्र था,

आय, ऊर्जा खपत, n-6 के अनुपात

n -3 फैटी एसिड होता है, और मछली खपत. "

एल Djousse, एट अल. (# 36)

"पूरक CoQ10 की प्राकृतिक बदल

हृदय की बीमारियों का इतिहास

और रोकथाम के लिए की क्षमता है

निषेध के माध्यम से हृदय रोग

एलडीएल कोलेस्ट्रॉल ऑक्सीकरण की

और इष्टतम के रखरखाव द्वारा

सेलुलर और mitochondrial समारोह

समय के ravages और पूरे

आंतरिक और बाह्य तनाव ".

पीएच Langsjoen, एट अल. (# 82)

25.

66. Hornig बी, Arakawa N, Kohler सी, Drexler एच. विटामिन सी

के साथ रोगियों में नाली धमनियों की endothelial समारोह में सुधार

क्रोनिक दिल विफलता. 1998. 97:363 परिसंचरण 8?.

67. Horsch एस सी. वाल्थर जिन्कगो biloba विशेष निकालने EGB

761 परिधीय धमनी occlusive रोग के उपचार में

(PAOD)? एक randomized, नियंत्रित अध्ययन के आधार पर समीक्षा करें. 2004.

Int जम्मू क्लीन Pharmacol 42 वहाँ (2): 63 72?.

68. Iuliano एल, Mauriello एक, Sbarigia ई, Spagnoli एलजी, Violi एफ

Radiolabeled देशी कम रोगियों में इंजेक्शन? घनत्व लेपोप्रोटीन

साथ मन्या प्रकार का रोग atherosclerotic की मैक्रोफेज में जम जाता है

पट्टिका: विटामिन ई अनुपूरण के प्रभाव. 2000. Cir

101 (11): 54 १,२४९?.

69. एसके जैन, McVie आर, जे जे Jaramillo, पामर एम, स्मिथ टी, Meachum

ZD, छोटे आर एल. मामूली विटामिन ई अनुपूरण के प्रभाव

लिपिड peroxidation उत्पादों और अन्य मधुमेह के रोगियों में हृदय जोखिम कारकों पर. 1996. Lipids Suppl: S87?

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70. Jialal मैं, Grundy एस.एम.. अल्फा के साथ संयुक्त अनुपूरण के प्रभाव tocopherol, एस्कॉर्बेट, और betacarotene?

पर कम घनत्व लेपोप्रोटीन ऑक्सीकरण. 1993. 88 परिसंचरण (6): +२,७८० 6?.

71. Johansen हे, Seljflot मैं,, Arnesen एच. ओमेगा के साथ पूरकता के प्रभाव? पर 3 फैटी एसिड एटी Hostmark

कोरोनरी हृदय रोग के साथ रोगियों में endothelial समारोह के घुलनशील मार्करों. 1999. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc बॉय

19:1681? 6.

72. Katz डीएल, नवाज एच, Boukhalil जम्मू, Giannamore वी, डब्ल्यू चान, अहमदी, अनुसंधान Sarrel PM. जई और विटामिन की तीव्र प्रभाव

ई जाता वसा के लिए endothelial प्रतिक्रियाओं पर. 2001. हूँ जे पिछला 20 मेड (2): 124 9.

73. Kawano वाई, Matsuoka एच, Takishita एस, उच्च रक्तचाप से ग्रस्त मरीजों में मैग्नीशियम अनुपूरण के Omae टी. प्रभाव:

कार्यालय, घर, और चल रक्तचाप द्वारा मूल्यांकन. 1998. 32 (2) उच्च रक्तचाप: 260 5?.

74. में कीथ इ, वाल्श एनए, डार्लिंग पंजाब, Hanninen एसए, Thirugnanam एस, Leong पोई? एच, बर्र, एकल एम.जे.. ? विटामिन

दिल की विफलता के साथ अस्पताल में भर्ती रोगियों में कमी. 2009. जम्मू हूँ आहार Assoc 109 (8): 1406 10?.

75. केली डी एस, सीगल डी, Vemuri एम, Mackey. Docosahexaenoic एसिड अनुपूरण उपवास में सुधार और

भोजन के बाद hypertriglyceridemic पुरुषों में लिपिड प्रोफाइल. 2007. हूँ जे क्लीन Nutr 86:324? 33.

76. में केंड्रिक जम्मू, Targher जी, Smits जी, एम. Chonchol 25? Hydroxyvitamin डी की कमी स्वतंत्र रूप से जुड़ा हुआ है

तीसरे राष्ट्रीय स्वास्थ्य और पोषण परीक्षा सर्वेक्षण में हृदय रोग के साथ. 2009. Atherosclerosis

(1) 205 255 60?.

77. Klipstein कश्मीर Grobusch, Geleijnse जेएम, मांद Breeijen झा, बोइंग एच, Hofman एक, Grobbee डे, Witteman जे.सी.? पथ्य

एंटीऑक्सिडेंट और बुजुर्गों में myocardial infarction के जोखिम: रॉटरडैम अध्ययन. 1999. हूँ जे क्लीन Nutr

69 (2): 261 6?.

78. िईद्भस Etherton PM, हैरिस था, अपेल एल.जे., अमेरिकन हार्ट एसोसिएशन - पोषण समिति है? मछली की खपत,

मछली का तेल, ओमेगा 3 फैटी एसिड होता है, और हृदय रोग है. 2002. 106 परिसंचरण (21): 2747 57?.

79. Kritchevsky एस.बी., जी एस, Shimakawa टी, डेनिस बी, आर ली बताओ,

Kohlmeier एल, Steere ई, Heiss जी provitamin एक कैरोटीनॉयड सेवन के

समुदाय में Atherosclerosis जोखिम: और मन्या धमनी सजीले टुकड़े

अध्ययन. 1998. हूँ जे क्लीन Nutr 68 (3): 726 33?.

80. Kugiyama कश्मीर, Motoyama टी, Doi एच, Kawano एच, Hirai एन,

Soejima एच, Miyao वाई, Takazoe कश्मीर, Moriyama वाई, Mizuno वाई, Tsunoda,

ओगावा एच आर, सकामोटो टी, Sugiyama, Yasue एच. के सुधार के

alphatocopherol साथ इलाज के द्वारा endothelial vasomotor शिथिलता

उच्च बचे हुए लिपो प्रोटीन के स्तर के साथ रोगियों में. 1999.

जम्मू हूँ Coll Cardiol 33:1512? 8.

81. कुशी LH, Folsom ए.आर., Prineas आरजे, मिंक पी.जे., वू वाई, Bostick

आरएम. आहार एंटीऑक्सीडेंट विटामिन और कोरोनरी हृदय से मौत

postmenopausal महिलाओं में रोग. 1996. एन इंग्ल जे मेड

334 (18): 1156 62?.

82. Langsjoen पीएच, Langsjoen AM. के उपयोग का अवलोकन

"हम है कि CoQ10 प्रशासन निष्कर्ष

mitochondrion की वसूली में सुधार कर सकते हैं

cardic myocyte

तनाव से. जब एक सप्ताह के लिए दिया

सर्जरी से पहले, CoQ10 की तेज कर सकते हैं

हृदय वसूली और पहले नेतृत्व

मरीज के अस्पताल से मुक्ति. "

FL Rosenfeldt, एट अल. (124 #)

"पुरुषों की इस बड़ी काउहोट के लिए पीछा किया

[12 वर्ष], हम एक व्युत्क्रम सहयोग मिला

फोलेट का सेवन और के खतरे के बीच

[परिधीय धमनी रोग] कि पैड

अन्य पैड जोखिम कारकों की स्वतंत्र था. "

एटी व्यापारी, एट अल. (97 #)

हृदय रोग में CoQ10. 1999. 9:273 BioFactors 84?.

83. पत्ता एक, कांग JX, जिओ YF, Billman जीई. ? N 3 फैटी एसिड में

कार्डियक arrhythmias की रोकथाम. 1999. 34 lipids

Suppl: S187 9?.

84. ली बी.जे., हुआंग एम सी, चुंग एल.जे., चेंग दर्पण, लिन के.एल., र के.एच.,

हुआंग YC. फोलिक एसिड और विटामिन बी 12 से अधिक प्रभावी हैं

उपवास प्लाज्मा homocysteine एकाग्रता कम करने में विटामिन बी -6

कोरोनरी धमनी की बीमारी के साथ रोगियों में. 2004. निम्न जम्मू क्लीन

58 Nutr (3): 481 7?.

85. ली झा, O'Keefe झा, बेल डी, Hensrud डीडी, Holick एमएफ. विटामिन

डी की कमी एक महत्वपूर्ण है, आम, और आसानी से इलाज

हृदय जोखिम कारक है. 2008. जम्मू हूँ Coll Cardiol 52 (24): 1949?

56.

86. Leppala जेएम, जम्मू Virtamo, Fogelholm अनुसंधान, विकास Albanes, Heinonen ओपी. अलग स्ट्रोक के लिए अलग जोखिम वाले कारकों

उपप्रकारों: रक्तचाप, कोलेस्ट्रॉल, और एंटीऑक्सीडेंट के सहयोग. 1999. 30 स्ट्रोक (12): २,५३५ 40?.

87. Leppala जेएम, जम्मू Virtamo, Fogelholm आर, Albanes डी, टेलर पीआर, Heinonen ओपी. विटामिन ई और बीटा कैरोटीन

स्ट्रोक के लिए उच्च जोखिम में पूरकता: अल्फा के एक उपसमूह विश्लेषण tocopherol, बीटा कैरोटीन कैंसर की रोकथाम

अध्ययन. 2000. आर्क Neurol 57 (10): 1503 9?.

88. में लेविन GN, Frei बी, Koulouris एस.एन., गेरहार्ड एमडी, Keaney जेएफ, वीटा जावेद. Ascorbic एसिड endothelial vasomotor पराजयों

कोरोनरी धमनी की बीमारी के साथ रोगियों में शिथिलता. 1996. 93 परिसंचरण (6): +१,१०७ 13?.

89. लेवी एपी, Friedenberg पी, आर लोतान, Ouyang पी, Tripputi एम, Higginson एल, Cobb एफआर, Tardif जे.सी., Bittner वी, हॉवर्ड

बी.वी.. कोरोनरी धमनी atherosclerosis की प्रगति पर विटामिन चिकित्सा के प्रभाव haptoglobin प्रकार में से भिन्न होता है

postmenopausal महिलाओं. 2004. मधुमेह 27 केयर (4): 925 30?.

90. Lindeman आरडी, रोमेरो एल.जे., Koehler के.एम., लिआंग कोर्ट, LaRue, बॉमगार्टनर आर.एन., गैरी पी.जे.. सीरम विटामिन बी 12,

सी और न्यू मैक्सिको बड़ी स्वास्थ्य सर्वेक्षण में फोलेट सांद्रता: संज्ञानात्मक और उत्तेजित कार्यों के साथ सहसंबंध.

2000. जम्मू हूँ Coll Nutr 19 (1): 68 76?.

91. Losonczy किलोग्राम, हैरिस टीबी, Havlik आरजे. विटामिन ई और विटामिन सी पूरक का उपयोग करें और सभी का जोखिम है? कारण और कोरोनरी

दिल जिले वृद्ध व्यक्तियों में मृत्यु दर को कम? बुजुर्गों की महामारी विज्ञान के अध्ययन के लिए स्थापित आबादी.

1996. हूँ जम्मू Clin Nutr 64 (2): 190 6?.

92. प्रमुख जीसी, Alarie एफ, डोर जम्मू, Phouttama एस, Tremblay कैल्शियम अनुपूरण ए + विटामिन डी को बढ़ाता है

वजन घटाने के प्लाज्मा लिपिड और लेपोप्रोटीन सांद्रता पर लाभकारी प्रभाव है. 2007. 85 AJCN (1): 54 9?.

93. Malinow एमआर, Nieto FJ, में क्रूगर WD, Duell पंजाब, हेस डीएल, Gluckman आरए, ब्लॉक पीसी, Holzgang सीआर, एंडरसन

पीएच, जर्मनी का रासायनिक जल विकास, Upson बी लिन मूल्यांकन. प्लाज्मा कुल homocysteine पर फोलिक एसिड अनुपूरण के प्रभाव संग्राहक हैं

मल्टीविटामिन का उपयोग करें और methylenetetrahydrofolate रिडक्टेस जीनोटाइप द्वारा. 1997. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc बॉय

17 (6): 1157 62.

94. Maresta एक, Balduccelli एम, Varani ई, Marzilli एम, Falli सी, Heiman एफ, DStat, Lavezzari एम, Stragliotto ई, डी Caterina

के मुख्य परिणाम के लिए Esapent: postcoronary एंजियोप्लास्टी restenosis की रोकथाम ओमेगा -3 फैटी एसिड होता है आर?

Restenosis इतालवी अध्ययन की रोकथाम (एसप्रिट). 2002. E5: 143 हार्ट जम्मू हूँ.

95. मैके डीएल, Perrone जी, एच रासमुसेन, Dallal जी, ब्लमबर्ग

जेबी. मल्टीविटामिन / खनिज अनुपूरण प्लाज्मा Bvitamin सुधार

स्थिति और स्वस्थ पुराने में homocysteine एकाग्रता

वयस्कों के एक गढ़वाले फोलेट आहार खपत है?. 2000. जम्मू Nutr (12) 130 3090 है?

96. McKinley एम सी, McNulty एच, McPartlin जम्मू, तनाव जे जे, Pentieva

कश्मीर, वार्ड एम, मेड़ महानिदेशक, स्कॉट जेएम. कम खुराक विटामिन बी 6? प्रभावी ढंग से

स्वस्थ बुजुर्ग व्यक्तियों में उपवास प्लाज्मा homocysteine कम करती है

जो परिपूर्ण फोलेट और राइबोफ्लेविन हैं. 2001. हूँ जे क्लीन Nutr

73 (4): 759 64?.

97. एटी व्यापारी, हू अमेरिकन प्लान, Spiegelman डी, Willett WC, Rimm

EB, Ascherio ए बी विटामिन की खुराक का उपयोग, और परिधीय

पुरुषों में धमनी रोग के जोखिम inversely संबंधित हैं. 2003. जम्मू Nutr

(9) 133: +२,८६३ 7?.

"अंत में, हमारे नतीजे बताते हैं कि

कैल्शियम की खपत + डी की पूरक

लाभकारी प्रभाव बढ़ाया

शरीर वजन घटाने और लिपिड पर

लेपोप्रोटीन प्रोफ़ाइल अधिक वजन या मोटापे से ग्रस्त

महिलाओं के सामान्य कम कैल्शियम की मात्रा के साथ की जा रही है ...

मोटापे के नैदानिक संदर्भ []

उपचार, कैल्शियम अनुपूरण

महिलाओं में सिफारिश की जा सकता है

अपर्याप्त कैल्शियम का सेवन के साथ

हृदय रोग में सुधार

जोखिम प्रोफ़ाइल. "

जीसी मेजर, एट अल. (92 #)

"पॉलीअनसेचुरेटेड फैटी एसिड (PUFAs)

n-6 और n-3 श्रृंखला आवश्यक पोषक तत्व है

कि एक महत्वपूर्ण प्रभाव डालती है

प्लाज्मा लिपिड पर और हृदय की सेवा

और endothelial कार्यों के प्रभाव के लिए

की रोकथाम और उपचार

कोरोनरी हृदय रोग (CHD). दोनों पता

6 और n-3 PUFAs जैविक अलग है

उनके cardioprotective योगदान प्रभाव

कार्रवाई. "

वी Wijendran, एट अल. (167 #)

98. मेयेर एफ, Bairati मैं, Dagenais जीआर. कम इस्कीमिक हृदय रोग

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“The combined cardiovascular effects

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E should also be encouraged.

Finally, resveratrol should be evaluated

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approaches to combat blood

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J Clin Nutri 62(6 Suppl):1427S?30S.

181. Albanes D, Malila N, Taylor PR, Huttunen JK, Virtamo

J, Edwards BK, Rautalahti M, Hartman AM, Barrett MJ, Pietinen

P, Hartman TJ, Sipponen P, Lewin K, Teerenhovi L, Hietanen

P, Tangrea JA, Virtanen M, Heinonen OP. Effects of supplemental

alpha?tocopherol and beta?carotene on colorectal

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182. Ames BN. DNA damage from micronutrient deficiencies is likely to be a major cause of cancer. 2001. Mutat

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183. Bairati I, Meyer F, Gelinas M, Fortin A, Nabid A, Brochet F, Mercier JP, Tetu B, Harel F, Masse B, Vigneault E,

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and neck cancer patients. 2005. J Natl Cancer Inst 97(7):481?8.

184. Baron JA, Beach M, Mandel JS, van Stolk RU, Haile RW, Sandler RS, Rothstein R, Summers RW, Snover DC,

Beck GJ, Bond JH, Greenberg ER. Calcium supplements for the prevention of colorectal adenomas. Calcium Polyp

Prevention Study Group. 1999. N Engl J Med 340(2):101?7.

185. Benner SE, Winn RJ, Lippman SM, Poland J, Hansen KS, Luna MA, Hong WK. Regression of oral leukoplakia

with alpha?tocopherol: a community clinical oncology program chemoprevention study. 1993. J Natl Cancer Inst

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186. Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Simonetti RG, Gluud C. Antioxidant supplements for prevention of gastrointestinal

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187. Block G. Vitamin C and cancer prevention: the epidemiologic evidence. 1991. AJCN 53(1 Suppl):270S?82S.

188. Blot WJ. Vitamin/mineral supplementation and cancer

risk: international chemoprevention trials. 1997. Proc Soc

Exp Biol Med 216(2):291?6.

189. Blot WJ, Li JY, Taylor PR, Guo W, Dawsey S, Wang GQ,

Yang CS, Zheng SF, Gail M, Li GY, et al. Nutrition intervention

trials in Linxian, China: supplementation with specific vitamin/

mineral combinations, cancer incidence, and diseasespecific

mortality in the general population. 1993. J Natl Cancer

Inst 85(18):1483?92.

190. Bonithon?Kopp C, Kronborg O, Giacosa A, Rath U,

Faivre J, European Cancer Prevention Organisation Study

Group. Calcium and fibre supplementation in prevention of

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trial. 2000. Lancet 356(9238):1300?6.

“The results of this randomized controlled

trial do not support the hypothesis that

selenium supplementation reduces the

risk of BCC or SCC of the skin, showing no

statistically significant treatment effect on

their incidence. However, selenium supplementation

was found to be associated

with significant reductions in secondary

end points of total cancer incidence

(all-sites combined), long, colorectal

and prostate cancer incidences,

and lung cancer mortality.”

- LC Clark, et al. (#197)

“In vitro, animal and clinical studies

strongly indicate that vitamin D may have

anticancer benefits, including against

progression (such as metastasis) in colorectal

cancer and possibly other cancers.

Thus improving vitamin D status could be

potentially beneficial against either incidence

or mortality, or both.”

-E Giovannucci (#215)

191. Bostick RM, Potter JD, McKenzie DR, Sellers TA, Kushi

LH, Steinmetz KA, Folsom AR. Reduced risk of colon cancer

with high intake of vitamin E: the Iowa Women's Health Study.

1993. Cancer Res 53(18):4230?7.

192. Brasky TM, Lampe JW, Potter JD, Patterson RE, White

E. Specialty Supplements and Breast Cancer Risk in the VITamins

And Lifestyle (VITAL) Cohort. 2010. Cancer Epidemiol

Biomarkers Prev 19(7):1696?708.

193. Chan JM, Stampfer MJ, Ma J, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Giovannucci

EL. Supplemental vitamin E intake and prostate cancer

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194. Chlebowski RT, Johnson KC, Kooperberg C, Pettinger

M, Wactawski?Wende J, Rohan T, Rossouw J, Lane D, O'Sullivan

MJ, Yasmeen S, Hiatt RA, Shikany JM, Vitolins M, Khandekar J,

Hubbell FA. Calcium Plus Vitamin D Supplementation and the

Risk of Breast Cancer. 2008. J Natl Cancer Inst 100(22):1581?91.

195. Cho E, Smith?Warner SA, Spiegelman D, Beeson WL,

vanden Brandt PA, Colditz GA, Folsom AR, Fraser GE, Freudenheim

JL, Giovannucci E, Goldbohm RA, Graham S, Miller AB,

Pietinen P, Potter JD, Rohan TE, Terry P, Toniolo P, Virtanen MJ,

Willett WC, Wolk A, Wu K, Yaun SS, Zeleniuch?Jacquotte A,

Hunter DJ. Dairy foods, calcium, and colorectal cancer: a pooled

analysis of 10 cohort studies. 2004. J Natl Cancer Inst

96(13):1015?22.

196. Choi SW, Mason JB. Folate and carcinogenesis: an integrated scheme. 2000. J Nutr 130(2):129?32.

197. Clark LC, Combs GF Jr, Turnbull BW, Slate EH, Chalker DK, Chow J, Davis LS, Glover RA, Graham GF, Gross

EG, Krongrad A, Lesher JL Jr, Park HK, Sanders BB Jr, Smith CL, Taylor JR. Effects of selenium supplementation for

cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. A randomized controlled trial. Nutritional Prevention of

Cancer Study Group. 1996. JAMA 276(24):1957?63.

198. Clark LC, Dalkin B, Krongrad A, Combs GF Jr, Turnbull BW, Slate EH, Witherington R, Herlong JH, Janosko

E, Carpenter D, Borosso C, Falk S, Rounder J. Decreased incidence of prostate cancer with selenium supplementation:

results of a double?blind cancer prevention trial. 1998. Br J Urol 81(5):730?4.

199. Clarke R, Halsey J, Lewington S, Lonn E, Armitage J, Manson JAE. Bønaa KH, Spence JD, Nygård O, Jamison

R, Gaziano JM, Guarino P, Bennett D, Mir F, Peto R, Collins R, B?Vitamin Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Effects

of Lowering Homocysteine Levels with B Vitamins on Cardiovascular Disease, Cancer, and Cause?Specific Mortality.

2010. Arch Intern Med 170(18):1622?31.

200. Combs GF Jr, Clark LC, Turnbull BW. Reduction of

cancer risk with an oral supplement of selenium. 1997. Biomed

Environ Sci 10(2?3):227?34.

201. Cook NR, Le IM, Manson JE, Buring JE, Hennekens

CH. Effects of beta?carotene supplementation on cancer incidence

by baseline characteristics in the Physicians' Health

Study (United States). 2000. Cancer Causes Control 11(7):617?26.

202. Correa P, Fontham ET, Bravo JC, Bravo LE, Ruiz B, Zarama

G, Realpe JL, Malcom GT, Li D, Johnson WD, Mera R.

Chemoprevention of gastric dysplasia: randomized trial of antioxidant

supplements and anti?helicobacter pylori therapy.

2000. J Natl Cancer Inst 92(23):1881?8.

203. Davis CD. Vitamin D and cancer: current dilemmas

and future research needs. 2008. Am J Clin Nutr 88(2): 565S?9S.

“In this case-control study of North Carolina

women, we found only very limited

support for the hypothesis that vitamin

supplement use is associated with a decreased

risk of breast cancer. Among

white women, any use of multivitamins,

vitamin C or vitamin E in the past five

years was each associated with an approximately

20% decrease in breast

cancer risk; however, the confidence

intervals around these estimates all included

एक. There was no evidence of a

dose-response relationship between duration

of use and breast cancer risk. में

contrast to the modest inverse associations

with certain vitamin supplements

suggested for white women, there was

essentially no evidence of a protective

effect among black women for any of

the vitamins examined.”

- PG Moorman, et al. (#256)

“In this cohort, we observed a statistically

significant inverse association between

vitamin E intake and bladder cancer risk,

which was strongest among those who

had been taking vitamin E supplements

for many years. A suggestive inverse association

was noted for intake of vitamin

C supplement dose and bladder cancer

risk. No associations were observed between

intake of total energy, macronutrients,

or other micronutrients and bladder

cancer risk.”

-DS Michaud (#251)

204. Duffield?Lillico AJ, Slate EH, Reid ME, Turnbull BW,

Wilkins PA, Combs GF Jr, Park HK, Gross EG, Graham GF,

Stratton MS, Marshall JR, Clark LC: Nutritional Prevention of

Cancer Study Group. Selenium supplementation and secondary

prevention of nonmelanoma skin cancer in a randomized trial.

2003. J Natl Cancer Inst 95(19):1477?81.

205. Ebbing M, Bønaa KH, Nygård O, Arnesen E, Ueland

PM, Nordrehaug JE, Rasmussen K, Njølstad I, Refsum H, Nilsen

DW, Tverdal A, Meyer K, Vollset SE. Cancer incidence and mortality

after treatment with folic acid and vitamin B12. 2009. JAMA

302(19):2119?26.

206. Egan KM, Signorello LB, Munro HM, Hargreaves MK,

Hollis BW, Blot WJ. Vitamin D insufficiency among African?

Americans in the southeastern United States: implications for

cancer disparities (United States). 2008. Cancer Causes Control

19(5):527?35.

207. Fedirko V, Bostick RM, Goodman M, Flanders WD, Gross MD. Blood 25?hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations

and incident sporadic colorectal adenoma risk: a pooled case?control study. 2010. Am J Epidemiol 172(5):489?500.

208. Fleischauer AT, Olson SH, Mignone L, Simonsen N, Caputo TA, Harlap S. Dietary antioxidants, supplements,

and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. 2001. Nutr Cancer 40(2):92?8.

209. Fleischauer AT, Simonsen N, Arab L. Antioxidant supplements and risk of breast cancer recurrence and

breast cancer?related mortality among postmenopausal women. 2003. Nutr Cancer 46(1):15?22.

210. Flood A, Peters U, Chatterjee N, Lacey JV Jr, Schairer C, Schatzkin A. Calcium from diet and supplements is

associated with reduced risk of colorectal cancer in a prospective cohort of women. 2005. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers

Prev 14(1):126?32.

211. Freedman DM, Chang SC, Falk RT, Purdue MP, Huang WY, McCarty CA, Hollis BW, Graubard BI, Berg CD,

Ziegler RG. Serum levels of vitamin D metabolites and breast cancer risk in the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian

cancer screening trial. 2008. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 17(4):889?94.

212. Gandini S, Raimondi S, Gnagnarella P, Doré JF, Maisonneuve P, Testori A. Vitamin D and skin cancer: a meta?

analysis. 2009. Eur J Cancer 45(4):634?41.

213. Garland CF, Gorham ED, Mohr SB, Garland FC. Vitamin

D for cancer prevention: global perspective. 2009. Ann Epidemiol

19(7):468?83.

214. Gaziano JM, Glynn RJ, Christen WG, Kurth T, Belanger

C, MacFadyen J, Bubes V, Manson JE, Sesso HD, Buring JE. Vitamins

E and C in the prevention of prostate and total cancer in

men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled

trial. 2009. JAMA 301(1):52?62.

215. Giovannucci E. The epidemiology of vitamin D and colorectal

cancer: recent findings. 2006. Curr Opin Gastroenterol

22(1):24?9.

216. Giovannucci E. Vitamin D and cancer incidence in the

Harvard cohorts. 2009. Ann Epidemiol 19(2):84?8.

217. Giovannucci E, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ,

Fuchs C, Rosner BA, Speizer FE, Willett WC. Multivitamin use,

folate, and colon cancer in women in the Nurses' Health Study.

1998. Ann Intern Med 129(7):517?24.

218. Goodwin PJ, Ennis M, Pritchard KI, Koo J, Hood N.

Frequency of vitamin D (Vit D) deficiency at breast cancer (BC)

diagnosis and association with risk of distant recurrence and

death in a prospective cohort study of T1–3, N0–1, M0 B. 2008. जम्मू

Clin Oncology 26(15S; May 20 Supplement):511.

219. Gorham ED, Garland CF, Garland FC, Grant WB, Mohr

“The SU.VI.MAX trial followed a pragmatic

approach in testing the effect of a combination

of 5 antioxidant vitamins or mineral

at low doses. It is thus not possible to

identify which individual micronutrient or

combination is responsible for the preventative

effect observed. Nevertheless, our

study results support the hypothesis that

chemoprevention of prostate cancer

can be achieved with antioxidant vitamins

and minerals.”

- F Meyer, et al. (#250)

“In the 11 non-hormone-dependent

cancer sites described above, 46 studies

have specifically reported on a vitamin

C index or plasma ascorbate values; 33

of these found statistically significant

protective effects, and several more

were in the protective direction but did

not achieve significance. None has

found elevated risk with increasing intake.

In addition to those, 29 studies reported

on the effect of fruit consumption,

21 of which found significant protection

associated with frequent consumption

or high risk associated with low

consumption. For oral, esophageal, gastric,

and pancreatic cancer, the evidence

is extremely strong, with virtually

all studies showing a significant protective

effect.”

- G Block (#187)

SB, Lipkin M, Newmark HL, Giovannucci E, Wei M, Holick MF.

Optimal vitamin D status for colorectal cancer prevention: a

quantitative meta analysis. 2007. Am J Prev Med 32(3):210?6.

220. Grau MV, Baron JA, Sandler RS, Haile RW, Beach ML,

Church TR, Heber D. Vitamin D, calcium supplementation,

and colorectal adenomas: results of a randomized trial. 2003. जम्मू

Natl Cancer Inst 95(23):1736?7.

221. Gridley G, McLaughlin JK, Block G, Blot WJ, Gluch M,

Fraumeni JF Jr. Vitamin supplement use and reduced risk of

oral and pharyngeal cancer. 1992. Am J Epidemiol 135(10):1083?

92.

222. Hatfield DL, Gladyshev VN. The Outcome of Selenium

and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) Reveals the

Need for Better Understanding of Selenium Biology. 2009. Mol

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223. Heinonen OP, Albanes D, Virtamo J, Taylor PR, Huttunen

JK, Hartman AM, Haapakoski J, Malila N, Rautalahti M, Ripatti S, Maenpaa H, Teerenhovi L, Koss L, Virolainen

M, Edwards BK. Prostate cancer and supplementation with alpha?tocopherol and beta?carotene: incidence and

mortality in a controlled trial. 1998. J Natl Cancer Inst 90(6):440?6.

224. Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Manson JE, Stampfer M, Rosner B, Cook NR, Belanger C, LaMotte F, Gaziano JM,

Ridker PM, Willett W, Peto R. Lack of effect of long?term supplementation with beta carotene on the incidence of

malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. 1996. N Engl J Med 334(18):1150?5.

225. Hercberg S, Galan P, Preziosi P, Bertrais S, Mennen L, Malvy D, Roussel AM, Favier A, Briancon S. The SU.VI.

MAX Study: a randomized, placebo?controlled trial of the health effects of antioxidant vitamins and minerals. 2004.

Arch Intern Med 164(21):2335?42.

226. Hernaandez J, Syed S, Weiss G, Fernandes G, von Merveldt Dl, Troyer DA, Basler JW, Thompson IM Jr. The

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174(2):519?22.

227. Hoenjet KM, Dagnelie PC, Delaere KP, Wijckmans NE, Zambon JV, Oosterhof GO. Effect of a nutritional

supplement containing vitamin E, selenium, vitamin c and coenzyme Q10 on serum PSA in patients with hormonally

untreated carcinoma of the prostate: a randomized placebo?controlled study. 2005. Eur Urol 47(4):433?9.

228. Ishitani K, Lin J, Mason JE, Buring JE, Zhang SM. A Prospective Study of Multivitamin Supplement Use and

Risk of Breast Cancer. 2008. Am J Epidemiol 167(10):1197?206.

229. Johansson M, Appleby PN, Allen NE, Travis RC, Roddam AW, Egevad L, Jenab M, Rinaldi S, Kiemeney LA,

Bueno?de?Mesquita HB, Vollset SE, Ueland PM, Sánchez MJ,

Quirós JR, González CA, Larrañaga N, Chirlaque MD, Ardanaz

E, Sieri S, Palli D, Vineis P, Tumino R, Linseisen J, Kaaks R,

Boeing H, Pischon T, Psaltopoulou T, Trichopoulou A, Trichopoulos

D, Khaw KT, Bingham S, Hallmans G, Riboli E, Stattin P,

Key TJ. Circulating concentrations of folate and vitamin B12 in

relation to prostate cancer risk: results from the European

Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study.

2008. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 17(2):279?85.

230. Kilkkinen A, Knekt P, Heliövaara M, Rissanen H,

Marniemi J, Hakulinen T, Aromaa A. Vitamin D Status and the

Risk of Lung Cancer: A Cohort Study in Finland. 2008. कैंसर

Epidem Biomarkers Prev 17:3274.

231. Kirsh VA, Hayes RB, Mayne ST, Chatterjee N, Subar AF,

Dixon LB, Albanes D, Andriole GL, Urban DA, Peters U; PLCO

Trial. Supplemental and dietary vitamin E, beta?carotene, and

vitamin C intakes and prostate cancer risk. 2006. J Natl Cancer

Inst 98(4):245?54.

“Our study of nearly 1100 incident cases

of cancer is one of the largest prospective

studies of serum selenium levels and

cancer risk and has more site-specific

cancers than any previous study. हम

found highly significant (p < 10?4) inverse

associations of serum selenium levels with

the incidence of both esophageal and

gastric cardia cancers over a period of

5.25 years of follow-up. Individuals in the

highest quartile of selenium developed

these cancers at approximately half the

rate as individuals in the lowest quartile.”

-SD Mark, et al. (#245)

“Total vitamin B6 intake was also statistically

significantly inversely associated

with risk of colorectal cancer. We observed

59 cases of colorectal cancer

among the 25% of women (approximately

8200) with the lowest plasma vitamin B6

concentrations over the 10-year followup,

compared with 33 cases of colorectal

cancer in the 25% of women with the

highest plasma vitamin B6 concentrations.”

-EK Wei, et al. (#285)

232. Klein EA. The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention

Trial. 2009. Cur Clin Urol 6:349?60.

233. Kranse R, Dagnelie PC, van Kemenade MC, de Jong

FH, Blom JH, Tijburg LB, Weststrate JA, Schroder FH. Dietary

intervention in prostate cancer patients: PSA response in a

randomized double?blind placebo?controlled study. 2005. Int J

Cancer 113(5):835?40.

234. Kristal AR, Stanford JL, Cohen JH, Wicklund K, Patterson

RE. Vitamin and mineral supplement use is associated

with reduced risk of prostate cancer. 1999. Cancer Epidemiol

Biomarkers Prev 8(10):887?92.

235. Lamm DL, Riggs DR, Shriver JS, vanGilder PF, Rach JF,

DeHaven JI. Megadose vitamins in bladder cancer: a doubleblind

clinical trial. 1994. J Urol 151(1):21?6.

236. Larsson SC, Giovannucci E, Wolk A. Vitamin B6 intake, alcohol consumption, and colorectal cancer: a longitudinal

population?based cohort of women. 2005. Gastroenterology 128(7):1830?7.

237. Larsson SC, Orsini N, Wolk A. Vitamin B6 and risk of colorectal cancer: a meta?analysis of prospective studies.

2010. JAMA 303(11):1077?83.

238. Le Marchand L, White KK, Nomura AM, Wilkens LR, Selhub JS, Tiirikainen M, Goodman MT, Murphy SP,

Henderson BE, Kolonel LN. Plasma levels of B vitamins and colorectal cancer risk: the multiethnic cohort study.

2009. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 18(8):2195?201.

239. Lee IM, Cook NR, Manson JE, Buring JE, Hennekens CH. Beta?carotene supplementation and incidence of

cancer and cardiovascular disease: the Women's Health Study. 1999. J Natl Cancer Inst 91(24):2102?6.

240. Leitzmann MF, Stampfer MJ, Wu K, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL. Zinc supplement use and risk

of prostate cancer. 2003. J Natl Cancer Inst 95(13)1004?7.

241. Li JY, Taylor PR, Li B, Dawsey S, Wang GQ, Ershow AG, Guo W, Liu SF, Yang CS, Shen Q, et al. Nutrition intervention

trials in Linxian, China: multiple vitamin/mineral supplementation, cancer incidence, and diseasespecific

mortality among adults with esophageal dysplasia. 1993. J Natl Cancer Inst 85(18):1492?8.

242. Lin J, Cook NR, Albert C, Zaharris E, Gaziano JM, Denburgh MV, Burin JE, Manson JE. Vitamins C and E

and Beta Carotene Supplementation and Cancer Risk: A Randomized Controlled Trial. 2008. J Natl Cancer Inst

101(1):14?23.

243. Lin J, Zhang SM, Cook NR, Manson JE, Lee IM, Buring JE. Intakes of calcium and vitamin D and risk of colorectal

cancer in women. 2005. Am J Epidemiol 161(8):755?64.

244. Lippman SM, Klein EA, Goodman PJ, Lucia MS, Thompson IM, Ford LG, Parnes HL, Minasian LM, Gaziano

JM, Hartline JA, Parsons JK, Bearden JD 3rd, Crawford ED, Goodman GE, Claudio J, Winquist E, Cook ED, Karp DD,

Walther P, Lieber MM, Kristal AR, Darke AK, Arnold KB, Ganz PA, Santella RM, Albanes D, Taylor PR, Probstfield JL,

Jagpal TJ, Crowley JJ, Meyskens FL Jr, Baker LH, Coltman CA Jr. Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate

cancer and other cancers: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer

Prevention Trial (SELECT). 2009. JAMA 301(1):39?51.

245. Mark SD, Qiao YL, Dawsey SM, Wu YP, Katki H, Gunter

EW, Fraumeni JF Jr, Blot WJ, Dong ZW, Taylor PR. Prospective

study of serum selenium levels and incident esophageal

and gastric cancers. 2000. J Natl Cancer Inst 92(21):1753?63.

246. Martinez ME, Giovannucci EL, Colditz GA, Stampfer

MJ, Hunter DJ, Speizer FE, Wing A, Willett WC. Calcium, vitamin

D, and the occurrence of colorectal cancer among women.

1996. J Natl Cancer Inst 88(19):1375?82.

247. McCullough ML, Bandera EV, Moore DF, Kushi LH.

Vitamin D and calcium intake in relation to risk of endometrial

cancer: a systematic review of the literature. 2008. Prev Med

46(4):298?302.

“So far, epidemiological data for cancer

argue for an overall positive role of suninduced

vitamin D. There may be more

beneficial than adverse effects of moderately

increased sun exposure, even for

total cancer mortality. This message

should be addressed to populations at risk

for vitamin D deficiency.”

- J Moan, et al. (#252)

“Based on overall consideration of results

from observational and laboratory studies,

the existing evidence is consistent

with the hypothesis that increasing vitamin

D3 intake to 1000–2000 IU per day or

raising the serum level of 25(OH)D to 33

ng/mL or higher would be associated

with substantially lower incidence rates of

colorectal cancer, with only minimal

risks.”

-ED Gorham, et al. (#219)

248. McCullough ML, Robertson AS, Rodriguez C, Jacobs EJ,

Chao A, Carolyn J, Calle EE, Willett WC, Thun MJ. Calcium,

vitamin D, dairy products, and risk of colorectal cancer in the

Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort (United States).

2003. Cancer Causes Control 14(1):1?12.

249. Meyer F, Bairati I, Fortin A, Gélinas M, Nabid A, Brochet

F, Têtu B. Interaction between antioxidant vitamin supplementation

and cigarette smoking during radiation therapy

in relation to long?term effects on recurrence and mortality: a

randomized trial among head and neck cancer patients. 2008.

Int J Cancer 122(7):1679?83.

250. Meyer F, Galan P, Douvillel P, Bairati I, Kegle P, Bertrais

S, Estaquio C, Hercberg S. Antioxidant vitamin and mineral

supplementation and prostate cancer prevention in the

SU.VI.MAX trial. 2005. Int J Cancer 116(2):182?6.

251. Michaud DS, Spiegelman D, Clinton SK, Rimm EB,

Willett WC, Giovannucci E. Prospective study of dietary supplements,

macronutrients, micronutrients, and risk of bladder

cancer in US men. 2000. Am J Epidemiol 152:1145?53.

252. Moan J, Porojnicu AC, Dahlback A, Setlow RB. Addressing the health benefits and risks, involving vitamin

D or skin cancer, of increased sun exposure. 2008. PNAS 105(2):668?73.

253. Mondul AM, Weinstein SJ, Männistö S, Synder K, Horst RL, Virtamo J, Albanes D. Serum Vitamin D and

Risk of Bladder Cancer. 2010. Cancer Res; ePub ahead of print. Retrieved online 8 November 2010. doi: 10.1158/0008?

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254. Mohr SB. A brief history of vitamin D and cancer prevention. 2009. Ann Epidemiol 19(2):79?83.

255. Mohr SB, Garland CF, Gorham ED, Grant WB, Garland FC. Could ultraviolet B irradiance and vitamin D be

associated with lower incidence rates of lung cancer?. 2008. J Epidemiol Community Health 62:69?74.

256. Moorman PG, Ricciuti MF, Millikan RC, Newman B. Vitamin supplement use and breast cancer in a North

Carolina population. 2001. Public Health Nutr 4(3):821?7.

257. Moyad MA. Selenium and vitamin E supplements for prostate cancer: evidence or embellishment?. 2002.

Urology 59(4 Suppl 1):9?19.

258. Neuhouser ML, Sorensen B, Hollis BW, Ambs A, Ulrich CM, McTiernan A, Bernstein L, Wayne S, Gilliland F,

Baumgartner K, Baumgartner R, Ballard?Barbash R. Vitamin D insufficiency in a multiethnic cohort of breast cancer

survivors. 2008. Am J Clin Nutr 88(1):133?9.

259. Ng K, Wolpin BM, Meyerhardt JA, Wu K, Chan AT,

Hollis BW, Giovannucci EL, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Fuchs

CS. Prospective study of predictors of vitamin D status and

survival in patients with colorectal cancer. 2009. Br J Cancer

101:916?23.

260. Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, Balmes J,

Cullen MR, Glass A, Keogh JP, Meyskens FL, Valanis B, Williams

JH, Barnhart S, Hammar S. Effects of a combination of

beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular

disease. 1996. N Engl J Med 334(18):1150?5.

261. Patterson RE, White E, Kristal AR, Neuhouser ML,

Potter JD. Vitamin supplements and cancer risk: the epidemiologic

evidence. 1997. Cancer Causes Control 8(5):786?802.

262. Peters U, Chatterjee N, McGlynn KA, Schoen RE

Church TR, Bresalier RS, Gaudet MM, Flood A, Schatzkin A,

Hayes RB. Calcium intake and colorectal adenoma in a US colorectal

cancer early detection program. 2004. Am J Clin Nutr

80(5):1358?65.

263. Peters U, Littman AJ, Kristal AR, Patterson RE, Potter

“In conclusion, our findings do not support

a protective role of calcium and

vitamin D intakes against colorectal

cancer incidence. However, given the

strong evidence from both animal studies

and in vitro studies, the benefits of

these two nutrients cannot be ruled out.

More detailed investigation of the interaction

of calcium with other nutrients,

including vitamin D, and additional

questions better characterizing vitamin D

status may be necessary to elucidate

the true associations of calcium and vitamin

D with risk of colorectal cancer.”

-J Lin, et al. (#243)

“Optimizing micronutrient intake

(through better diets, fortification of

foods, or multivitamin-mineral pills) can

have a major impact on public health at

low cost. Other micronutrients are likely

to be added to the list of those whose

deficiency causes DNA damage in the

coming years. Tuning-up human metabolism,

which varies with genetic constitution

and changes with age, is likely to

be a major way to minimize DNA damage,

improve health and prolong

healthy lifespan.”

- BN Ames (#182)

JD, White E. Vitamin E and selenium supplementation and

risk of prostate cancer in the Vitamins and lifestyle (VITAL)

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264. Pufulete M, Al?Ghnaniem R, Khushal A, Appleby P,

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270. Schroder FH, Roobol MJ, Boeve ER, de Mutsert R, Zuijdgeest?van Leeuwen SD, Kersten I, Wildhagen M, van

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271. Sharp L, Little J, Brockton NT, Cotton SC, Masson LF, Haites NE, Cassidy J. Polymorphisms in the methylenetetrahydrofolate

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272. Shklar G, Oh SK. Experimental basis for cancer prevention by vitamin E. 2000. Cancer Invest 18(3):214?22.

273. Song Y, Chung CS, Bruno RS, Traber MG, Brown KH, King JC, Ho E. 2009. Dietary zinc restriction and repletion

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274. Stolzenberg?Solomon RZ, Hayes RB, Horst RL, Anderson KE, Hollis BW, Silverman DT. Serum Vitamin D

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275. Taylor PR, Wang GQ, Dawsey SM, Guo W, Mark SD,

Li JY, Blot WJ, Li B. Effect of nutrition intervention on intermediate

endpoints in esophageal and gastric carcinogenesis.

1995. Am J Clin Nutr 62(6 Suppl):1420S?3S.

276. Terry P, Baron JA, Bergkvist L, Holmberg L, Wolk A.

Dietary calcium and vitamin D intake and risk of colorectal

cancer: a prospective cohort study in women. 2002. Nutr Cancer

43(1):39?46.

277. The Alpha?Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention

Study Group. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene

on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male

smokers. 1994. N Engl J Med 330(15):1029?35

278. Thompson JR, Fitz Gerald P, Willoughby MLN,

Armstrong BK. Maternal folate supplementation in pregnancy

and protection against acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in

childhood: a case?control study. 2001. Lancet 358:1935?40.

279. Travis RC, Crowe FL, Allen NE, Appleby PN, Roddam

“In our study, vitamin E showed no overall

effect on lung cancer; however, preliminary

analyses indicate possible efficacy

with longer duration of intervention. Prostate

cancer incidence was 34% lower in

the vitamin E group and colorectal cancer

was 16% lower, the latter being consistent

with recent observational data

suggesting such a protective association.

Such effects, if corroborated by other

studies, would have substantial public

health consequences on two common

malignancies.”

- D Albanes, et al. (#180)

“On a very simplistic level, cancer is

thought to arise because of an excess of

DNA damage and/or the inappropriate

expression of critical genes. Folate has

consequently been of particular interest

as a potential cancer protective agent

because of the important roles it plays in

nucleotide synthesis, as well as in the biological

methylation of molecules such as

DNA, RNA, proteins, and the phospholipids.”

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AW, Tjønneland A, Olsen A, Linseisen J, Kaaks R, Boeing H,

Kröger J, Trichopoulou A, Dilis V, Trichopoulos D, Vineis P,

Palli D, Tumino R, Sieri S, Bueno?de?Mesquita HB, van Duijnhoven

FJ, Chirlaque MD, Barricarte A, Larrañaga N, González

CA, Argüelles MV, Sánchez MJ, Stattin P, Hallmans G, Khaw

KT, Bingham S, Rinaldi S, Slimani N, Jenab M, Riboli E, Key TJ.

Serum vitamin D and risk of prostate cancer in a case?control

analysis nested within the European Prospective Investigation

into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). 2009. Am J Epidemiol

169(10):1223?32.

280. Tsavachidou D, McDonnell TJ, Wen S, Wang X, Vakar?

Lopez F, Pisters LL, Pettaway CA, Wood CG, Do KA, Thall PF, Stephens C, Efstathiou E, Taylor R, Menter DG,

Troncoso P, Lippman SM, Logothetis CJ, Kim J. Selenium and vitamin E: cell type? and intervention?specific tissue

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281. US Preventive Services Task Force. Routine vitamin supplementation to prevent cancer and cardiovascular

disease: recommendations and rationale. 2003. Ann Intern Med 139:51?5.

282. Velicer CM, Ulrich CM. Vitamin and Mineral Supplement Use Among US Adults After Cancer Diagnosis: A

Systematic Review. 2008. J Clin Oncology 26(4):665?73.

283. Virtamo J, Pietinen P, Huttunen JK, Korhonen P, Malila N, Virtanen MJ, Albanes D, Taylor PR, Albert P;

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a postintervention follow?up. 2003. JAMA 290(4):476?85.

284. Wactawski?Wende J, Kotchen JM, Anderson FL, Assaf AR, Brunner RL, O'Sullivan MJ, Margolis KL, Ockene

JK, Phillips L, Pottern L, Prentice RL, Robbins J, Rohan TE, Sarto FE, Sharma S, Stefanick ML, Van Horn L, Wallace

RB, Whitlock E, Bassford T, Beresford SA, Black HR, Bonds DE, Brzyski RG, Caan B, Chlebowski RT, Cochrane B,

Garland C, Gass M, Hays J, Heiss G, Hendrix SL, Howard BV, Hsia J, Hubbell FA, Jackson RD, Johnson KC, Judd H,

Kooperberg CL, Kuller LH, LaCroix AZ, Lane DS, Langer RD, Lasser NL, Lewis CE, Limacher MC, Manson JE; Women's

Health Initiative Investigators. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of colorectal cancer. 2006.

N Engl J Med 354(7):684?96.

285. Wei EK, Giovannucci E, Selhub J, Fuchs CS, Hankinson SE, Ma J. Plasma vitamin B6 and the risk of colorectal

cancer and adenoma in women. 2005. J Natl Cancer Inst 97(9):684?92.

286. Wu K, Willett WC, Chan JM, Fuchs CS, Colditz GA, Rimm EB, Giovannucci EL. A prospective study on

supplemental vitamin E intake and risk of colon cancer in women and men. 2002. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev

11(11):1298?304.

287. Xu Q, Parks CG, DeRoo LA, Cawthon RM, Sandler DP, Chen H. Multivitamin use and telomere length in

women. 2009. Am J Clin Nutr 89:1857–63.

288. Zhang SM, Cook NR, Albert CM, Gaziano JM, Buring JE, Manson JE. Effect of combined folic acid, vitamin

B6, and vitamin B12 on cancer risk in women: a randomized trial. 2008. JAMA 300(17):2012?21.

289. Zhang SM, Giovannucci EL, Hunter DJ, Rimm EB, Ascherio A, Colditz GA, Speizer FE, Willett WC. Vitamin

supplement use and the risk of non?Hodgkin's lymphoma

among women and men. 2001. Am J Epidemiol 153(11):1056?63.

290. Zhang SM, Moore SC, Lin J, Cook NR, Manson JE, Lee

IM, Buring JE. Folate, vitamin B6, multivitamin supplements,

and colorectal cancer risk in women. 2006. Am J Epidemiol

163(2):108?15.

291. Zheng W, Anderson KE, Kushi LH, Sellers TA, Greenstein

J, Hong CP, Cerhan JR, Bostick RM, Folsom AR. A prospective

cohort study of intake of calcium, vitamin D, and other

micronutrients in relation to incidence of rectal cancer

among postmenopausal women. 1998. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers

Prev 7(3):221?5.

“Our study, performed in individuals not

selected for risk factors, indicates that a

7.5-year low-dose antioxidant supplementation

lowered total cancer incidence in

men but not in women. A similar tendency

was observed for all-cause mortality.”

-S Hercberg (#225)

“In summary, overall risks for prostate

cancer were unaffected by supplemental

dietary antioxidant use among participants

in the PLCO Trial; however, vitamin

E supplementation in smokers and ?-

carotene supplementation in men with

low dietary ?-carotene were associated

with reduced risks of this disease.”

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292. Adams J, Pepping J. Vitamin K in the treatment and

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293. Alekel DL, St Germain A, Peterson CT, Hanson KB, Stewart

JW, Toda T. Isoflavone?rich soy protein isolate attenuates

bone loss in the lumbar spine of perimenopausal women. 2000.

AJCN 72(3):844?52.

294. Allen SC, Raut S. Biochemical recovery time scales in

elderly patients with osteomalacia. 2004. JR Soc Med 97(11): 527?

295. Barnes MS, Robson PJ, Bonham MP, Strain JJ, Wallace

JM. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D status

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296. Bikle DD. Role of vitamin D, its metabolites, and analogs

in the management of osteoporosis. 1994. Rheum Dis Clin

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297. Binkley NC, Krueger DC, Kawahara TN, Engelke JA,

Chappell RJ, Suttie JW. A high phylloquinone intake is required

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298. Binkley NC, Suttie JW. Vitamin K nutrition and osteoporosis.

1995. J Nutr 125(7):1812?21.

299. Bischoff?Ferrari HA, Willett WC, Wong JB, Giovannucci

E, Dietrich T, Dawson?Hughes B. Fracture prevention with vitamin

D supplementation: a meta?analysis of randomized controlled

trials. 2005. JAMA 293(18):2257?64.

300. Bolton?Smith C, McMurdo MET, Paterson CR, Mole PA,

Harvey JM, Fenton ST, Prynne CJ, Mishra GD, Shearer MJ. Two?

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301. Bonjour JP, Chevalley T, Ammann P, Slosman D, Rizzoli R. Gain in bone mineral mass in prepubertal girls 3?

5 years after discontinuation of calcium supplementation: a follow?up study. 2001. Lancet 358:1208?12.

302. Braham R, Dawson B, Goodman C, McNaughton L. The effect of glucosamine supplementation on people

experiencing regular knee pain. 2003. Br J Sports Med 37(1):45–9.

303. Brownbill RA, Petrosian M, Ilich JZ. Association between dietary conjugated linoleic acid and bone mineral

density in postmenopausal women. 2005. J Am Coll Nutr 24(3):177?81.

304. Bruyere O, Pavelka K, Rovati LC, Deroisy R, Olejarova M, Gatterova J, Giacovelli G, Reginster JY. Glucosamine

sulfate reduces osteoarthritis progression in postmenopausal women with knee osteoarthritis: evidence from

two 3?year studies. 2004. Menopause 11(2):138?43.

305. Buckley LM, Hillner BE. A cost effectiveness analysis

of calcium and vitamin D supplementation, etidronate, and

alendronate in the prevention of vertebral fractures in women

treated with glucocorticoids. 2003. J Rheumatol 30(1):132?8.

306. Cameron MA, Paton LM, Nowson CA, Margerison C,

Frame M, Wark JD. The effect of calcium supplementation on

bone density in premenarcheal females: a co?twin approach.

2004. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89(10):4916?22.

“One member in each twin pair was

randomly assigned using computergenerated

numbers to receive 800 mg

of elemental Calcium from citrate and

carbonate, 400 IU of vitamin D3 (as Cholecaliferol),

400 mg of Magnesium from

citrate, and amino acid chelate and

oxide in four orange-flavoured chewable

tablets (Active Calcium™ Chewable);

the other twin was given a

matched placebo in a double-blinded

manner. The placebo tablet was identical

in appearance, taste and composition

but contained no active ingredient.

All tablets were supplied by USANA

Health Sciences, Inc., Sydney, Australia…

“Our findings indicate that supplementation

with 800 mg calcium and 400 IU vitamin

D3 per day for a period of 6

months was associated with increased

trabecular area, trabecular density and

strength strain index at the ultra-distal

tibia and radius and increased cortical

area at tibial mid-shaft.”

- DA Greene, et al. (#327)

“[Boron] may have a preventive or therapeutic

effect that helps to diminish bone

mineral loss in susceptible populations.”

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307. Chapuy MC, Arlot ME, Duboeuf F, Brun J, Crouzet B,

Arnaud S, Delmas PD, Meunier PJ. Vitamin D3 and calcium to

prevent hip fractures in the elderly women. 1992. N Engl J Med

327(23):1637?42.

308. Chapuy MC, Pamphile R, Paris E, Kempf C, Schlichting

M, Arnaud S, Garnero P, Meunier PJ. Combined calcium and vitamin

D3 supplementation in elderly women: confirmation of

reversal of secondary hyperparathyroidism and hip fracture risk:

the Decalyos II study. 2002. Osteoporos Int 13(3):257?64.

309. Cheng S, Lyytikäinen A, Kröger H, Lamberg?Allardt C,

Alén, Koistinen A, Wang QJ, Suuriniemi M, Suominen H, Mahonen

A, Nicholson PHF, Ivaska KK, Korpela R, Ohlsson C,

Väänänen KH, Tylavsky F. Effects of calcium, dairy product, and

vitamin D supplementation on bone mass accrual and body

composition in 10?12 year old girls: a 2?y randomized trial. 2005.

Am J Clin Nutr 82:1115?26.

310. Chevalley T, Bonjour JP, Ferrari S, Hans D, Rizzoli R. Skeletal site selectivity in the effects of calcium supplementation

on areal bone mineral density gain: a randomized, double?blind, placebo?controlled trial in prepubertal

boys. 2005. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90(6):3342?9.

311. Cooper L, Clifton?Bligh PB, Nery ML, Figtree G, Twigg S, Hibbert E, Robinson BG. Vitamin D supplementation

and bone mineral density in early postmenopausal women. 2003. Am J Clin Nutr 77(5):1324?9.

312. Cumming RG, Nevitt MC. Calcium for prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women.

1997. J Bone Miner Res 12(9):1321?9.

313. Curtis CL, Hughes CE, Flannery CR, Little CB, Harwood JL, Caterson B. n?3 Fatty Acids Specifically Modulate

Catabolic Factors Involved in Articular Cartilage Degradation. 2000. J Biol Chem 275(2):721?4.

314. Curtis CL, Rees SG, Cramp J, Flannery CR, Hughes CE, Little CB, Williams R, Wilson C, Dent CM, Harwood

JL, Caterson B. Effects of n?3 fatty acids on cartilage metabolism. 2002. Proc Nutr Soc 61(3):381?9.

315. Dawson?Hughes B, Harris SS, Krall EA, Dallal GE. Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on

bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older. 1997. N Engl J Med 337(10):670?6.

316. Dawson?Hughes B, Harris SS, Krall EA, Dallal GE, Falconer G, Green CL. Rates of bone loss in postmenopausal

women randomly assigned to one of two dosages of vitamin D. 1995. Am J Clin Nutr 61(5):1140?5.

317. Dawson?Hughes B, Dallal GE, Krall EA, Harris S, Sokoll LJ, Falconer G. Effect of vitamin D supplementation

on wintertime and overall bone loss in healthy postmenopausal women. 1991. Ann Intern Med 115(7):505?12.

318. Dawson?Hughes B, Dallal GE, Krall EA, Sadowski L, Sahyoun N, Tannenbaum S. A controlled trial of the effect

of calcium supplementation on bone density in postmenopausal women. 1990. N Engl J Med 323(13):878?83.

319. Dietrich T, Joshipura KJ, Dawson?Hughes B, Bischoff?Ferrari HA. Association between serum concentrations

of 25?hydroxyvitamin D3 and periodontal disease in the

US population. 2004. Am J Clin Nutr 80:108–13.

320. Dodiuk?Gad RP, Rozen GS, Rennert G, Rennert HS, Ish?

Shalom S. Sustained effect of short?term calcium supplementation

on bone mass in adolescent girls with low calcium intake.

2005. AJCN 81(1):168?74.

321. Feskanich D, Singh V, Willett WC, Colditz GA. Vitamin

A intake and hip fractures among postmenopausal women.

2002. JAMA 287(1):47?54.

322. Feskanich D, Willett WC, Colditz GA. Calcium, vitamin

D, milk consumption, and hip fractures: a prospective

study among postmenopausal women. 2003. Am J Clin Nutr

77(2):504?11.

323. Fraser DR. Vitamin D?deficiency in Asia. 2004. J Steroid

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324. Gennari C. Calcium and vitamin D nutrition and bone

disease of the elderly. 2001. Public Health Nutr 4(2B):547?59.

“Our particular contribution has been to

extend from animal models to humans

the essentiality of Cu, Mn and Zn in the

development and maintenance of BMD

[bone mineral density]… Through understanding

the value of trace elements

from food or supplements, and through

sensible dietary strategies, we can slow

the rate of bone loss, thus delaying or

preventing osteoporosis, in a simple and

inexpensive manner.”

- PD Saltman, et al. (#371)

“In summary, dietary supplementation

with a combination of nutritionally relevant

amounts of vitamin K with vitamin D

and calcium in healthy older women

was associated with a modest but significant

increase in BMC at one site, consisting

predominantly of trabecular bone.

Similar changes were not observed in

either the vitamin K group alone or in the

calcium plus vitamin D group, suggesting

a synergistic role of the combination as

sugggested by previous reports.”

- C Bolton-Smith, et al. (#300)

325. Going S, Lohman T, Houtkooper L, Metcalfe L, Flint?

Wagner H, Blew R, Stanford V, Cussler E, Martin J, Teixeira P,

Harris M, Milliken L, Figueroa?Galvez A, Weber J. Effects of exercise

on bone mineral density in calcium?replete postmenopausal

women with and without hormone replacement therapy.

2003. Osteoporos Int 14(8):637?43.

326. Grant AM, Avenell A, Campbell MK, McDonald AM,

MacLennan GS, McPherson GC, Anderson FH, Cooper C, Francis

RM, Donaldson C, Gillespie WJ, Robinson CM, Torgerson DJ,

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for secondary prevention of low?trauma fractures in elderly

people (Randomised Evaluation of Calcium Or vitamin D,

RECORD): a randomized placebo?controlled trial. 2005. Lancet

365(9471):1621?8.

327. Greene DA, Naughton GA. Calcium and vitamin?D

supplementation on bone structural properties in peripubertal

female identical twins: a randomised controlled trial. 2010. Osteoporos

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328. Greenspan SL, Resnick NM, Parker RA. Vitamin D supplementation

in older women. 2005. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 60(6):754?9.

329. Gulati S, Sharma RK, Gulati K, Singh U, Srivastava A. Longitudinal follow?up of bone mineral density in

children with nephritic syndrome and the role of calcium and vitamin D supplements. 2005. Nephrol Dial Transplant

20(8):1598?603.

330. Haney EM, Stadler D, Bliziotes MM. Vitamin D insufficiency in internal medicine residents. 2005. Calcif

Tissue Int 76(1):11?6.

331. Hanley DA, Cranney A, Jones G, Whiting SJ, Leslie WD, Cole DEC, Atkinson SA, Josse RG, Feldman S, Kline

GA, Rosen C. Vitamin D in adult health and disease: a review and guideline statement from Osteoporosis Canada.

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332. Harris S, Dawson?Hughes B. Rates of change in bone mineral density of the spine, heel, femoral, neck and

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333. Harwood RH, Sahota O, Gaynor K, Masud T, Hosking DJ, The Nottingham Neck of Femur (NONOF) Study.

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334. Heaney RP. Bone health. 2007. Am J Clin Nutr

85(suppl):300S?3S.

335. Heaney RP. Nutritional factors in osteoporosis. 1993.

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336. Hunter D, Major P, Arden N, Swaminathan R, Andrew T,

MacGregor AJ, Keen R, Snieder H, Spector TD. A randomized

controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation on preventing

postmenopausal bone loss and modifying bone metabolism

using identical twin pairs. 2000. J Bone Miner Res 15(11):2276?83.

337. Hyun TH, Barrett?Connor E, Milne DB. Zinc intakes

and plasma concentrations in men with osteoporosis: the Rancho

Bernardo Study. 2004. AJCN 80(3):715?21.

338. Ilich JZ, Kerstetter JE. Nutrition in Bone Health Revisited:

A Story Beyond Calcium. 2000. JACN 19(6):715?37.

339. Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M, Wallace RB, Robbins J,

Lewis CE, Bassford T, Beresford SAA, Black HR, Blanchette P,

Bonds DE, Brunner RL, Brzyski RG, Caan B, Cauley JA, Chlebowski

RT, Cummings SR, Granek I, Hays J, Heiss G, Hendrix SL,

Howard BV, Hsia J, Hubbell FA, Johnson KC, Judd H, Kotchen

JM, Kuller LH, Langer RD, Lasser NL, Limacher MC, Ludlam S,

“Much evidence indicates that both

calcium and vitamin D are efficacious in

protecting the skeleton, particularly

when these 2 nutrients are used in combination.

Each nutrient is necessary for

the full expression of the effect of the

other, and where their actions are independent,

their effects on skeletal health

are complementary. Nutrient status for

both tends to be deficient in the adult

population of the industrialized nations.

Hence, supplementation or food fortification

with both nutrients is appropriate

and, given contemporary diets and sun

exposure, probably necessary.”

- RP Heaney (#334)

“Adequate nutrition plays a major role in

the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis;

the nutrients of greatest importance

are calcium and vitamin D. Numerous

studies have shown that higher

calcium intake at various ages are associated

with higher bone mineral density

compared with the bone mass of those

with lower calcium intakes. In older

postmenopausal women, the benefits of

vitamin D and calcium supplementation

in preventing bone loss, decreasing

bone turnover, and decreasing nonvertebral

fractures are clear.”

- JW Nieves (#358)

Manson JE, Margolis KL, McGowan J, Ockene JK, O'Sullivan

MJ, Phillips L, Prentice RL, Sarto GE, Stefanick ML, Van Horn

L, Wactawski?Wende J, Whitlock E, Anderson GL, Assaf AR,

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risk of fractures. 2006. N Engl J Med 354(7):669?83.

340. Javaid MK, Crozier SR, Harvey NC, Gale CR, Dennison

EM, Boucher BJ, Arden NK, Godfrey KM, Cooper C; Princess

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341. Johnston CC Jr, Miller JZ, Slemenda CW, Reister TK,

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342. Jugdaohsingh R, Tucker KL, Qiao N, Cupples LA, Kiel

DP, Powell JJ. Dietary silicon intake is positively associated with bone mineral density in men and premenopausal

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343. Lambert HL, Eastell R, Karnik K, Russell JM, Barker ME. Calcium supplementation and bone mineral accretion

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344. Larsen ER, Mosekilde L, Foldspang A. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation prevents osteoporotic fractures

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345. Lee WTK, Leung SSF, Leung DMY, Cheng JCY. A follow?up study on the effects of calcium?supplement

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346. Lee WTK, Leung SSF, Leung DMY, Tsang HSY, Lau J, Cheng JCY. A randomized double?blind controlled

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347. Lee WTK, Leung SSF, Leung DMY, Wang SH, Xu YC, Zeng WP, Cheng JCY. Bone mineral acquisition in low

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348. Lee WTK, Leung SSF, Wang SH, Xu YC, Zeng WP, Lau J, Oppenheimer SJ, Cheng JCY. Double?blind, controlled

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349. Lips P, Graafmans WC, Ooms ME, Bezemer PD, Bouter LM. Vitamin D supplementation and fracture incidence

in elderly persons: a randomized, placebo?controlled clinical trial. 1996. Ann Intern Med 124(4):400?6.

350. Lloyd T, Andon MB, Rollings N, Martel JK, Landis JR, Demers LM, Eggli DF, Kieselhorst K, Kulin HE. Calcium

supplementation and bone mineral density in adolescent girls. 1993. JAMA 270(7):841?4.

351. Meacham SL, Taper LJ, Volpe SL. Effect of boron supplementation on blood and urinary calcium, magnesium,

and phosphorus, and urinary boron in athletic and sedentary

women. 1995. AJCN 61(2):341?5.

352. Meacham SL, Taper LJ, Volpe SL. Effects of boron supplementation

on bone mineral density and dietary, blood, and

urinary calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and boron in female

athletes. 1994. Environ Health Perspect 102(Suppl 7):79?82.

353. Meier C, Woitge HW, Witte K, Lemmer B, Seibel MJ.

Supplementation with oral vitamin D3 and calcium during

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30.

354. Meunier P. Prevention of hip fractures by correcting

calcium and vitamin D insufficiencies in elderly people. 1996.

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355. Meyer HE, Smedshaug GB, Kvaavik E, Falch JA, Tverdal

A, Pedersen JI. Can vitamin D supplementation reduce the

“Osteoporosis is a multifactorial disorder,

and, despite the considerable influence

of heredity, bone health depends on the

whole range of other nutrients and foods

as well as the environmental factors.

prolonged deficiency or excess of one or

the combination of several, as well as the

changes in requirements of those nutrients

caused by physiological and metabolic

changes, might contribute to osteoporosis.”

- JZ Ilich, et al. (#338)

“Numerous studies have demonstrated

the importance of vitamin K in bone

health. Cell studies have helped delineate

the mechanism by which menaquinone

promotes bone mineralization

and inhibits resorption. Human and animal

studies have clearly demonstrated

that vitamin K can improve bone health

by increasing bone mass and reducing

bone loss.”

- J Adams, et al. (#292)

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356. Michaëlsson K, Lithell H, Vessby B, Melhus H. Serum

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357. Ng NTM, Heesch KC, Brown WJ. Efficacy of a progressive

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358. Nieves JW. Osteoporosis: the role of micronutrients.

2005. AJCN 81(5):1232S?9S.

359. Nowson CA, Green RM, Hopper JL, Sherwin AJ, Young

D, Kaymakci B, Guest CS, Smid M, Larkins RG, Wark JD. A cotwin

study of the effect of calcium supplementation on bone

density during adolescence. 1997. Osteoporos Int 7(3):219?25.

360. Papadimitropoulos E, Wells G, Shea B, Gillespie W,

Weaver B, Zytaruk N, Cranney A, Adachi J, Tugwell P, Josse R,

Greenwood C, Guyatt G; Osteoporosis Methodology Group and

The Osteoporosis Research Advisory Group. Meta?analyses of

therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. VIII: Meta?analysis

of the efficacy of vitamin D treatment in preventing osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. 2002. Endocr Rev

23(4):560?9.

361. Peacock M, Liu G, Carey M, McClintock R, Ambrosius W, Hui S, Johnston CC. Effect of calcium or 25OH vitamin

D3 dietary supplementation on bone loss at the hip in men and women over the age of 60. 2000. J Clin Endocrinol

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362. Porthouse J, Cockayne S, King C, Saxon L, Steele E, Aspray T, Baverstock M, Birks Y, Dumville J, Francis R,

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363. Potter SM, Baum JA, Teng H, Stillman RJ, Shay NF, Erdman JW Jr. Soy protein and isoflavones: their effects

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364. Prentice A, Ginty F, Stear SJ, Jones SC, Laskey MA, Cole TJ. Calcium Supplementation Increases Stature and

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365. Raiten DJ, Picciano MF. Vitamin D and health in the 21st century: bone and beyond. Executive summary.

2004. Am J Clin Nutr 80(suppl):1673S–7S.

366. Recker RR, Hinders S, Davies KM, Heaney RP, Stegman MR, Lappe JM, Kimmel DB. Correcting calcium nutritional

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367. Reid IR, Ames RW, Evans MC, Gamble GD, Sharpe SJ. Long?term effects of calcium supplementation on

bone loss and fractures in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. 1995. Am J Med 98(4):331?5.

368. Reid IR, Ames RW, Evans MC, Gamble GD, Sharpe SJ. Effect of calcium supplementation on bone loss in

postmenopausal women. 1993. N Engl J Med 328(7):460?4.

369. Ricci TA, Chowdhury HA, Heymsfield SB, Stahl T,

Pierson RN, Jr., Shapses SA. Calcium supplementation suppresses

bone turnover during weight reduction in postmenopausal

women. 1998. J Bone Miner Res 13:1045?50.

370. Ryder KM, Shorr RI, Bush AJ, Kritchevsky SB, Harris T,

Stone K, Cauley J, Tylavsky FA. Magnesium intake from food

and supplements is associated with bone mineral density in

healthy older white subjects. 2005. J Am Geriatr Soc

53(11):1875?80.

371. Saltman PD, Strause LG. The Role of Trace Minerals in

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372. Sato Y, Honda Y, Iwamoto J, Kanoko T, Satoh K. Effect

of folate and mecobalamin on hip fractures in patients with

“In the presence of osteoporosis, vitamin

D insufficiency may amplify bone loss and

thus enhance fracture risk. It follows that

at any age, but particularly in the elderly,

an adequate intake of both calcium and

vitamin D is important for the preservation

of bone mass and prevention of osteoporosis.”

- C Gennari (#324)

“The effects of low intakes of minerals

important to normal bone metabolism

need further investigation. An inadequate

intake or imbalance of one or

several of the minerals critical to bone

development may jeopardize normal

bone metabolism. There has been widespread

interest over the years in assuring

adequate calcium intakes at critical

stages of the female life cycle. This interest

should be extended to emphasize

optimal intakes of all minerals known or

suspected to affect bone mineral density,

such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium,

and boron.”

- SL Meacham, et al. (#352)

stroke: a randomized controlled trial. 2005. JAMA 293(9):1082?

373. Shea B, Wells G, Cranney A, Zytaruk N, Robinson V,

Griffith L, Ortiz Z, Peterson J, Adachi J, Tugwell P, Guyatt G,

Osteoporosis Methodology Group, Osteoporosis Research Advisory

Group. Meta?analyses of therapies for postmenopausal

osteoporosis. VII. Meta?analysis of calcium supplementation

for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. 2002. Endocr

Rev 23(4):552?9.

374. Shearer MJ. The roles of vitamins D and K in bone

health and osteoporosis prevention. 1997. Proc Nutr Soc

56(3):915?937.

375. Shearer MJ, Bach A, Kohlmeier M. Chemistry, nutritional

sources, tissue distribution and metabolism of vitamin K

with special reference to bone health. 1996. J Nutr 126(4

Suppl):1181S?6S.

376. Stear SJ, Prentice A, Jones SC, Cole TJ. Effect of a calcium

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377. Strause L, Saltman P, Smith KT, Bracker M, Andon MB. Spinal bone loss in postmenopausal women supplemented

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378. Thie NM, Prasad NG, Major PW. Evaluation of glucosamine sulfate compared to ibuprofen for the treatment

of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis: a randomized double blind controlled 3 month clinical trial. 2001.

J Rheumatol 28(6):1347?55.

379. Thomas MK, Lloyd?Jones DM, Thadhani RI, Shaw AC, Deraska DJ, Kitch BT, Vamvakas EC, Dick IM, Prince

RL, Finkelstein JS. Hypovitaminosis D in medical inpatients. 1998. N Engl J Med 338(12):777?83.

380. Trivedi DP, Doll R, Khaw KT. Effect of four monthly oral vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) supplementation on

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381. Utiger RD. The need for more vitamin D. 1998. N Engl J Med 338(12):828?9.

382. von Hurst PR, Stonehouse W, Kruger MC, Coad J. Vitamin D supplementation suppresses age?induced

bone turnover in older women who are vitamin D deficient. 2010. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 121(1?2):293?6.

383. Winters?Stone KM, Snow CM. One year of oral calcium

supplementation maintains cortical bone density in

young adult female distance runners. 2004. Int J Sport Nutr

Exerc Metab 14(1):7?17.

384. Yasui T, Miyatani Y, Tomita J, Yamada M, Uemura H,

Miura M, Irahara M. Effect of vitamin K2 treatment on carboxylation

of osteocalcin in early postmenopausal women.

2006. Gynecological Endocrinology 22(8):455?9.

385. Zamora SA, Rizzoli R, Belli DC, Slosman DO, Bonjour

JP. Vitamin D supplementation during infancy is associated

with higher bone mineral mass in prepubertal girls. 1999. जम्मू

Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:4541?4.

“Collectively, our data provide evidence

supporting dietary supplementation of n-3

PUFA [omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids],

which in turn may have a beneficial

effect of slowing and reducing inflammation

in the pathogenesis of degenerative

joint diseases in man.”

- CL Curtis, et al. (#314)

“In summary, spinal bone loss in a small

group of older postmenopausal women

was slowed by supplementation with

calcium as CCM [calcium citrate malate]

and was halted by supplementation

with a mineral cocktail composed of

CCM along with zinc, manganese and

copper. Only the group supplemented

with calcium plus trace minerals differed

from the placebo group, which, as expected,

lost a significant amount of bone

density.”

- L Strause, et al. (#377)

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386. Abrams SA. In utero physiology: role in nutrient delivery

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387. Amirlak I, Ezimokhai M, Dawodu A, Dawson KP, Kochiyil

J, Thomas L, Abdulle AM. Current maternal?infant micronutrient

status and the effects on birth weight in the United

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388. Auestad N, Halter R, Hall RT, Blatter M, Bogle ML,

Burks W, Erickson JR, Fitzgerald KM, Dobson V, Innis SM, Singer

LT, Montalto MB, Jacobs JR, Qiu W, Bornstein MH. Growth

and development in term infants fed long?chain polyunsaturated

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multivariate study. 2001. Pediatrics 108(2):372?81.

389. Auestad N, Scott DT, Janowsky JS, Jacobsen C, Carroll

RE, Montalto MB, Halter R, Qiu W, Jacobs JR, Connor WE, Connor

SL, Taylor JA, Neuringer M, Fitzgerald KM, Hall RT. Visual,

cognitive, and language assessments at 39 months: a follow?up

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fatty acids to 1 year of age. 2003. Pediatrics 112(3 Pt

1):e177?83.

390. Bailey LB, Berry RJ. Folic acid supplementation and the

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391. Belizan JM, Villar J, Gonzalez L, Campodonico L, Bergei E. Calcium supplementation to prevent hypertensive

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392. Berry RJ, Li Z, Erickson JD, Li S, Moore CA, Wang H, Mulinare J, Zhao P, Wong LY, Gindler J, Hong SX, Correa

A. Prevention of neural?tube defects with folic acid in China. China?US Collaborative Project for Neural Tube

Defect Prevention. 1999. N Engl J Med 341(20):1485?90.

393. Bhate V, Deshpande S, Bhat D, Joshi N, Ladkat R, Watve S, Fall C, de Jager CA, Refsum H, Yajnik C. Vitamin

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29(4):249?54.

394. Birch EE, Birch DG, Hoffman DR, Uauy R. Dietary essential fatty acid supply and visual acuity development.

1992. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 33:3242?53.

395. Birch EE, Carlson SE, Hoffman DR, Fitzgerald?Gustafson KM, Fu VLN, Drover JR, Castañeda YS, Minns L,

Wheaton DKH, Mundy D, Marunycz J, Diersen?Schade DA. The DIAMOND (DHA Intake And Measurement Of

Neural Development) Study: a double?masked, randomized controlled clinical trial of the maturation of infant visual

acuity as a function of the dietary level of docosahexaenoic acid. 2010. AJCN 91(4):848?59.

396. Birch EE, Garfield S, Hoffman DR, Uauy R, Birch DG.

A randomized controlled trial of early dietary supply of longchain

polyunsaturated fatty acids and mental development in

term infants. 2000. Dev Med Child Neurol 42(3):174?181.

397. Bodnar LM, Krohn MA, Simhan HN. Maternal Vitamin

D Deficiency Is Associated with Bacterial Vaginosis in the

First Trimester of Pregnancy. 2009. J Nutr 139(6):1157?61.

398. Bodnar LM, Simhan HN, Powers RW, Frank MP, Cooperstein

E, Roberts JM. High Prevalence of Vitamin D Insufficiency

in Black and White Pregnant Women Residing in the

Northern United States and Their Neonates. 2007. J Nutr

“We have demonstrated for the first time

in a purposeful, community-based prospective

study an association between

maternal nutritional measurements in

pregnancy and two major risk factors for

type 2 diabetes in the offspring… Maternal

macronutrient intakes were unrelated

to adiposity and insulin resistance

in the offspring. However, higher maternal

folate concentrations predicted

greater adiposity (fat mass and body fat

per cent) and higher insulin resistance,

and lower vitamin B12 concentrations

predicted higher insulin resistance. बच्चे

born to mothers with low vitamin B12

concentrations but high folate concentrations

were the most insulin resistant.”

- CS Yajnik, et al. (#491)

“In conclusion, relatively modest amounts

of dietary docosahexaenoic acid during

pregnancy appear to extend gestational

age and may lead to enhanced fetal

growth.”

- CM Smuts, et al. (#476)

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399. Botto LD, Mulinare J, Erickson JD. Occurrence of omphalocele

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based study. 2002. Pediatrics 109(5):904?8.

400. Botto LD, Mulinare J, Erickson JD. Occurrence of congenital

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2000. Am J Epidemiol 151(9):878?84.

401. Bourre JM. Dietary omega?3 fatty acids for women.

2007. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 61:105?12.

402. Brehm JM, Celedón JC, Soto?Quiros ME, Avila L, Hunninghake

GM, Forno E, Laskey D, Sylvia JS, Hollis BW, Weiss ST,

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403. Bucher HC, Guyatt GH, Cook RJ, Hatala R, Cook DJ,

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404. Camargo CA Jr, Rifas?Shiman SL, Litonjua AA, Rich?

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risk of recurrent wheeze in children at 3 y of age. 2007. Am J Clin Nutr 85(3):788?95.

405. Carlson SE, Werkman SH, Rhodes PG, Tolley EA. Visual?acuity development in healthy preterm infants: effect

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406. Chappell LC, Seed PT, Briley AL, Kelly FJ, Lee R, Hunt BJ, Parmar K, Bewley SJ, Shennan AH, Steer PJ, Poston

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407. Chappell LC, Seed PT, Kelly FJ, Briley A, Hunt BJ, Charnock?Jones DS, Mallet A, Poston L. Vitamin C and E

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function. 2002. Am J Obstet Gynecol 187(3):777?84.

408. Chen K, Zhang X, Wei XP, Qu P, Liu YX, Li TY. Antioxidant vitamin status during pregnancy in relation to

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2010. J Nutr 140(3):437?45.

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2008. Diabet Med 25(6):678?84.

411. Cooper C, Javaid K, Westlake S, Harvey N, Dennison E. Developmental origins of osteoporotic fracture: the

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413. Czeizel AE, Dudas I. Prevention of the first occurrence of neural?tube defects by periconceptional vitamin

supplementation. 1992. N Engl J Med 327(26):1832?5.

414. Dahle LO, Berg G, Hammar M, Hurtig M, Larsson L. The effect of oral magnesium substitution on pregnancy

induce leg cramps. 1995. Am J Obstet Gynecol 173(1):175?80.

415. Daly LE, Kirke PN, Molloy A, Weir DG, Scott JM. Folate levels and neural tube defects: implications for prevention.

1995. JAMA 274(21):1698?702.

416. Dawodu A, Wagner CL. Mother?child vitamin D deficiency:

an international perspective. 2007. Arch Dis Child

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417. Devereux G, Litonjua AA, Turner SW, Craig LC,

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418. Devereux G, Turner SW, Craig LC, McNeill G, Mar?

“Given the results of this study, we think

that all women planning pregnancy

should receive a vitamin supplement containing

folic acid.”

- AE Czeizel, et al. (#413)

“Dosing recommendations for mothers

during pregnancy should be aimed at

preventing problems in neonates and

infants, and a vitamin D dose sufficient

for the mother during pregnancy should

produce normal cord blood 25(OH)D

concentrations at birth. Giving relatively

small doses of vitamin D directly to the

infant or supplementing the mother with

100 ?g (4000 IU) vitamin D daily should

maintain normal 25(OH)D concentrations

in exclusively breastfed infants without

harming the mother.”

- CS Kovacs (#448)

tindale S, Harbour PJ, Helms PJ, Seaton A. Low maternal vitamin

E intake during pregnancy is associated with asthma in 5?

year?old children. 2006. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 174(5):499?

507.

419. Dijkstra SH, van Beek A, Janssen JW, de Vleeschouwer

LH, Huysman WA, van den Akker EL. High prevalence of vitamin

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2007. Arch Dis Child 92(9):750?3.

420. Erkkola M, Kaila M, Nwaru BI, Kronberg?Kippilä C,

Ahonen S, Nevalainen J, Veijola R, Pekkanen J, Ilonen J, Simell

O, Knip M, Virtanen SM. Maternal vitamin D intake during

pregnancy is inversely associated with asthma and allergic rhinitis

in 5?year?old children. 2009. Clin Exp Allergy 39(6):875?82.

421. Gaber KR, Farag MK, Soliman SE, El?Bassyouni HT, El?

Kamah G. Maternal vitamin B12 and the risk of fetal neural

tube defects in Egyptian patients. Clin Lab 53(1?2):69?75.

422. Gale CR, Robinson SM, Harvey NC, Javaid MK, Jiang B, Martyn CN, Godfrey KM, Cooper C; Princess Anne

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62(1):68?77.

423. Gibson RA, Neumann MA, Makrides M. Effect of increasing breast milk docosahexaenoic acid on plasma

and erythrocyte phospholipids fatty acids and neural indices of exclusively breast fed infants. 1997. Eur J Clin Nutr

51(9):578?84.

424. Goldenberg RL, Tamura T, Neggers Y, Copper RL, Johnston KE, DuBard MB, Hauth JC. The effect of zinc

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425. Goodyer P, Kurpad A, Rekha S, Muthayya S, Dwarkanath P, Iyengar A, Philip B, Mhaskar A, Benjamin A,

Maharaj S, Laforte D, Raju C, Phadke K. Effects of maternal vitamin A status on kidney development: a pilot study.

2007. Pediatr Nephrol 22(2):209?14.

426. Greenberg JA, Bell SJ, Ausdal WV. Omega?3 Fatty Acid Supplementation During Pregnancy. 2008. Rev Obstet

Gynecol 1(4):162–9.

427. Håberg SE, London SJ, Stigum H, Nafstad P, Nystad W. Folic acid supplements in pregnancy and early

childhood respiratory health. 2009. Arch Dis Child 94(3):180?4.

428. Haugen M, Brantsaeter AL, Trogstad L, Alexander J, Roth C, Magnus P, Meltzer HM. Vitamin D supplementation

and reduced risk of preeclampsia in nulliparous women. 2009. Epidemiology 20(5):720?6.

429. Hay G, Clausen T, Whitelaw A, Trygg K, Johnston C, Henriksen T, Refsum H. Maternal folate and cobalamin

status predicts vitamin status in newborns and 6?monthold

infants. 2010. J Nutr 140(3):557?64.

430. Heird WC. The role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in

term and preterm infants and breastfeeding mothers. 2001. Pediatr

Clin North Am 48(1):173?88.

431. Helland IB, Smith L, Saarem K, Saugstad OD, Drevon

CA. Maternal Supplementation with Very?Long?Chain n?3 Fatty

Acids during Pregnancy and Lactation Augments Children's IQ

at 4 Years of Age. 2003. Pediatrics 111:e39?44.

432. Helland IB, Saugstad OD, Smith L, Saarem K, Solvoll K,

Ganes T, Drevon CA. Similar effects on infants of n?3 and n?6

fatty acids supplementation to pregnant and lactating women.

2001. Pediatrics 108(5):E82.

433. Herrera JA, Arevalo?Herrera M, Herrera S. Prevention

of preeclampsia by linoleic acid and calcium supplementation: a

randomized controlled trial. 1998. Obstet Gynecol 91(4):585?90.

434. Hoffman DR, Birch EE, Birch DG, Uauy RD. Effects of

supplementation with omega 3 long?chain polyunsaturated

fatty acids on retinal and cortical development in premature

“Our study demonstrates an association

between maternal vitamin B12 status during

pregnancy and children's cognitive

functioning. Higher maternal plasma vitamin

B12 concentration in pregnancy

was an independent predictor of the

child's cognitive performance on the CTTA

and Digit Span Backward tests, after

controlling for a number of possible confounders,

including the child's own vitamin

B12 status at 6 years of age.”

- V Bhate, et al. (#393)

“The recommendations for dietary omega-

3 fatty acids should be adopted at

the onset of pregnancy, but there may

be benefits for all women who are considering

becoming pregnant. Given

concerns for mercury toxicity with overconsumption

of certain fish, in order to

meet these recommendations, pregnant

women will need to consume omega-3

fatty acids from 3 sources: vegetable oils,

2 servings of seafood per week, and

omega-3 fatty acid supplements containing

EPA and DHA or DHA alone.”

- JA Greenberg, et al. (#426)

infants. 1993. Am J Clin Nutr 57(5 Suppl):807S?12S.

435. Hoffman DR, Theuer RC, Castañeda YS, Wheaton

DH, Bosworth RG, O'Connor AR, Morale SE, Wiedemann LE,

Birch EE. Maturation of Visual Acuity is Accelerated in

Breast?Fed Term Infants Fed Baby Food Containing DHAEnriched

Egg Yolk. 2004. J Nutr 134:2307?13.

436. Hollis BW. Vitamin D requirement during pregnancy

and lactation. 2007. J Bone Miner Res 22(Suppl 2):V39?44.

437. Hollis BW, Wagner CL. Nutritional vitamin D status

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438. Holmes VA, Barnes MS, Alexander HD, McFaul P, Wallace JM. Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in

pregnant women: a longitudinal study. 2009. Br J Nutr 102(6):876?81.

439. Hornstra G. Essential fatty acids in mothers and their neonates. 2000. AJCN 71(suppl):1262S?9S.

440. Hübner U, Alwan A, Jouma M, Tabbaa M, Schorr H, Herrmann W. Low serum vitamin B12 is associated

with recurrent pregnancy loss in Syrian women. 2008. Clin Chem Lab Med 46(9):1265?9.

441. Hyppönen E, Boucher BJ. Avoidance of vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy in the United Kingdom: the case

for a unified approach in National policy. 2010. Br J Nutr 104(3):309?14.

442. Jain SK, Wise R, Yanamandra K, Dhanireddy R, Bocchini JA Jr. The effect of maternal and cord?blood vitamin

C, vitamin E and lipid peroxide levels on newborn birth weight. 2008. Mol Cell Biochem 309(1?2):217?21.

443. Javaid MK, Crozier SR, Harvey NC, Gale CR, Dennison EM, Boucher BJ, Arden NK, Godfrey KM, Cooper C;

Princess Anne Hospital Study Group. Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and childhood bone mass at age

9 years: a longitudinal study. 2006. Lancet 367(9504):36?43.

444. Jensen CL, Voigt RG, Prager TC, Zou YL, Fraley JK, Rozelle JC, Turcich MR, Llorente AM, Anderson RE,

Heird WC. Effects of maternal docosahexaenoic acid intake on visual function and neurodevelopment in breastfed

term infants. 2005. Am J Clin Nutr 82(1):125?32.

445. Johansen AM, Lie RT, Wilcox AJ, Andersen LF, Drevon CA. Maternal dietary intake of vitamin A and risk of

orofacial clefts: a population?based case?control study in Norway. 2008. Am J Epidemiol 167(10):1164?70.

446. Klemmensen A, Tabor A, Østerdal ML, Knudsen VK, Halldorsson TI, Mikkelsen TB, Olsen SF. Intake of vitamin

C and E in pregnancy and risk of pre?eclampsia: prospective study among 57346 women. 2009. BJOG

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447. Koc A, Kocyigit A, Soran M, Demir N, Sevinc E, Erel O, Mil Z. High frequency of maternal vitamin B12 deficiency

as an important cause of infantile vitamin B12 deficiency in Sanliurfa province of Turkey. 2006. Eur J Nutr

45(5):291?7.

448. Kovacs CS. Vitamin D in pregnancy and lactation: maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes from human and

animal studies. 2008. AJCN 88(2):520S?8S.

449. Lauritzen L, Jorgensen MH, Mikkelsen TB, Skovgaard M, Straarup EM, Olsen SF, Hoy CE, Michaelsen KF.

Maternal fish oil supplementation in lactation: effect on visual acuity and n?3 fatty acid content of infant erythrocytes.

2004. Lipids 39(3):195?206.

450. Lee JM, Smith JR, Philipp BL, Chen TC, Mathieu J,

Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency in a healthy group of mothers

and newborn infants. 2007. Clin Pediatr 46(1):42?4.

451. Levine RJ, Hauth JC, Curet LB, Sibai BM, Catalano PM,

Morris CD, DerSimonian R, Esterlitz JR, Raymond EG, Bild DE,

Clemens JD, Cutler JA. Trial of calcium to prevent preeclampsia.

1997. N Engl J Med 337(2):69?76.

452. Luoto R, Laitinen K, Nermes M, Isolauri E. Impact of

maternal probiotic?supplemented dietary counselling on

pregnancy outcome and prenatal and postnatal growth: a

double?blind, placebo?controlled study. 2010. Br J Nutr

103(12):1792?9.

453. Mahon P, Harvey N, Crozier S, Inskip H, Robinson S,

Arden N, Swaminathan R, Cooper C, Godfrey K, SWS Study

“Omega-3 fatty acid (dietary or in capsules)

ensures that a woman's adipose

tissue contains a reserve of these fatty

acids for the developing fetus and the

breast-fed newborn infant. This ensures

the optimal cerebral and cognitive development

of the infant. The presence of

large quantities of EPA and DHA in the

diet slightly lengthens pregnancy, and

improves its quality.”

- JM Bourre (#401)

“This trial demonstrates that the visual maturation

of healthy infants is improved by

continued supplies of DHA from both human

milk and DHA-enriched baby foods

well into 1 y of life.”

- DR Hoffman, et al. (#435)

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468. Roberts JM, Myatt L, Spong CY, Thom EA, Hauth JC, Leveno KJ, Pearson GD, Wapner RJ, Varner MW,

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that zinc supplementation improves pregnancy

outcome in at least some pregnant

women, and we support the inclusion of

zinc in prenatal multivitamin/mineral tablets.”

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“This study indicates that maternal supplementation

with very-long-chain n-3 PUFAs

during pregnancy and lactation improves

the intelligence of children at 4

years of age.”

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474. Sinclair KD, Allegrucci C, Singh R, Gardner DS, Sebastian S, Bispham J, Thurston A, Huntley JF, Rees WD,

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“Because the neonatal DHA status correlates

positively with birth weight, birth

length, and head circumference, maternal

DHA supplementation during pregnancy

may improve the prognosis of preterm

infants.”

- G Hornstra (#439)

“Studies summarized in this review provide

evidence supporting the view that dietary

EFA supply affects visual development of

preterm and term infants.”

- R Uauy, et al. (#481)

489. Winsloe C, Earl S, Dennison EM, Cooper C, Harvey

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490. Yajnik C. Nutritional control of fetal growth. 2006.

Nutr Rev 64(5 Pt 2):S50?1; discussion S72?91.

491. Yajnik CS, Deshpande SS, Jackson AA, Refsum H, Rao

S, Fisher DJ, Bhat DS, Naik Ss, Coyaji KJ, Joglekar CV, Joshi N,

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2008. Diabetologia 51(1):29?38.

492. Young GL, Jewell D. Interventions for leg cramps in

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“In our analysis, women who were severely

vitamin D deficient [25(OH)D <37.5

nmol/liter] at the time of delivery had almost

4 times the odds of cesarean birth

than women who were not deficient.

One explanation for our findings is the

fact that skeletal muscle contains the

vitamin D receptor. Vitamin D deficiency

has been associated with proximal muscle

weakness as well as suboptimal muscle

performance and strength.”

- A Merewood, et al. (#456)

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496. Abate A, Yang G, Dennery PA, Oberle S, Schroder H.

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499. Adams JS, Ren S, Liu PT, Chun RF, Lagishetty V,

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503. Avenell A, Campbell MK, Cook JA, Hannaford PC, Kilonzo MM, McNeill G, Milne AC, Ramsay CR, Seymour

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507. Barasch A, Elad S, Altman A, Damato K, Epstein J. Antimicrobials, mucosal coating agents, anesthetics,

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511. Bikle DD. Vitamin D and the immune system: role in

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512. Bishop NC, Blannin AK, Walsh NP, Robson PJ, Gleeson

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“Our findings suggest that in certain diabetic

samples, perhaps those with a high

prevalence of micronutrient deficiency,

daily use of a multivitamin and mineral

supplement can decrease infection frequency.”

- TA Barringer, et al. (#508)

“The common denominator that rises

from these studies is that vitamin D affects

the immune system at many levels and by

a number of mechanisms. It takes part in

the genetic regulation of cytokine production,

VDR expression and affects important

biological processes by which

these cells interact.”

- Y Arnson, et al. (#502)

controlled study. 2000. J Am Diet Assoc 100(3):356?9.

514. Bogden JD, Bendich A, Kemp FW, Bruening KS, Shurnick

JH, Denny T, Baker H, Louria DB. Daily micronutrient

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515. Bodgen JD, Oleske JM, Lavenhar MA, Munves EM,

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516. Bonham M, O'Connor JM, Alexander HD, Coulter J,

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Zinc supplementation has no effect on circulating levels of

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517. Cantorna MT. Vitamin D and its role in immunology:

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518. Cantorna MT, Yu S, Bruce D. The paradoxical effects

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521. Chandra RK. Influence of multinutrient supplement

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522. Chavance M, Herbeth B, Lemoine A, Zhu BP. Does

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523. Collins CE, Kershaw J, Brockington S. Effect of nutritional supplements on wound healing in home?nursed

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524. Corthésy B, Gaskins HR, Mercenier A. Cross?talk between probiotic bacteria and the host immune system.

2007. J Nutr 137(3 Suppl 2):781S?90S.

525. Cutolo M, Otsa K. Review: vitamin D, immunity and lupus. 2008. Lupus 17(1):6?10.

526. Damsgaard CT, Lauritzen L, Kjaer TM, Holm PM, Fruekilde MB, Michaelsen KF, Frøkiaer H. Fish oil supplementation

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527. De la Fuente M, Hernanz A, Guayerbas N, Victor VM, Arnalich F. Vitamin E ingestion improves several

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528. De la Fuente M, Hernanz A, Vallejo MC. The immune

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2005. Antioxid Redox Signal 7(9?10):1356?66.

529. Dreyfuss ML, Fawzi WW. Micronutrients and vertical

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530. El?Kadiki A, Sutton AJ. Role of multivitamins and

mineral supplements in preventing infections in elderly

people: systematic review and meta?analysis of randomised

“Inadequate intake and status of vitamins

and trace elements may lead to

suppressed immunity, which predisposes

to infections and aggravates undernutrition.

Evidence has accumulated that in

humans certain nutrients selectively influence

the immune response, induce

dysregulation of a coordinated host response

to infections in cases of deficiency

and oversupply, and that deficiency

may impact virulence of otherwise

harmless pathogens. Thus, micronutrients

are required at appropriate intakes for

the immune system to function optimally.

Available data indicate a role of vitamins

(A, D, E, B6, B12, folate, and C),

and trace elements (selenium, zinc,

copper, and iron) on the immune response…

Overall, inadequate intake and

status of these vitamins and trace elements

may lead to suppressed immunity,

which predisposes to infections and aggravates

malnutrition. Therefore, supplementation

with these selected micronutrients

can support the body's natural

defence system by enhancing all

three levels of immunity.”

- S Maggini, et al. (#564)

“The elucidation of the precise roles of

vitamin D in the immune system and in the

pathogenesis of multiple diseases has the

potential to have profound effects on our

ability to prevent and treat these disorders.”

- NE Lange, et al. (#559)

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531. Enioutina EY, Bareyan D, Daynes RA. TLR?induced local

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532. Fawzi WW, Villamor E, Msamanga GI, Antelman G,

Aboud S, Urassa W, Hunter D. Trial of zinc supplements in relation

to pregnancy outcomes, hematologic indicators, and T cell

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533. Ferguson LR, Philpott M. Cancer prevention by dietary

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Curr Cancer Drug Targets 7(5):459?64.

534. Fogarty A, Lewis S, Weiss S, Britton J. Dietary vitamin E,

IgE concentrations, and atopy. 2000. Lancet 356(9241):1573?4.

535. Fritsche K. Fatty acids as modulators of the immune response.

2006. Annu Rev Nutr 26:45?73.

536. Froicu M, Cantorna MT. Vitamin D and the vitamin D

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537. Fuller CJ, Faulkner H, Bendich A, Parker RS, Roe DA.

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538. Gariballa S. Vitamin and mineral supplements for preventing infections in older people. 2005. BMJ

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539. Gariballa S, Forster S, Walters S, Powers H. A randomized, double?blind, placebo?controlled trial of nutritional

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540. Girodon F, Galan P, Monget AL, Boutron?Ruault MC, Brunet?Lecomte P, Preziosi P, Arnaud J, Manuguerra

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541. Girodon F, Lombard M, Galan P, Brunet?Lecomte P, Monget AL, Arnaud J, Preziosi P, Hercberg S. Effect of

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542. Gleeson M. Can nutrition limit exercise?induced immunodepression?.

2006. Nutr Rev 64(3):119?31.

543. Gleeson M, Bishop NC. Elite athlete immunology: importance

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544. Gottrand F. Long?chain polyunsaturated fatty acids influence

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545. Graat JM, Schouten EG, Kok FJ. Effect of daily vitamin E

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546. Haase H, Mocchegiani E, Rink L. Correlation between

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547. Håberg SE, London SJ, Stigum H, Nafstad P, Nystad W.

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548. Hara M, Tanaka K, Hirota Y. Immune response to influenza

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“Because aging and malnutrition exert

cumulative influences on immune responses,

many elderly people have poor

cell-mediated immune responses and

are therefore at a high risk of infection.

Nutritional therapy may improve immune

responses of elderly patients with

protein-energy malnutrition. Supplementation

with high pharmacologic doses of

a single nutrient (zinc or vitamin E) may

be useful for improving immune responses

of self-sufficient elderly people

living at home. Therefore, nutritional deficiency

must be treated in the elderly to

reduce infectious risk and possibly slow

the aging process.”

- BM Lesourd (#560)

“In summary, our results show that the

age-associated defect in the redistribution

of signaling molecules to the immunological

synapse is reversed by vitamin

E. This effect is strongest in naive T cells,

which exhibit the age-related defects in

protein recruitment and T cell activation.

This is the first demonstration of a reversal

of a key early signaling defect in aged T

cells by a nutrient. These findings have

important implications for the development

of preventive and therapeutic

strategies to reduce age-associated defects

in T cells.”

- MG Marko, et al. (#565)

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558. Kaiser JD, Campa AM, Ondercin JP, Leoung GS, Pless

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“Although our study suggests that many

elderly individuals might benefit from a

supplementary intake of vitamin E, such

public health recommendations can

only be considered after longer-term

studies with lower amounts of tocopherol

are completed. This point will be especially

important in determining if the

immunostimulatory effect observed is

due to pharmacologic or physiologic

effect of vitamin E. Nevertheless, it is encouraging

to note that a single nutrient

supplement can enhance immune responsiveness

in healthy elderly subjects

consuming the recommended amounts

of all nutrients. This is especially significant

because dietary intervention

represents the most practical approach

for delaying or reversing the rate of decline

of immune function with age.”

- SN Meydani, et al. (#568)

“Investigators have demonstrated how

appropriate serum concentrations of

vitamin D facilitate the ability of immune

cells to defend against bacterial and

viral infections. Ongoing research in this

area has provided new ways of understanding

the immune system and how

the pleiotropic actions of vitamin D serve

an important immunoregulatory role in

proper immune function. With the increasing

evidence of vitamin D insufficiency's

detrimental effects beyond the

classically defined cause of rickets, the

full story behind the role of vitamin D insufficiency/

deficiency in pediatric infection

and immune function awaits full

elucidation.”

- VP Walker, et al. (#598)

children is modified by pathogen infections and diarrhea. 2006.

J Nutr 136(5):1365?70.

564. Maggini S, Wintergerst ES, Beveridge S, Hornig DH.

Selected vitamins and trace elements support immune function

by strengthening epithelial barriers and cellular and humoral

immune responses. 2007. BJN 98(Suppl 1):S29?35.

565. Marko MG, Ahmed T, Bunnell SC, We Dayong, Chung

H, Huber BT, Meydani SN. Age?Associated Decline in Effective

Immune Synapse Formation of CDR+ T Cells is Reversed by

Vitamin E Supplementation. 2007. J Immunol 178:1443?9.

566. McKay DL, Perrone G, Rasmussen H, Dallal G, Hartman

W, Cao G, Prior RL, Roubenoff R, Blumberg JB. The effects

of a multivitamin/mineral supplement on micronutrient status,

antioxidant capacity and cytokine production in healthy older

adults consuming a fortified diet. 2000. J Am Coll Nutr

19(5):613?21.

567. Merchant AT, Curhan G, Bendich A, Singh VN, Willett

WC, Fawzi WW. Vitamin intake is not associated with community?

acquired pneumonia in US men. 2004. J Nutr 134:439?44.

568. Meydani SN, Barklund MP, Liu S, Meydani M, Miller

RA, Cannon JG, Morrow FD, Rocklin R, Blumberg JB. Vitamin E supplementation enhances cell?mediated immunity

in healthy elderly subjects. 1990. Am J Clin Nutr 52(3):557?63.

569. Meydani SN, Meydani M, Blumberg JB, Leka LS, Siber G, Loszewski R, Thompson C, Pedrosa MC, Diamond

RD, Stollar BD. Vitamin E supplementation and in vivo immune response in healthy elderly subjects: a randomized

controlled trial. 1997. JAMA 277(17):1380?6.

570. Mora JR, Iwata M, von Andrian UH. Vitamin effects on the immune system: vitamins A and D take centre

stage. 2008. Nat Rev Immunol 8(9):685?98.

571. Moreira A, Kekkonen RA, Delgado L, Fonseca J, Korpela R, Haahtela T. Nutritional modulation of exerciseinduced

immunodepression in athletes: a systematic review and meta?analysis. 2007. Eur J Clin Nutr 61(4):443?60.

572. Muñoz C, Rios E, Olivos J, Brunser O, Olivares M. Iron, copper and immunocompetence. 2007. Br J Nutr

98(Suppl 1):S24?8.

573. Nakamura K, Kariyazono H, Komokata T, Hamada N, Sakata R, Yamada K. Influence of preoperative administration

of omega?3 fatty acid?enriched supplement on inflammatory and immune responses in patients undergoing

major surgery for cancer. 2005. Nutrition 21(6):639?49.

574. Newton S, Owusu?Agyei S, Ampofo W, Zandoh C, Adjuik M, Adjei G, Tchum S, Filteau S, Kirkwood BR. Vitamin

A supplementation enhances infants' immune responses

to hepatitis B vaccine but does not affect responses to Haemophilus

influenzae type b vaccine. 2007. J Nutr 137(5):1272?7.

575. Nieman DC. Exercise immunology: future directions

for research related to athletes, nutrition, and the elderly. 2000.

Int J Sports Med 21 Suppl 1:S61?8.

576. Nieman DC, Henson DA, Gross SJ, Jenkins DP, Davis

JM, Murphy EA, Carmichael MD, Dumke CL, Utter AC, McAnulty

SR, McAnulty LS, Mayer EP. Quercetin reduces illness but

not immune perturbations after intensive exercise. 2007. Med

Sci Sports Exerc 39(9):1561?9.

577. Nugent AP, Roche HM, Noone EJ, Long A, Kelleher DK,

Gibney MJ. The effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation

on immune function in healthy volunteers. 2005. Eur J Clin

Nutr 59(6):742?50.

578. Overbeck S, Rink L, Haase H. Modulating the immune

response by oral zinc supplementation: a single approach for

multiple diseases. 2008. Arch Immunol Ther Exp 56(1):15?30.

“In summary, the present study demonstrates

that modest daily doses of micronutrients

given for 1 y can enhance cellular

immunity and can also prevent the

development of biochemical evidence

of micronutrient deficiencies in healthy,

independently living older people. These

results suggest that the dietary micronutrient

intake of older people and/or the

current RDAs for one or more micronutnients

may be too low to support optimal

immunity in older individuals.”

- JD Bogden, et al. (#515)

“In conclusion, our double-blind, placebo-

controlled study shows that levels of

vitamin E higher than currently recommended

enhance in vivo indexes of T

cell-mediated function in healthy elderly.

The enhancement of cell-mediated

immunity by vitamin E was not associated

with any adverse effects. Since

age-associated decline in immune response

is associated with increased

morbidity and mortality in the elderly

and is widely observed, recommendations

to increase the intake of vitamin E

for elderly should be considered.”

- EG Pallast, et al. (#580)

579. Pagmantidis V, Méplan C, van Schothorst EM, Keijer J,

Hesketh JE. Supplementation of healthy volunteers with nutritionally

relevant amounts of selenium increases the expression

of lymphocyte protein biosynthesis genes. 2008. Am J Clin Nutr

87(1):181?9.

580. Pallast EG, Schouten EG, de Waart FG, Fonk HC,

Doekes G, von Blomberg BM, Kok FJ. Effect of 50?and 100mg

vitamin E supplements on cellular immune function in noninstitutionalized

elderly persons. 1999. Am J Clin Nutr

69(6):1273?81.

581. Penn ND, Purkins L, Kelleher J, Heatley RV, Mascie?

Taylor BH, Belfield PW. The effect of dietary supplementation

with vitamins A, C and E on cell?mediated immune function in

elderly long?stay patients: a randomized controlled trial. 1991.

Age Aging 20(3):169?74.

582. Pichard C, Sudre P, Karsegard V, Yerly S, Slosman DO,

Delley V, Perrin L, Hirschel B, Swiss HIV Cohort Study. A randomized

double?blind controlled study of 6 months of oral nutritional

supplementation with arginine and omega?3 fatty acids

in HIV?infected patients. 1998. AIDS 12(1):53?63.

583. Prasad AS. Zinc: mechanisms of host defense. 2007. J Nutr 137(5):1345?9.

584. Prasad AS, Beck FW, Bao B, Fitzgerald JT, Snell DC, Steinberg JD, Cardozo LJ. Zinc supplementation decreases

incidence of infections in the elderly: effect of zinc on generation of cytokines and oxidative stress. 2007. Am

J Clin Nutr 85(3):837?44.

585. Rahman MJ, Sarker P, Roy SK, Ahmad SM, Chisti J, Azim T, Mathan M, Sack D, Andersson J, Raqib R. Effects

of zinc supplementation as adjunct therapy on the systemic immune responses in shigellosis. 2005. Am J Clin

Nutr 81(2):495?502.

586. Richard SA, Zavaleta N, Caulfield LE, Black RE, Witzig

RS, Shankar AH. Zinc and iron supplementation and malaria,

diarrhea, and respiratory infections in children in the Peruvian

Amazon. 2006. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75(1):126?32.

587. Richards JB, Valdes AM, Gardner JP, Paximadas D, Kimura

M, Nessa A, Lu X, Surdulescu GL, Swaminathan R, Spector

TD, Aviv A. Higher serum vitamin D concentrations are associated

with longer leukocyte telomere length in women. 2007.

Am J Clin Nutr 86(5):1420?5.

588. Roth DE, Caulfield LE, Ezzati M, Black RE. Acute lower

respiratory infections in childhood: opportunities for reducing

the global burden through nutritional interventions. 2008. Bull

World Health Organ 86(5):356?64.

589. Ryan?Borchers TA, Park JS, Chew BP, McGuire MK,

Fournier LR, Beerman KA. Soy isoflavones modulate immune

function in healthy postmenopausal women. 2006. Am J Clin

Nutr 83(5):1118?25.

590. Ryan?Harshman M, Aldoori W. The relevance of selenium

to immunity, cancer, and infectious/inflammatory diseases.

2005. Can J Diet Pract Res 66(2):98?102.

591. Santos MS, Leka LS, Ribaya?Mercado JD, Russell RM,

Meydani M, Hennekens CH, Gaziano JM, Meydani SN. Shortand

long?term beta?carotene supplementation do not influence

T cell?mediated immunity in healthy elderly persons. 1997. Am J

Clin Nutr 66(4):917?24.

592. Schauber J, Gallo RL. The vitamin D pathway: a new tar?

“Although many open questions remain,

there is promise that vitamin A and D

metabolites or their analogues have the

potential to be used in clinical settings

for therapeutic benefit. In particular, it

will be important to assess the impact of

using 1,25(OH)2VD3 analogues as an

adjuvant immunomodulatory therapy in

the setting of autoimmune diseases and

in transplant recipients. It will also be important

to determine the net effects of

retinoic acid or synthetic RAR-agonists,

especially in the intestine, where these

agents appear to have a role in enhancing

immune responses. The capacity

of vitamin A metabolites to foster guthoming

T cells might improve strategies

of mucosal vaccination or aid in decreasing

pathogenic immunity by potentiating

the induction of TReg cells.”

- JR Mora, et al. (#570)

“Nutritional intervention has proven to

be a practical approach in modulating

dysregulated immune and inflammatory

responses. The efficacy of such intervention,

as with vitamin E, for example, has

been demonstrated in clinical trials using

infections as an endpoint. At the same

time, mechanistic studies have deciphered

how vitamin E affects T cell functions

at cellular and molecular levels and

thus, lend further support to the efficacy

of nutrient supplementation in modulating

the age-related immune dysregulation.”

- D Wu, et al. (#605)

get for control of the skin's immune response?. 2008. Exp Dermatol

17(8):633?9.

593. Smolders J, Damoiseaux J, Menheere P, Hupperts R.

Vitamin D as an immune modulator in multiple sclerosis, a

review. 2008. J Neuroimmunol 194(1?2):7?17.

594. Stephen AI, Avenell A. A systematic review of multivitamin

and multimineral supplementation for infection. 2006. जम्मू

Hum Nutr Diet 19(3):179?90.

595. Taylor AL, Hale J, Wiltschut J, Lehmann H, Dunstan JA,

Prescott SL. Effects of probiotic supplementation for the first 6

months of life on allergen? and vaccine?specific immune responses.

2006. Clin Exp Allergy 36(10):1227?35.

596. van Etten E, Stoffels K, Gysemans C, Mathieu C, Overbergh

L. Regulation of vitamin D homeostasis: implications for

the immune system. 2008. Nutr Rev 66(10 Suppl 2):S125?34.

597. Villamor E, Fawzi WW. Effects of vitamin a supplementation

on immune responses and correlation with clinical

outcomes. 2005. Clin Microbiol Rev 18(3):446?64.

598. Walker VP, Modlin RL. The Vitamin D Connection to

Pediatric Infections and Immune Function. 2009. Pediatr Res

65(5 Pt 2):106R?13R.

599. Wang TT, Dabbas B, Laperriere D, Bitton AJ, Soualhine

H, Tavera?Mendoza LE, Dionne S, Servant MJ, Bitton A, Seidman EG, Mader S, Behr MA, White JH. Direct and indirect

induction by 1,25?dihydroxyvitamin D3 of the NOD2/CARD15?defensin beta2 innate immune pathway defective

in Crohn disease. 2010. J Biol Chem 285(4):2227?31.

600. Webb AL, Villamor E. Update: effects of antioxidant and non?antioxidant vitamin supplementation on immune

function. 2007. Nutr Rev 65(5):181?217.

601. White JH. Vitamin D signaling, infectious diseases, and regulation of innate immunity. 2008. Infect Immun

76(9):3837?43.

602. Winkler P, de Vrese M, Laue Ch, Schrezenmeir J. Effect of a dietary supplement containing probiotic bacteria

plus vitamins and minerals on common cold infections and cellular immune parameters. 2005. Int J Clin Pharmacol

Ther 43(7):318?26.

603. Wintergerst ES, Maggini S, Hornig DH. Contribution of selected vitamins and trace elements to immune

function. 2007. Ann Nutr Metab 51(4):301?23.

604. Wintergerst ES, Maggini S, Hornig DH. Immune?enhancing role of vitamin C and zinc and effect on clinical

शर्तें. 2006. Ann Nutr Metab 50(2):85?94.

605. Wu D, Meydani SN. Age?associated changes in immune and inflammatory responses: impact of vitamin E

intervention. 2008. J Leukoc Biol 84:900?14.

606. Yamshchikov AV, Desai NS, Blumberg Hm, Ziegler

TR, Tangpricha V. Vitamin D for treatment and prevention

of infectious diseases: a systematic review of randomized

controlled trials. 2009. Endocr Pract 15(5):438?49.

“In our study, patients who received zinc

and selenium had a better antibody response

after influenza vaccine, and the

percentage of patients without respiratory

tract infections was higher in the T

[trace elements: zinc, selenium] and VT

[vitamin and trace elements: zinc, selenium,

ascorbic acid, beta carotene, alpha-

tocopherol] groups. Our results suggest

a beneficial effect of these nutrients

on the immunity of elderly persons by

improving their resistance to infections.

Larger trials will be required to confirm

our findings, which may have considerable

impact on the health of the institutionalized

elderly.”

- F Girodon, et al. (#540)

“The results of this study substantiate the

hypothesis that nutritional status is an important

determinant of immunocompetence

in old age and that an optimum

intake of micronutrients is needed for enhanced

immune responses in elderly subjects.

Such an intervention led to a striking

reduction in illness, a finding that is of

considerable clinical and public-health

importance.”

- RK Chandra (#520)

Healthy Vision

607. Age?Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. एक

randomized, placebo?controlled, clinical trial of high?dose

supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and

zinc for age?related macular degeneration and vision loss. 2001.

Arch Ophthalmol 119:1417?36.

608. Age?related Eye Disease Study Research Group. A randomized,

placebo?controlled, clinical trial of high?dose supplementation

with vitamins C and E and beta carotene for agerelated

cataract and vision loss. 2001. Arch Ophthalmol

119:1439?52.

609. Age?Related Eye Disease Study Research Group.

Relationship of Dietary Carotenoid and Vitamin A, E, and C

Intake With Age?Related Macular Degeneration in a Case?

Control Study: AREDS Report No. 22. 2007. Arch Ophthalmol

125(9):1225?32.

610. AREDS Research Group. A randomized, placebocontrolled,

clinical trial of high?dose supplementation with

vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age?related macular

degeneration and vision loss. 2001. Arch Ophthamol 119:1417?36.

611. AREDS Research Group. A randomized, placebo?controlled, clinical trial of high?dose supplementation

with vitamins C and E and beta carotene for age?related cataract and vision loss. 2001. Arch Ophthamol 119:1439?52.

612. Berendschot TTJM, Goldbohm RA, Klopping WAA, van de Kraats J, van Norel J, van Norren D. Influence of

lutein supplementation on macular pigment, assessed with two objective techniques. 2000. Invest Opthamol Vis Sci

41(11):3322?6.

613. Bernstein PS, Zhao DY, Wintch SW, Ermakov IV, McClane RW, Gellermann W. Resonance Raman measurement

of macular carotenoids in normal subjects and in age related macular degeneration patients. 2002. Ophthalmology

109(10):1780?1787.

614. Berson EL, Rosner B, Sandberg MA, Weigel?DiFranco C, Brockhurst RJ, Hayes KC, Johnson EJ, Anderson EJ,

Johnson CA, Gaudio AR, Willett WC, Schaefer EJ. Clinical trial of lutein in patients with retinitis pigmentosa receiving

vitamin A. 2010. Arch Ophthalmol 128(4):403?11.

615. Birch EE, Carlson SE, Hoffman DR, Fitzgerald?Gustafson KM, Fu VLN, Drover JR, Castañeda YS, Minns L,

Wheaton DKH, Mundy D, Marunycz J, Diersen?Schade DA. The DIAMOND (DHA Intake And Measurement Of

Neural Development) Study: a double?masked, randomized controlled clinical trial of the maturation of infant visual

acuity as a function of the dietary level of docosahexaenoic acid. 2010. AJCN 91(4):848?59.

616. Bone RA, Landrum JT. Distribution of macular pigment

components, zeaxanthin and lutein, in human retina.

1992. Methods in Enzymology 213:360?6.

617. Bone RA, Landrum JT, Mayne ST, Gomez CM, Tibor

SE, Twaroska EE. Macular pigment in donor eyes with and

without AMD: a case control study. 2001. Investigative Ophthalmology

and Visual Science 42(1):135?240.

618. Brown L, Rimm EB, Seddon JM, Giovannucci EL, Chasan?

Taber L, Spiegelman D, Willett WC, Hankinson SE. एक

prospective study of carotenoid intake and risk of cataract extraction

in US men. 1999. Am J Clin Nutr 70(4):517?24.

619. Bursell SE, Clermont AC, Aiello LP, Aiello LM,

Schlossman DK, Feener EP, Laffel L, King GL. High?dose vitamin

E supplementation normalizes retinal blood flow and

“We found that high dietary intake of vitamin

E and zinc was associated with a

lower risk of incident AMD [age-related

macular degeneration]. An abovemedian

intake of the combination of vitamins

C and E, beta carotene, and zinc

was associated with a 35% lower risk of

incident AMD.”

- R van Leeuwen, et al. (#673)

“A daily dose of 10 mg lutein supplementation

induced an increase in mean

plasma lutein by a factor of 5 and a linear

4-week increase in relative MP

[macular pigment] density of 4% to 5%.

To our knowledge, this is the first study in

which the effects of intake of lutein have

been assessed with objective measurement

techniques. In particular, the SLObased

technique provided very reliable

results. With this technique all subjects

showed a significant increase in MP density.”

- TTJM Berendschot, et al. (#612)

creatinine clearance in patients with type 1 diabetes. 1999. मधुमेह

Care 22(8):1245?51.

620. Carpentier S, Knaus M, Suh M. Associations between

lutein, zeaxanthin, and age?related macular degeneration: an

overview. 2009. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 49(4):313?26.

621. Chasan?Taber L, Willett WC, Seddon JM, Stampfer MJ,

Rosner B, Colditz GA, Speizer FE, Hankinson SE. A prospective

study of carotenoid and vitamin A intakes and risk of cataract

extraction in US women. 1999. Am J Clin Nutr 70:509?16.

622. Chasan?Taber L, Willett WC, Seddon JM, Stampfer MJ,

Rosner B, Colditz GA, Hankinson SE. A prospective study of

vitamin supplement intake and cataract extraction among US

women. 1999. Epidemiology 10(6):679?84.

623. Cho E, Stampfer MJ, Seddon JM, Hung S, Spiegelman D,

Rimm EB, Willett WC, Hankinson SE. Prospective study of zinc

intake and the risk of age?related macular degeneration. 2001.

Ann Epidemiol 11(5):328?36.

624. Chong EWT, Wong TY, Kreis AJ, Simpson JA, Guymer

RH. Dietary antioxidants and primary prevention of age related

macular degeneration: systematic review and meta?analysis.

2007. BMJ 335(7623):755.

625. Christen WG, Ajani UA, Glynn RJ, Manson JE,

Schaumberg DA, Chew EC, Buring JE, Hennekens CH. Prospective

cohort study of antioxidant vitamin supplement use and

the risk of age?related maculopathy. 1999. Am J Epidemiol

149(5):476?84.

626. Chylack LT Jr, Brown NP, Bron A, Hurst M, Kopcke W, Thien U, Schalch W. The Roche European American

Cataract Trial (REACT): a randomized clinical trial to investigate the efficacy of an oral antioxidant micronutrient

mixture to slow progression of age?related cataract. 2002. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 9(1):49?80.

627. Coleman H, Chew E. Nutritional supplementation in age?related macular degeneration. 2007. Curr Opin

Ophthalmol 18(3):220?3.

628. Delcourt C, Cristol J, Tessier F, Leger CL, Descomps B, Papox L, POLA Study Group. Age?related macular

degeneration and antioxidant status in the POLA study. 1999. Arch Ophthalmol 117(10):1384?90.

629. Fletcher E, Bentham GC, Agnew M, Young IS, Augood C, Chakravarthy U, de Jong PT, Rahu M, Seland J,

Soubrane G, Tomazzoli L, Topouzis F, Vingerling JR, Vioque J. Sunlight exposure, antioxidants, and age?related macular

degeneration. 2008. Arch Ophthalmol 126(10):1396?1403.

630. Flood V, Smith W, Wang JJ, Manzi F, Webb K, Mitchell

P. Dietary antioxidant intake and incidence of early age?related

maculopathy: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. 2002. Ophthalmology

109(12):2272?8.

631. Hammond R Jr, Johnson EZ, Russell RM, Krinsky MI,

Yeum KJ, Edwards RM, Snodderly DM. Dietary modification of

human macular pigment density. 1997. Invest Ophthalmol Vis

Sci 38(9):1795?1801.

632. Hammond R Jr, Wooten BR, Snodderly DM. घनत्व

of the human crystalline lens is related to the macular pigment

carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin. 1997. Optom Vis Sci

74(7):499?504.

633. Hankinson SE, Stampfer MJ, Seddon JM, Colditz GA,

Rosner B, Speizer FE, Willett WC. Nutrient intake and cataract

extraction in women: a prospective study. 1992. BMJ

305(6849):335?9.

“In this large prospective study, we observed

a modest inverse association between

intake of lutein and zeaxanthin

and extraction of cataracts. Men in the

highest fifth of lutein and zeaxanthin intake

had a 19% lower risk of cataract

extraction compared with those in the

lowest fifth of intake. There was no significant

association between intake of vitamin

A or other carotenoids and risk of

cataract in multivariate analyses. Increased

consumption of some foods

high in lutein, including broccoli and spinach,

was associated with a lower risk of

cataract extraction. The finding that increased

intake of other fruit and vegetables

was not associated with a decreased

risk suggests that the relation

may be specifically due to lutein and

zeaxanthin and not simply to a healthy

lifestyle.”

-L Brown, et al. (#618)

“In summary, data from the present short

term prospective study are consistent

with potentially protective influences of

vitamins E and C and lutein on the development

of cataract in the lens nucleus.

However, strong inverse relations for

intake of these nutrients were not observed.

Data from longer term prospective

studies and from clinical trials currently

under way will be useful in further evaluating

these associations.”

-PR Trumbo, et al. (#672)

634. Hawkins WR. Zinc supplementation for macular degeneration.

1991. Arch Ophthalmol 109:1345.

635. Jacques PF, Taylor A, Moeller S, Hankinson SE, Rogers

G, Tung W, Ludovico J, Willett WC, Chylack LT Jr. Long?term

nutrient intake and 5?year change in nuclear lens opacities. 2005.

Arch Ophthalmol 123(4):517?26.

636. Jacques PF, Chylack LT Jr, Hankinson SE, Khu PM, Rogers

G, Friend J, Tung W, Wolfe JK, Padhye N. Willett WC, Taylor

A. Long?term nutrient intake and early age?related nuclear lens

opacities. 2001. Arch Ophthalmol 119(7):1009?19.

637. Jacques PF, Taylor A, Hankinson SE, Willett WC,

Mahnken B, Lee Y, Vaid K, Lahav M. Long?term vitamin C supplement

use and prevalence of early age?related lens opacities.

1997. Am J Clin Nutr 66(4):911?6.

638. Jampol LM. Antioxidants, zinc and age?related macular

degeneration results and recommendations. 2001. Arch Ophthalmol

119(10):1533?4.

639. Jampol LM, Ferris FL III. Antioxidants and zinc to prevent

progression of age related macular degeneration. 2001. JAMA

286(19):2466?8.

640. Johnson J, Hammond BR, Yeum K, Qin J, Wang XD,

Castaneda C, Snodderly DM, Russell RM. Relation among serum

and tissue concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin and

macular pigment density. 2000. Am J Clin Nutr 71(6):1555?62.

641. Koh HH, Murray IJ, Nolan D, Carden D, Feather J, Beatty S. Plasma and macular responses to lutein supplement

in subjects with and without age?related maculopathy: a pilot study. 2004. Exp Eye Res 79(1):21?7.

642. Kowluru RA, Tang J, Kern TS. Abnormalities of retinal metabolism in diabetes and experimental galactosemia.

VII. Effect of long?term administration of antioxidants on the development of retinopathy. 2001. मधुमेह

50(8):1938?42.

643. Krishnadev N, Meleth AD, Chew EY. Nutritional supplements for age?related macular degeneration. 2010.

Curr Opin Ophthalmol 21(3):184?9.

644. Kuzniarz M, Mitchell P, Cumming RG, Flood VM. Use of vitamin supplements and cataract: the Blue

Mountains Eye Study. 2001. Am J Ophthalmol 132(1):19?26.

645. Landrum JT, Bone RA. Lutein, zeaxanthin, and the macular pigment. 2001. Arch Biochem Biophys 385(1):28?

40.

646. Landrum JT, Bone RA, Joa H, Kilburn MD, Moore LL,

Sprague KE. A one year study of the macular pigment: the effect

of 140 days of a lutein supplement. 1997. Exp Eye Res 65(1):57?62.

647. Laplaud PM, Lelubre A, Chapman MJ. Antioxidant action

of Vaccinium myrtillus extract on human low density lipoproteins

in vitro: initial observations. 1997. Fundam Clin Pharmacol

11(1):35?40.

648. Larkin M. Vitamins reduce risk of vision loss from macular

degeneration. 2001. Lancet 358(9290):1347.

649. Leske MC, Chylack LT Jr, He Q, Wu SY, Schoenfeld E,

Friend J, Wolfe J. Antioxidant vitamins and nuclear opacities:

the longitudinal study of cataract. 1998. Ophthalmology

105(5):831?6.

650. Leske MC, Wu SY, Connell AM, Hyman L, Schachat AP.

Lens opacities, demographic factors and nutritional supplements

in the Barbados Eye Study. 1997. Int J Epidemiol

26(6):1314?22.

“In summary, a multivitamin-multimineral

supplement with a combination of vitamin

C, vitamin E, ?-carotene, and zinc

(with cupric oxide) is recommended for

AMD but not cataract. Observational

studies for cataract provide only weak

support for multivitamins or other vitamin

supplements. The results of observational

studies suggest that a healthy lifestyle

with a diet containing foods rich in antioxidants,

especially lutein and zeaxanthin,

and n–3 fatty acids appears beneficial

for AMD and possibly cataract.”

-JM Seddon (#664)

“The results of our LAST [Lutein Antioxidant

Supplementation Trial] study support

the results of our pilot spinach data

that lutein may be useful in the nutritional

intervention of atrophic ARMD [agerelated

macular degeneration] in midwestern

male subjects. In LAST, lutein enhanced

macular pigment and visual

function with AREDS stages II, III, and IV.

Thus lutein supplementation may be

beneficial at all stages of ARMD. Further

studies with more patients of both

genders are needed to determine the

long-term effect of lutein alone or lutein

together with a broad spectrum of antioxidants,

vitamins, and minerals on patients

with atrophic age-related macular

degeneration.”

-S Richer, et al. (#661)

651. Lyle BJ, Mares?Perlman JA, Klein BE, Klein R, Greger JL.

Antioxidant intake and risk of incident age?related nuclear cataracts

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“In summary, the results of the present

study provide added support for a relation

between nutrient intake and nuclear

opacification. Our observation that

vitamin E intake is associated with a reduction

in nuclear opacification is consistent

with other longitudinal studies,

strengthening the hypothesized role for

this specific nutrient in nuclear cataract

formation, and the associations with riboflavin,

thiamin, and niacin should

serve to focus added effort on examining

the role of these nutrients in the development

of nuclear cataract.”

- PF Jacques, et al. (#635)

“In this large prospective study, those

with the highest intake of lutein and

zeaxanthin had a 22% lower risk of cataract

extraction than did those in the

lowest quintile of intake (RR: 0.78; 95%

CI:0.63, 0.95; P for trend = 0.04) after

age, smoking, and other potential cataract

risk factors were controlled for. अन्य

specific carotenoids (a-carotene, bcarotene,

lycopene, and bcryptoxanthin),

vitamin A, and retinol

were not associated with cataract in

multivariate analysis. Increasing frequency

of intake of spinach and kale,

foods rich in lutein, was associated with

a moderate decrease in risk. The observation

that other fruit and vegetables

were not associated with decreased risk

suggests that the relation may be due to

lutein, a specific carotenoid predominantly

found in spinach and kale, and

not to a healthy lifestyle per se.”

- L Chasan-Taber, et al. (#621)

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“In the overall sample we observed no

associations between antioxidant nutrient

intake and either cortical or PSC

[posterior subcapsular] opacities, but we

noted significant and provocative associations

in selected subgroups. The inverse

association observed in the

present study between vitamin C intake

and the prevalence of cortical opacities

in women aged <60 y and the fact that

significantly decreased odds of cortical

opacities were found only with a duration

of vitamin C supplement use >=10 y

provide added support for a protective

role for vitamin C against the formation

of lens opacities. We also found that for

PSC opacities there were decreased

odds for nonsmokers with higher intakes

of carotenoids.”

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