Польза для здоровья пищевые добавки

Выбранный чтения из последних 20 лет (1990? 2010)

Составитель USANA исследований и развития

USANA медицинских наук

3838 Parkway Запад, кв.

Солт-Лейк-Сити, Юта 84120

Обновлено: Октябрь 2010

Предисловие

Значение питания для здоровья человека давно признана. До 1960 года,

интерес к этой области сосредоточены главным образом на этиологии и профилактики острых питательной

дефицитных заболеваний, таких, как цинга, рахит и пеллагра. Около 50 основных питательных веществ (витаминов,

минералы, антиоксиданты, кофакторов, незаменимых аминокислот, жирных кислот)

Были определены и рекомендуемые суточные дозы для тех питательных веществ были разработаны.

Эти рекомендации, в свою очередь, оказались ценными в ликвидации острого дефицита питательных веществ

заболеваний.

За последние 20 лет, внимание переключилось на роль диеты и питания в патогенезе

хронических дегенеративных заболеваний. Сердечно-сосудистые заболевания, некоторые виды рака, остеопороза,

II тип сахарного диабета, и дегенерация желтого пятна хорошо? известных примеров заболеваний с диетическими

факторы риска, и исследования в настоящее время на многих питательных? взаимодействия болезни.

К сожалению, эти ассоциации трудно изучать, в частности, из-за

таймфреймов участие. Хронические дегенеративные заболевания развиваются на протяжении десятилетий (или жизни),

и это очень трудно провести исследование

программы, охватывающей более нескольких

лет в длину. Тем не менее, достижения

эпидемиологических и клинических исследований

обнаружили большое количество информации

о влиянии диеты и питательных потребления

на долго? здоровьем в будущем.

За последние десять лет, науки и здравоохранения

Исследователи уделяют все большее внимание

роли пищевых добавок

возможно диетические компоненты

роль в профилактике и лечении хронических

заболевания. Сотни научных исследований

были проведены и опубликованы, охватывающих каждый

широкий диапазон потенциальных проблем здоровья.

Эти исследования использовался широкий

различных методик, и они имеют

"Мы рекомендуем, чтобы все взрослые принимают

один поливитаминов в день. Эта практика

оправдано главным образом известен и подозреваемый

Преимущества дополнительной фолиевой кислоты

и витамины В12, В6, D и В

предотвращение сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний,

рака и остеопороза ...

Мы рекомендуем поливитамины, а

не отдельные витамины, поливитамины, потому что

проще взять и

дешевле, чем отдельные витамины

в отдельности и потому, что большая

Доля населения, необходимо

добавки более одного витамина. "

RH-Флетчера, Fairfield KM. Витамины для хронических

профилактика заболеваний у взрослых: клиническое применение.

2002 год. JAMA 287:3127-9.

производства и положительные и отрицательные результаты. В некоторых областях - таких, как роль кальция

и витамин D добавки для замедления прогрессирования остеопороза, или роль фолиевой

кислота добавки для предотвращения определенных врожденных дефектов - результаты были в значительной степени соответствует,

и эти вещества стали признанной частью современной практики здравоохранения.

В других областях (например, роль антиоксидантов в профилактике сердечных заболеваний),

Результаты были менее последовательными, и окончательные выводы остаются спорными.

Ниже перечисления библиография сверстников? Отзывы исследования в области изучения возможных

Польза для здоровья пищевых добавок и функциональных пищевых продуктов. Этот список не является исчерпывающим.

Документы были отобраны на основе научных заслуг и отношение к

поле, независимо от того, положительные или отрицательные результаты. Наша цель в

составление этого списка, чтобы предоставить читателям хорошую проходимость? разделе последние научные издания,

с надеждой внести свой вклад в лучшее понимание текущего состояния питания

исследований.

Для удобства ссылки были отсортированы по проблеме здравоохранения:

• сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний

• Рак

• костей и суставов здоровье

• Здоровая беременность и здоровых детей

• иммунную систему

• Здоровое Видение

• Другое

Эти утверждения не были оценены Управлением по контролю за продуктами и лекарствами. Ни один продукт USANA предназначен для

диагностики, лечения или предотвращения любых болезней.

"Как видно из таблицы 1, 900

мг / сут мишенью для EPA / DHA может потребовать

3-21 порций рыбы / неделю, в зависимости

от источника / выбранного типа.

Таким образом, высокие цены на нефть качество рыбы

дополнять / сконцентрироваться и функциональных

продукты обогащенные EPA / DHA будет

стать важным средством для повышения

текущий низким потреблением

EPA / DHA ... "

-DJ Голуб и др.. (# 65)

"Mg2 + [магний] дефицит или

снижение в рационе Mg2 +

играет важную роль в этиологии

сахарного диабета и сердечно-сосудистой многочисленные

заболеваний, включая тромбоз,

атеросклероз, ишемическая болезнь сердца,

инфаркт миокарда, артериальная гипертензия,

аритмии и сердечной недостаточности

у людей. Mg2 + добавки

может привести к значительному снижению

артериального давления и стабилизация

нарушения ритма сердца и острого инфаркта

миокарда ".

-S Чакраборти, и др.. (# 22)

Сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний

1. Abbey M, Nestel PJ, Baghurst PA. Антиоксидантные витамины

и низкие? плотности? липопротеинов окисления. 1993 год. Am J Clin Nutr

58 (4): 525 32?.

2. Adank C, зеленый TJ, Skeaff CM, шиповник B. Еженедельный HighDose

фолиевой кислоты является эффективным в снижении сывороточного

гомоцистеина концентрации у женщин. 2003 год. Энн Nutr Metab

47 (2): 55 9?.

3. Allender PS, Cutler JA, Follmann D, Cappuccio FP, Pryer

J, Эллиот П. диетического кальция и артериального давления: мета-анализ

рандомизированных клинических исследований. 1996 год. Энн внутренний Med 124 (9): 825 31?.

4. Agarwal S, Rao AV. Ликопен помидоров и липопротеинов низкой плотности

окисления: человек диетических исследование вмешательства. 1998 год.

Липиды 33 (10): 981 4?.

5. Aminbakhsh, Дж. Манчини Хроническое употребление антиоксиданта и

изменения в эндотелиальной дисфункции: обзор клинических исследований.

1999 год. Может J Cardiol 15 (8): 895 903?.

6. Андерсон JW, марь Д. Лоуренса, Altringer Лос-Анджелесе, Jerdack GR, Hengehold Д.А., Морель JG. Cholesterollowering

эффекты подорожника дополнительной потребление в диетотерапии у мужчин и женщин с гиперхолестеринемией: метаанализ

8 контролируемых исследований. 2000 год. Am J Clin Nutr 71 (2): 472 9?.

7. Андерсон Дж., Дэвидсон MH, Белый L, Brown WV, Говард WJ, Гинсберг H, марь LD, Weingand кВт.

Длинный? Срок холестерина? Снижения последствий подорожника в качестве дополнения к диетотерапии при лечении гиперхолестеринемии.

2000 год. Am J Clin Nutr 71 (6): 1433 8 °.

8. Ascherio, Rimm EB, Hernan MA, Giovannucci E, Kawachi я Штампфер MJ, Уиллетт туалет. Отношение потребления

витамин Е, витамин С, каротиноиды и риска развития инсульта у мужчин в Соединенных Штатах. 1999 год. Энн

Внутренние Med 130 (12): 963 70.

9. Бао B, Prasad AS, Beck FW, Фицджеральд JT, Снелл D, Бао ГВт, Сингх T, Кардосо ЖЖ. Цинк снижает C? Реактивной

белков, перекисного окисления липидов и воспалительных цитокинов у пожилых пациентов: потенциальные последствия цинка

atheroprotective агента. 2010 год. AJCN 91:1634? 41.

10. Baur JA, Синклер DA. Терапевтический потенциал ресвератрола: в естественных доказательств. 2006 год. Nat Rev наркотики открытий

5 (6): 493 506.

11. Беллами М.Ф., ЕСЛИ Макдауэлл, Ramsey МВт, Браунли М,

Ньюкомб Р. Льюис МДж. Устные фолиевой кислоты усиливает функцию эндотелия

В hyperhomocysteinaemic предметов. 1999 год. Eur J Clin Invest

29:659? 62.

12. Берман M, Эрман, Бен? Гал T, D Двир, Georghiou GP,

Stamler, Веред Y, Vidne Б.А., Аравот D. Коэнзим Q10 у больных

с терминальной стадией сердечной недостаточности ожидающих трансплантации сердца?

рандомизированное, плацебо? контролируемое исследование. 2004 год. Clin Cardiol

27 (5): 295 9?.

13. Боаз M, Сметана S, T Вайнштейн, Мэйтас Z, Gafter U, Iaina

, Кнехт, Weissgarten Y, D Бруннер, Файнару M, зеленый MS.

Вторичная профилактика с антиоксидантами сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний

В терминальной стадии почечной недостаточности (SPACE): рандомизированное placebocontrolled

судебное разбирательство. 2000 год. Lancet 356 (9237): 1213 8 °.

14. Bronstrup, Hages M, Принц? Langenohl R, Pietrzik К.

Эффекты фолиевой кислоты и комбинации фолиевой кислоты и витамина B?

12 на концентрацию гомоцистеина в плазме у здоровых, молодых

женщин. 1998 год. AJCN 68 (5): 1104 № 10.

"Витамин С, каротиноиды и витамин Е,

три основные пищевые источники антиоксидантов,

каждый перекисного влияние липидного

и может уменьшить атеросклероза и

снизить риск развития ишемической болезни сердца

(ИБС). "

-EB Rimm и соавт. (# 121)

"В этом большом проспективном исследовании

женщин, мы наблюдали обратную скромный

Связь между приемом витамина

C и заболеваемость ИБС [коронарных

болезни сердца]. Женщины в высших

квинтиля потребления витамина С (? 360

мг / сут) от диеты и добавки

была на 27% более низкий риск нефатального ИМ и

фатальной ишемической болезни сердца, чем женщины в нижнем

квинтиля потребления (? 93 мг / сут).

снижение риска, как представляется, ограничен

для женщин, которые принимали витамин С

добавок. Среди пользователей витамина С

добавки, наблюдается значительное

28% снижением риска нефатального ИМ и

фатальной ИБС, чем у других пользователей. Хотя

риск не существенно различаться

по продолжительности использования пищевых добавок

или дозу добавки, сокращение

Риск был в несколько более сильной

для женщин, принимавших не менее 400

мг / сут. "

-СК Osganian и соавт. (# 110)

15. Брауэр И.А., Ван Dusseldorp M, Томас CM, Duran М,

Hautvast JG, Eskes ТК Steegers? Theunissen RP. Низкий? Доза фолиевой

кислота добавок снижает концентрацию гомоцистеина в плазме:

рандомизированного исследования. 1999 год. Am J Clin Nutr 69 (1): 99 104?.

16. Брауэр И.А., Ван Рой И.А., Ван Dusseldorp M, Томас CM,

Blom HJ, Hautvast JG, Eskes ТК Steegers? Theunissen RP. Гомоцистеин?

снижение эффекта 500 мкг фолиевой кислоты каждый день

по сравнению с 250 мкг / сут. 2000 год. Энн Nutr Metab 44 (5 6?): 194 7?.

17. Браун А.А., Ху FB. Диетические модуляцией эндотелия

Функция: последствия для сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. 2001 год. Am J Clin

Nutr 73:673? 86.

18. Браун BG Чжао Хо, Хаит, Фишера Д., Cheung MC,

Морс JS, Дауди А.А., Марино Е.К., Bolson Е.Л., Alaupovic P, Фрелиха

J, Альберс JJ. Симвастатин и ниацин, витамины-антиоксиданты или

Комбинация для профилактики ишемической болезни сердца. 2001 год. N Engl J

Med 345 (22): 1583 92?.

19. Браун L, B Рознера, Уиллетт WW, Мешки FM. Cholesterollowering

эффекты пищевых волокон: мета-анализ?. 1999 год. Am J Clin

Nutr 69 (1): 30 42?.

20. Bucher HC, Кук RJ, Guyatt GH, Ланг Дж. Кука DJ, Hatala

R, DL Хант. Воздействие пищевых добавок кальция на

кровяного давления. Мета? Анализ рандомизированных контролируемых испытаний.

1996 год. JAMA 275 (13): 1016 22?.

21. Bucher HC, Hengstler P, C Шиндлера, Майер Г. N? 3 полиненасыщенных

жирных кислот при ишемической болезни сердца: метаанализ

рандомизированных контролируемых испытаний. 2002 год. Am J Med

112 (4): 298 304?.

22. Чакраборти S, T Чакраборти, Мандал M, Мандала, Das S, Гош С. Защитная роль магния в сердечно-сосудистой системы

заболеваний: обзор. 2002 год. Молекулярной и клеточной биохимии 238:163? 79.

23. Палаты JC, McGregor, Жан? Мари J, Обейд О.А., Kooner JS. Демонстрация быстрого сосудистого эндотелия начала

дисфункция после гипергомоцистеинемии: эффект обратимой с витамином С терапии. 1999 год. Обращение

99:1156? 60.

24. Cheng S, Массаро JM, Fox CS, Ларсон М., Кейс MJ, МакКейб Е.Л., Robins SJ, CJ O'Donnell, Гофман U,

Жак PF, стенд SL, Васан RS, Вольф М., Ван TJ. Ожирение, кардиометаболических риска, и витамин D положение: Framingham

Heart Study. 2010 год. Диабет 59 (1): 242 8?.

25. Cheung MC, Чжао Хо, Хаит, Альберс JJ, Браун BG. Антиоксидантных добавок блокирует реакцию HDL

для симвастатина? ниацин терапии у пациентов с ишемической болезнью сердца и низкий уровень ЛПВП. 2001 год. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc

Biol 21:1320? 6.

26. Совместная группа первичного проекта профилактики (ППС). Низкий? Дозы аспирина и витамина Е у людей

сердечно-сосудистый риск: рандомизированное исследование в общей практике. 2001 год. Lancet 357 (9250): 89 95?.

27. Мы Коннор. Значение п? 3 жирных кислот в норме и патологии. 2000 год. Am J Clin Nutr 71 (Дополнение): 171S 5S?.

28. Констант J, Blann н.э., Resplandy F, F Parrot, Renard М,

Сеньор M, Герин V, BoisseauM, Conri С. Три месяца добавок

из hyperhomocysteinaemic пациентов с фолиевой кислотой

и витамин В6 улучшает биологические маркеры эндотелиальной дисфункции.

1999 год. Br J Haematol 107:776? 8.

29. Потому что P, T De Bruyne, Hermans N, S Apers, Берге Д.В.,

Vlietinck AJ. Проантоцианидинов в области здравоохранения: текущие и новые

тенденций. 2004 год. Curr Med Chem 11 (10): 1345 59?.

30. Цуй R, ISO Н, дата C, S Кикучи, Tamakoshi, Япония

Совместная исследовательская группа когорты. Диетические фолиевой кислоты и витамина B6

В12 и потребление в связи с Смертность от сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний

? Япония совместное исследование когорты. 2010 год. Ход 41:1285? 9.

"В целом, DHA добавок уменьшить

концентрации атерогенных

липидов и липопротеидов и повышение

Концентрации кардиопротекторное

липопротеидов ".

DS-Келли и др.. (# 75)

"NHEFS данные согласуются с

Гипотеза, что высокий уровень антиоксидантной

витамины (такие как витамины С, Е,

и) повышение защиты организма

системы от свободных радикалов и уменьшить

риск атеросклероза. Кроме того,

NHEFS выводы правдоподобными

В том смысле, что они соответствуют

со светской тенденции в

последние 20 лет значительное увеличение

Потребление добавок, содержащих

витамин С и большое сокращение

с поправкой на возраст смертности (общей, сердечно-сосудистых

болезни, и желудок

рак) в общей численности населения, что

лишь частично объясняется установлены

факторы риска ".

JE-Энстром и соавт. (# 44)

31. Дави G, M Романо, Mezzetti и соавт. Повышение уровня

растворимого P? селектина в гиперхолестеринемией пациентов. 1998 год. Обращение

97? 953? 7.

32. Davidson MH, Маки KC, Гонконга JC, Дуган LD, Торри SA,

Зал HA, Drennan КБ, Андерсон С.М., Fulgoni В.Л., Saldanha LG,

Олсон BH. Длинный? Долгосрочные последствия потребления продуктов, содержащих подорожника

шелуха семян на липиды сыворотки крови у пациентов с гиперхолестеринемией.

1998 год. Am J Clin Nutr 67 (3): 367 76?.

33. Devaraj S, Jialal I. Альфа-токоферола добавки уменьшается

С сывороткой? реактивного белка и интерлейкина моноцитов? 6 уровней

у здоровых добровольцев и пациентов 2 типа диабета. 2000 год. Бесплатный Радич Biol Med 29 (8): 790 2?.

34. Devaraj S, Li D, Jialai I. Воздействие альфа-токоферол добавок на моноцитов функции. Уменьшившийся

окисления липидов, интерлейкин 1beta и моноцитов адгезию к эндотелию. 1996 год. J Clin Инвест 98:756? 63.

35. Dieber? Rotheneder М, Н Пуль, Waeg G, Striegl G, H. Esterbauer действие пероральных добавок dalphatocopherol

по содержанию витамина Е человек липопротеины плотности и стойкости к окислению. 1991 год. J липидов

Res 32 (8): 1325 32?.

36. Djousse L, Арнетт DK, Карр JJ, Eckfeldt JH, Хопкинс PN, провинция М.А., Эллисон RC. Диетические линоленовой кислоты является

обратную связь с кальцинированная атеросклеротической бляшки в коронарных артериях: Национальный институт сердца, легких и

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46. Фан JC, Kinlay S, Белтраме J, H Hikiti, Wainstein M, Берендт

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Влияние витамина С на амбулаторное АД и липидов в плазме крови

у пожилых людей. 2000 год. J Hypertens 18 (4): 411 5?.

"У млекопитающих имеется все больше свидетельств

, что ресвератрол может предотвратить или

задержать начало рак, болезни сердца,

ишемических и химически индуцированных

травмы, диабет, патологические

воспаление и вирусная инфекция ".

JA-Баур и др.. (# 10)

"Похоже, что коэнзим Q10 может

быть полезны в различных клинических ситуациях.

Он может играть определенную роль в профилактике

сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний, потому что

его роль в предотвращении окисления ЛНП,

хотя эта роль требует дальнейших исследований.

Похоже, что это вещество

дефицит многих пациентов с различными

сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний, и что

некоторые из них, особенно те,

ишемическая болезнь сердца, сердечная недостаточность,

и кардиомиопатии, может принести пользу

от его способности к повышению эффективности

инфаркта производства энергии ".

-B Sarter (# 128)

49. Фридман Дж., Паркер C, Li L, JA Перлман, Frei B, Иванов V,

Дик LR, Iafrati MD, JD Folts. Выберите флавоноиды и весь сок

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50. Камбуз HF, Торнтон J, Howdle PD, Уокер BE, Вебстер

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А. А. Рейдер DJ, Панса JA, Cannon RO. Влияние витаминов-антиоксидантов

на низких окисление липопротеидов низкой плотности и нарушение эндотелий?

вазодилатации у больных с гиперхолестеринемией.

1994 год. J Am Coll Cardiol 24 (7): 1611 7?.

52. GISSI? Prevenzione следователи. Пищевые добавки с п? 3 полиненасыщенных жирных кислот и витаминов

E после инфаркта миокарда: результаты исследования GISSI Prevenzione суд?. 1999 год. Lancet 354:447? 55.

53. Gillman МВт, Гуд М.Ю., Мур Л. Л., Нгуен США, певица MR, Андон Мб. Влияние кальция

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54. Glore SR, Ван Treeck D, Knehans AW, гильдии М. Растворимые волокна и липидов в сыворотке крови: обзор литературы. 1994 год. J

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55. Гокке N, Keaney JF-младший, Frei B, M Холбрук, Olesiak M, Захария BJ, Leeuwenburgh C, Heinecke JW, Вита

JA. Длинный? Срока администрация аскорбиновая кислота изменяет эндотелиальной дисфункцией вазомоторной у пациентов с ишемической

коронарных артерий. 1999 год. Обращение 99 (25): 3234 40 °.

56. Гудфеллоу J, Беллами MF, Ramsey МВт, Джонс CJH, Льюис МДж. Пищевые добавки с морскими омега?

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57. Зеленый D, G О'Дрисколл, Ранкин JM, Майорана AJ, Тейлор RR. Благотворное влияние витамина Е на администрацию

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59. Гайтон JR, Blazing М.А., Агарь J, Кашьяп ML, Кнопп RH, McKenney JM, Nash DT, Нэш SD, Niaspan?

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61. Исследование Heart Protection Collaborative Group. MRC / BHF

Heart Protection изучение антиоксидантного витамина

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62. Hodis HN, Mack WJ, Дастин L, Mahrer PR, Азен SP, Detrano

R, Selhub J, Alaupovic P, CR Лю, Лю CH, Хван J, Уилкокс

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63. Hodis HN, Mack WJ, LaBree L, Кашин? Hemphill L, Sevanian

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артерий атеросклерозом. 1995 год. JAMA 273 (23): 1849 54?.

64. Holmquist C, S Ларссон, Волк, де Faire U. Мультивитаминный

добавки обратно связано с риском инфаркта

миокарда у мужчин и женщин - Стокгольм сердца эпидемиологии

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65. Голуб DJ, Голуб BJ. Омега № 3 жирные кислоты из рыбьего жира

и сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. 2004 год. Мол Сотовые Biochem 263 (1 2?): 217?

"В этом исследовании мы показали, что

высокое потребление пищевых линоленовая кислота

было связано с более низкой распространенностью

САС измеряемый сердечный

КТ у мужчин и женщин, после корректировки

на вмешивающиеся факторы, в

доза-реакция моды. Эта ассоциация

не зависит от возраста, образования,

доходов, потребления энергии, соотношение п-6

N-3 жирных кислот, а потребление рыбы ".

-L Djousse и соавт. (# 36)

"Справочная CoQ10 изменяет естественную

История развития сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний

и имеет потенциал для предотвращения

сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний путем ингибирования

окисления холестерина LDL

и поддержания оптимального

клеточных и митохондриальных функций

по всему разрушительному действию времени и

внутренних и внешних напряжений ».

-PH Langsjoen и соавт. (# 82)

25.

66. Hornig B, N Аракава, Колер C, Дрекслер Х. витамина С

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67. Horsch S, Вальтер С. Гинкго билоба специальный экстракт EGb

761 в лечении периферических артерий, облитерирующий эндартериит

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Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 42(2):63?72.

68. Iuliano L, Mauriello A, Sbarigia E, Spagnoli LG, Violi F.

Radiolabeled native low?density lipoprotein injected into patients

with carotid stenosis accumulates in macrophages of atherosclerotic

plaque: effect of vitamin E supplementation. 2000. Cir

101(11):1249?54.

69. Jain SK, McVie R, Jaramillo JJ, Palmer M, Smith T, Meachum

ZD, Little RL. The effect of modest vitamin E supplementation

on lipid peroxidation products and other cardiovascular risk factors in diabetic patients. 1996. Lipids Suppl:S87?

90.

70. Jialal I, Grundy SM. Effect of combined supplementation with alpha?tocopherol, ascorbate, and betacarotene

on low?density lipoprotein oxidation. 1993. Circulation 88(6):2780?6.

71. Johansen O, Seljflot I, Hostmark AT, Arnesen H. The effect of supplementation with omega?3 fatty acids on

soluble markers of endothelial function in patients with coronary heart disease. 1999 год. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol

19:1681?6.

72. Katz DL, Nawaz H, Boukhalil J, Giannamore V, Chan W, Ahmadi R, Sarrel PM. Acute effects of oats and vitamin

E on endothelial responses to ingested fat. 2001. Am J Prev Med 20(2):124?9.

73. Kawano Y, Matsuoka H, Takishita S, Omae T. Effects of magnesium supplementation in hypertensive patients:

assessment by office, home, and ambulatory blood pressures. 1998. Hypertension 32(2):260?5.

74. Keith ME, Walsh NA, Darling PB, Hanninen SA, Thirugnanam S, Leong?Poi H, Barr A, Sole MJ. B?vitamin

deficiency in hospitalized patients with heart failure. 2009 год. J Am Diet Assoc 109(8):1406?10.

75. Kelley DS, Siegel D, Vemuri M, Mackey BE. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation improves fasting and

postprandial lipid profiles in hypertriglyceridemic men. 2007 год. Am J Clin Nutr 86:324?33.

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with cardiovascular disease in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. 2009 год. Атеросклероз

205(1):255?60.

77. Klipstein?Grobusch K, Geleijnse JM, den Breeijen JH, Boeing H, Hofman A, Grobbee DE, Witteman JC. Dietary

antioxidants and risk of myocardial infarction in the elderly: the Rotterdam Study. 1999 год. Am J Clin Nutr

69(2):261?6.

78. Kris?Etherton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ, American Heart Association – Nutrition Committee. Fish consumption,

fish oil, omega?3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. 2002. Circulation 106(21):2747?57.

79. Kritchevsky SB, Tell GS, Shimakawa T, Dennis B, Li R,

Kohlmeier L, Steere E, Heiss G. Provitamin A carotenoid intake

and carotid artery plaques: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities

Study. 1998. Am J Clin Nutr 68(3):726?33.

80. Kugiyama K, Motoyama T, Doi H, Kawano H, Hirai N,

Soejima H, Miyao Y, Takazoe K, Moriyama Y, Mizuno Y, Tsunoda

R, Ogawa H, Sakamoto T, Sugiyama S, Yasue H. Improvement of

endothelial vasomotor dysfunction by treatment with alphatocopherol

in patients with high remnant lipoproteins levels. 1999 год.

J Am Coll Cardiol 33:1512?8.

81. Kushi LH, Folsom AR, Prineas RJ, Mink PJ, Wu Y, Bostick

RM. Dietary antioxidant vitamins and death from coronary heart

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334(18):1156?62.

82. Langsjoen PH, Langsjoen AM. Overview of the use of

“We conclude that CoQ10 administration

can improve recovery of the mitochondrion

and the cardic myocyte

from stress. When given for one week

prior to surgery, CoQ10 can accelerate

cardiac recovery and lead to earlier

discharge of the patient from the hospital.”

-FL Rosenfeldt, et al. (#124)

“In this large cohort of men followed for

12 [years], we found an inverse association

between folate intake and risk of

PAD [peripheral artery disease] that

was independent of other PAD risk factors.”

-AT Merchant, et al. (#97)

CoQ10 in cardiovascular disease. 1999 год. BioFactors 9:273?84.

83. Leaf A, Kang JX, Xiao YF, Billman GE. n?3 fatty acids in

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84. Lee BJ, Huang MC, Chung LJ, Cheng CH, Lin KL, Su KH,

Huang YC. Folic acid and vitamin B12 are more effective than

vitamin B6 in lowering fasting plasma homocysteine concentration

in patients with coronary artery disease. 2004 год. Eur J Clin

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85. Lee JH, О'Киф Дж. Белл D, Hensrud DD, Холик MF. Витамин

D дефицит важных, общих и легко поддается лечению

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56.

86. Leppala JM, Virtamo J, Fogelholm R, Albanes D, Хейнонен ОП. Различные факторы риска для различных инсульта

подтипов: объединение артериального давления, холестерина и антиоксидантов. 1999 год. Ход 30 (12): 2535 40 °.

87. Leppala JM, Virtamo J, Fogelholm R, D Albanes, Тейлор PR, Хейнонен ОП. Витамин Е и бета-каротин

добавок с высоким риском развития инсульта:? подгруппе анализ альфа-токоферол, бета-каротин профилактике рака

Исследование. 2000 год. Arch Neurol 57 (10): 1503 9?.

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дисфункции у пациентов с ишемической болезнью сердца. 1996 год. Обращение 93 (6): 1107 13?.

89. Леви П., Friedenberg P, R Лотан, Оуян P, Tripputi M, L Хиггинсон, Кобб FR, Тардиф JC, Биттнер V, Говард

BV. Эффект витаминотерапии на прогрессирование атеросклероза коронарных артерий зависит от типа гаптоглобина

женщин в постменопаузе. 2004 год. Diabetes Care 27 (4): 925 30 °.

90. Линдеман RD, Ромеро ЖЖ, Келер КМ, Лян HC, LaRue, Баумгартнер Р., Гарри PJ. Сыворотка витамина В12,

C и фолиевой кислоты концентрации в Нью-Мексико обследования состояния здоровья Старшего: Корреляция с когнитивных и эмоциональных функций.

2000 год. J Am Coll Nutr 19 (1): 68 76?.

91. Лошончи KG, Харрис туберкулеза, Хавлик RJ. Витамин Е и витамин С использованием добавки и риск все? Причиной и ишемической

болезнь сердца облегчить смертности у пожилых людей: установлено населения для эпидемиологических исследований пожилых людей.

1996 год. Am J Clin Nutr 64 (2): 190 6?.

92. Основные GC, Alarie F, J Доре, Phouttama S, Трамбле А. добавки с кальцием витамин D + повышает

положительный эффект потери веса липидов плазмы и липопротеидов концентрации. 2007 год. AJCN 85 (1): 54 9?.

93. Malinow MR, Ньето Ф. Крюгер WD, Duell PB, Hess DL, Gluckman РА, блок компьютера, Holzgang CR, Андерсон

PH, Зельцер D, B Апсон, Лин QR. Влияние фолиевой кислоты на уровень гомоцистеина плазмы общего модулируются

по использованию и поливитамины метилентетрагидрофолатредуктазы генотипов. 1997 год. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc биологии

17 (6): 1157 62?.

94. Maresta, Balduccelli M, E Varani, Marzilli M, Falli C, F Хейман, DStat, Lavezzari M, E Stragliotto, De Caterina

Р. предупреждения рестеноза postcoronary ангиопластики по омега-3 жирных кислот: Основные результаты Esapent для

Предупреждения рестеноза итальянского исследования (ESPRIT). 2002 год. Разве сердце J 143: e5.

95. Маккей DL, Перроне G, H Расмуссен, Dallal G, Блумберг

JB. Поливитамины / минеральных добавок улучшает плазмы Bvitamin

статус и концентрацией гомоцистеина в здоровых пожилых

взрослых потребление фолиевой кислоты? укрепленный диеты. 2000 год. J Nutr 130 (12): 3090?

96. Мак-Кинли MC, МакНалти H, J МакПартлин, процедить JJ, Pentieva

К Уорд М, Уэйр Д. Скотт JM. Низкий? Дозы витамина B № 6 эффективно

снижает пост гомоцистеина в плазме у здоровых пожилых людей

, которые являются фолиевая кислота и рибофлавин изобилует. 2001 год. Am J Clin Nutr

73 (4): 759 64?.

97. В торговом Ху FB, Шпигельман D, Уиллетт туалет, Rimm

Е.Б., Ascherio А. Использование B витаминных добавок и периферической

артериальной риск заболевания у мужчин находятся в обратной зависимости. 2003 год. J Nutr

133 (9): 2863 7?.

"В заключение, наши результаты показали, что

Потребление кальция + D добавки

повысить положительный эффект

от массы тела на липидный и

липопротеинов профиль избыточным весом или ожирением

женщины с обычным низким потреблением кальция ...

[В] клиническом контексте ожирения

лечение, препараты кальция

может быть рекомендован в женщинах

с недостаточным потреблением кальция

улучшить сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний

риска ".

GC-майор, и др.. (# 92)

"Полиненасыщенные жирные кислоты (ПНЖК) в

п-6 и п-3 серии необходимых питательных веществ

которые оказывают существенное влияние

на плазменных липидов и служат сердечная

и эндотелиальной функции влияния

профилактика и лечение

ишемической болезни сердца (ИБС). И н-

6 и п-3 ПНЖК имеют различные биологические

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"Несколько эпидемиологических исследований

показали обратную зависимость между

витамина Е и прогрессирование

хронических заболеваний. Считается,

что витамин Е в различных мероприятиях,

в том числе ее роль в качестве антиоксиданта,

есть и антиатерогенных эффектах и

chemoprotective действия ".

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"Администрация CoQ10 в сердце

Пересадка кандидатами привели к значительному

улучшение функционального состояния,

клинических симптомов и качества жизни ".

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of resveratrol and other plant phenolic

compounds and bioflavonoids with vitamin

E should also be encouraged.

Finally, resveratrol should be evaluated

as an interesting candidate for nondrug

approaches to combat blood

vessel-related diseases in humans.”

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“This review confirms the efficacy of

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not only the statistical significance

of the difference with respect

to placebo but also the clinical relevance

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PAOD [peripheral arterial occlusive

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These findings may have potentially

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in developed countries, the

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[nitric oxide] bioavailability through

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187. Block G. Vitamin C and cancer prevention: the epidemiologic evidence. 1991 год. AJCN 53(1 Suppl):270S?82S.

188. Blot WJ. Vitamin/mineral supplementation and cancer

risk: international chemoprevention trials. 1997. Proc Soc

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189. Blot WJ, Li JY, Taylor PR, Guo W, Dawsey S, Wang GQ,

Yang CS, Zheng SF, Gail M, Li GY, et al. Nutrition intervention

trials in Linxian, China: supplementation with specific vitamin/

mineral combinations, cancer incidence, and diseasespecific

mortality in the general population. 1993. J Natl Cancer

Inst 85(18):1483?92.

190. Bonithon?Kopp C, Kronborg O, Giacosa A, Rath U,

Faivre J, European Cancer Prevention Organisation Study

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“The results of this randomized controlled

trial do not support the hypothesis that

selenium supplementation reduces the

risk of BCC or SCC of the skin, showing no

statistically significant treatment effect on

their incidence. However, selenium supplementation

was found to be associated

with significant reductions in secondary

end points of total cancer incidence

(all-sites combined), long, colorectal

and prostate cancer incidences,

and lung cancer mortality.”

- LC Clark, et al. (#197)

“In vitro, animal and clinical studies

strongly indicate that vitamin D may have

anticancer benefits, including against

progression (such as metastasis) in colorectal

cancer and possibly other cancers.

Thus improving vitamin D status could be

potentially beneficial against either incidence

or mortality, or both.”

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191. Bostick RM, Potter JD, McKenzie DR, Sellers TA, Kushi

LH, Steinmetz KA, Folsom AR. Reduced risk of colon cancer

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193. Chan JM, Stampfer MJ, Ma J, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Giovannucci

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194. Chlebowski RT, Johnson KC, Kooperberg C, Pettinger

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Pietinen P, Potter JD, Rohan TE, Terry P, Toniolo P, Virtanen MJ,

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198. Clark LC, Dalkin B, Krongrad A, Combs GF Jr, Turnbull BW, Slate EH, Witherington R, Herlong JH, Janosko

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199. Clarke R, Halsey J, Lewington S, Lonn E, Armitage J, Manson JAE. Bønaa KH, Spence JD, Nygård O, Jamison

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200. Combs GF Jr, Clark LC, Turnbull BW. Reduction of

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201. Cook NR, Le IM, Manson JE, Buring JE, Hennekens

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202. Correa P, Fontham ET, Bravo JC, Bravo LE, Ruiz B, Zarama

G, Realpe JL, Malcom GT, Li D, Johnson WD, Mera R.

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203. Davis CD. Vitamin D and cancer: current dilemmas

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“In this case-control study of North Carolina

women, we found only very limited

support for the hypothesis that vitamin

supplement use is associated with a decreased

risk of breast cancer. Among

white women, any use of multivitamins,

vitamin C or vitamin E in the past five

years was each associated with an approximately

20% decrease in breast

cancer risk; however, the confidence

intervals around these estimates all included

один. There was no evidence of a

dose-response relationship between duration

of use and breast cancer risk. В

contrast to the modest inverse associations

with certain vitamin supplements

suggested for white women, there was

essentially no evidence of a protective

effect among black women for any of

the vitamins examined.”

- PG Moorman, et al. (#256)

“In this cohort, we observed a statistically

significant inverse association between

vitamin E intake and bladder cancer risk,

which was strongest among those who

had been taking vitamin E supplements

for many years. A suggestive inverse association

was noted for intake of vitamin

C supplement dose and bladder cancer

risk. No associations were observed between

intake of total energy, macronutrients,

or other micronutrients and bladder

cancer risk.”

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204. Duffield?Lillico AJ, Slate EH, Reid ME, Turnbull BW,

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205. Ebbing M, Bønaa KH, Nygård O, Arnesen E, Ueland

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206. Egan KM, Signorello LB, Munro HM, Hargreaves MK,

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207. Fedirko V, Bostick RM, Goodman M, Flanders WD, Gross MD. Blood 25?hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations

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211. Freedman DM, Chang SC, Falk RT, Purdue MP, Huang WY, McCarty CA, Hollis BW, Graubard BI, Berg CD,

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212. Gandini S, Raimondi S, Gnagnarella P, Doré JF, Maisonneuve P, Testori A. Vitamin D and skin cancer: a meta?

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213. Garland CF, Gorham ED, Mohr SB, Garland FC. Витамин

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214. Gaziano JM, Glynn RJ, Christen WG, Kurth T, Belanger

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215. Giovannucci E. The epidemiology of vitamin D and colorectal

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216. Giovannucci E. Vitamin D and cancer incidence in the

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217. Giovannucci E, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ,

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1998. Ann Intern Med 129(7):517?24.

218. Goodwin PJ, Ennis M, Pritchard KI, Koo J, Hood N.

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219. Gorham ED, Garland CF, Garland FC, Grant WB, Mohr

“The SU.VI.MAX trial followed a pragmatic

approach in testing the effect of a combination

of 5 antioxidant vitamins or mineral

at low doses. It is thus not possible to

identify which individual micronutrient or

combination is responsible for the preventative

effect observed. Nevertheless, our

study results support the hypothesis that

chemoprevention of prostate cancer

can be achieved with antioxidant vitamins

and minerals.”

- F Meyer, et al. (#250)

“In the 11 non-hormone-dependent

cancer sites described above, 46 studies

have specifically reported on a vitamin

C index or plasma ascorbate values; 33

of these found statistically significant

protective effects, and several more

were in the protective direction but did

not achieve significance. None has

found elevated risk with increasing intake.

In addition to those, 29 studies reported

on the effect of fruit consumption,

21 of which found significant protection

associated with frequent consumption

or high risk associated with low

consumption. For oral, esophageal, gastric,

and pancreatic cancer, the evidence

is extremely strong, with virtually

all studies showing a significant protective

effect.”

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221. Gridley G, McLaughlin JK, Block G, Blot WJ, Gluch M,

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224. Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Manson JE, Stampfer M, Rosner B, Cook NR, Belanger C, LaMotte F, Gaziano JM,

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227. Hoenjet KM, Dagnelie PC, Delaere KP, Wijckmans NE, Zambon JV, Oosterhof GO. Effect of a nutritional

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229. Johansson M, Appleby PN, Allen NE, Travis RC, Roddam AW, Egevad L, Jenab M, Rinaldi S, Kiemeney LA,

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Quirós JR, González CA, Larrañaga N, Chirlaque MD, Ardanaz

E, Sieri S, Palli D, Vineis P, Tumino R, Linseisen J, Kaaks R,

Boeing H, Pischon T, Psaltopoulou T, Trichopoulou A, Trichopoulos

D, Khaw KT, Bingham S, Hallmans G, Riboli E, Stattin P,

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2008. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 17(2):279?85.

230. Kilkkinen A, Knekt P, Heliövaara M, Rissanen H,

Marniemi J, Hakulinen T, Aromaa A. Vitamin D Status and the

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231. Kirsh VA, Hayes RB, Mayne ST, Chatterjee N, Subar AF,

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Inst 98(4):245?54.

“Our study of nearly 1100 incident cases

of cancer is one of the largest prospective

studies of serum selenium levels and

cancer risk and has more site-specific

cancers than any previous study. Мы

found highly significant (p < 10?4) inverse

associations of serum selenium levels with

the incidence of both esophageal and

gastric cardia cancers over a period of

5.25 years of follow-up. Individuals in the

highest quartile of selenium developed

these cancers at approximately half the

rate as individuals in the lowest quartile.”

-SD Mark, et al. (#245)

“Total vitamin B6 intake was also statistically

significantly inversely associated

with risk of colorectal cancer. We observed

59 cases of colorectal cancer

among the 25% of women (approximately

8200) with the lowest plasma vitamin B6

concentrations over the 10-year followup,

compared with 33 cases of colorectal

cancer in the 25% of women with the

highest plasma vitamin B6 concentrations.”

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232. Klein EA. The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention

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233. Kranse R, Dagnelie PC, van Kemenade MC, de Jong

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234. Kristal AR, Stanford JL, Cohen JH, Wicklund K, Patterson

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235. Lamm DL, Riggs DR, Shriver JS, vanGilder PF, Rach JF,

DeHaven JI. Megadose vitamins in bladder cancer: a doubleblind

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236. Larsson SC, Giovannucci E, Wolk A. Vitamin B6 intake, alcohol consumption, and colorectal cancer: a longitudinal

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237. Larsson SC, Orsini N, Wolk A. Vitamin B6 and risk of colorectal cancer: a meta?analysis of prospective studies.

2010 год. JAMA 303(11):1077?83.

238. Le Marchand L, White KK, Nomura AM, Wilkens LR, Selhub JS, Tiirikainen M, Goodman MT, Murphy SP,

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239. Lee IM, Cook NR, Manson JE, Buring JE, Hennekens CH. Beta?carotene supplementation and incidence of

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240. Leitzmann MF, Stampfer MJ, Wu K, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL. Zinc supplement use and risk

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241. Li JY, Taylor PR, Li B, Dawsey S, Wang GQ, Ershow AG, Guo W, Liu SF, Yang CS, Shen Q, et al. Nutrition intervention

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242. Lin J, Cook NR, Albert C, Zaharris E, Gaziano JM, Denburgh MV, Burin JE, Manson JE. Vitamins C and E

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243. Lin J, Zhang SM, Cook NR, Manson JE, Lee IM, Buring JE. Intakes of calcium and vitamin D and risk of colorectal

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244. Lippman SM, Klein EA, Goodman PJ, Lucia MS, Thompson IM, Ford LG, Parnes HL, Minasian LM, Gaziano

JM, Hartline JA, Parsons JK, Bearden JD 3rd, Crawford ED, Goodman GE, Claudio J, Winquist E, Cook ED, Karp DD,

Walther P, Lieber MM, Kristal AR, Darke AK, Arnold KB, Ganz PA, Santella RM, Albanes D, Taylor PR, Probstfield JL,

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245. Mark SD, Qiao YL, Dawsey SM, Wu YP, Katki H, Gunter

EW, Fraumeni JF Jr, Blot WJ, Dong ZW, Taylor PR. Prospective

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246. Martinez ME, Giovannucci EL, Colditz GA, Stampfer

MJ, Hunter DJ, Speizer FE, Wing A, Willett WC. Calcium, vitamin

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247. McCullough ML, Bandera EV, Moore DF, Kushi LH.

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“So far, epidemiological data for cancer

argue for an overall positive role of suninduced

vitamin D. There may be more

beneficial than adverse effects of moderately

increased sun exposure, even for

total cancer mortality. This message

should be addressed to populations at risk

for vitamin D deficiency.”

- J Moan, et al. (#252)

“Based on overall consideration of results

from observational and laboratory studies,

the existing evidence is consistent

with the hypothesis that increasing vitamin

D3 intake to 1000–2000 IU per day or

raising the serum level of 25(OH)D to 33

ng/mL or higher would be associated

with substantially lower incidence rates of

colorectal cancer, with only minimal

risks.”

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248. McCullough ML, Robertson AS, Rodriguez C, Jacobs EJ,

Chao A, Carolyn J, Calle EE, Willett WC, Thun MJ. Calcium,

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2003. Cancer Causes Control 14(1):1?12.

249. Meyer F, Bairati I, Fortin A, Gélinas M, Nabid A, Brochet

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250. Meyer F, Galan P, Douvillel P, Bairati I, Kegle P, Bertrais

S, Estaquio C, Hercberg S. Antioxidant vitamin and mineral

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251. Michaud DS, Spiegelman D, Clinton SK, Rimm EB,

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252. Moan J, Porojnicu AC, Dahlback A, Setlow RB. Addressing the health benefits and risks, involving vitamin

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256. Moorman PG, Ricciuti MF, Millikan RC, Newman B. Vitamin supplement use and breast cancer in a North

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258. Neuhouser ML, Sorensen B, Hollis BW, Ambs A, Ulrich CM, McTiernan A, Bernstein L, Wayne S, Gilliland F,

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259. Ng K, Wolpin BM, Meyerhardt JA, Wu K, Chan AT,

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260. Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, Balmes J,

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261. Patterson RE, White E, Kristal AR, Neuhouser ML,

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262. Peters U, Chatterjee N, McGlynn KA, Schoen RE

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263. Peters U, Littman AJ, Kristal AR, Patterson RE, Potter

“In conclusion, our findings do not support

a protective role of calcium and

vitamin D intakes against colorectal

cancer incidence. However, given the

strong evidence from both animal studies

and in vitro studies, the benefits of

these two nutrients cannot be ruled out.

More detailed investigation of the interaction

of calcium with other nutrients,

including vitamin D, and additional

questions better characterizing vitamin D

status may be necessary to elucidate

the true associations of calcium and vitamin

D with risk of colorectal cancer.”

-J Lin, et al. (#243)

“Optimizing micronutrient intake

(through better diets, fortification of

foods, or multivitamin-mineral pills) can

have a major impact on public health at

low cost. Other micronutrients are likely

to be added to the list of those whose

deficiency causes DNA damage in the

coming years. Tuning-up human metabolism,

which varies with genetic constitution

and changes with age, is likely to

be a major way to minimize DNA damage,

improve health and prolong

healthy lifespan.”

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267. Rodriguez C, Jacobs EJ, Mondul AM, Calle EE, McCullough

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268. Rodriguez C, McCullough ML, Mondul AM, Jacobs EJ, Fakhrabadi?Shokoohi d, Giovannucci EL, Thun MJ,

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274. Stolzenberg?Solomon RZ, Hayes RB, Horst RL, Anderson KE, Hollis BW, Silverman DT. Serum Vitamin D

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275. Taylor PR, Wang GQ, Dawsey SM, Guo W, Mark SD,

Li JY, Blot WJ, Li B. Effect of nutrition intervention on intermediate

endpoints in esophageal and gastric carcinogenesis.

1995. Am J Clin Nutr 62(6 Suppl):1420S?3S.

276. Terry P, Baron JA, Bergkvist L, Holmberg L, Wolk A.

Dietary calcium and vitamin D intake and risk of colorectal

cancer: a prospective cohort study in women. 2002. Nutr Cancer

43(1):39?46.

277. The Alpha?Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention

Study Group. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene

on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male

smokers. 1994. N Engl J Med 330(15):1029?35

278. Thompson JR, Fitz Gerald P, Willoughby MLN,

Armstrong BK. Maternal folate supplementation in pregnancy

and protection against acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in

childhood: a case?control study. 2001. Lancet 358:1935?40.

279. Travis RC, Crowe FL, Allen NE, Appleby PN, Roddam

“In our study, vitamin E showed no overall

effect on lung cancer; however, preliminary

analyses indicate possible efficacy

with longer duration of intervention. Простата

cancer incidence was 34% lower in

the vitamin E group and colorectal cancer

was 16% lower, the latter being consistent

with recent observational data

suggesting such a protective association.

Such effects, if corroborated by other

studies, would have substantial public

health consequences on two common

malignancies.”

- D Albanes, et al. (#180)

“On a very simplistic level, cancer is

thought to arise because of an excess of

DNA damage and/or the inappropriate

expression of critical genes. Folate has

consequently been of particular interest

as a potential cancer protective agent

because of the important roles it plays in

nucleotide synthesis, as well as in the biological

methylation of molecules such as

DNA, RNA, proteins, and the phospholipids.”

- SW Choi, et al. (#196)

AW, Tjønneland A, Olsen A, Linseisen J, Kaaks R, Boeing H,

Kröger J, Trichopoulou A, Dilis V, Trichopoulos D, Vineis P,

Palli D, Tumino R, Sieri S, Bueno?de?Mesquita HB, van Duijnhoven

FJ, Chirlaque MD, Barricarte A, Larrañaga N, González

CA, Argüelles MV, Sánchez MJ, Stattin P, Hallmans G, Khaw

KT, Bingham S, Rinaldi S, Slimani N, Jenab M, Riboli E, Key TJ.

Serum vitamin D and risk of prostate cancer in a case?control

analysis nested within the European Prospective Investigation

into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). 2009 год. Am J Epidemiol

169(10):1223?32.

280. Tsavachidou D, McDonnell TJ, Wen S, Wang X, Vakar?

Lopez F, Pisters LL, Pettaway CA, Wood CG, Do KA, Thall PF, Stephens C, Efstathiou E, Taylor R, Menter DG,

Troncoso P, Lippman SM, Logothetis CJ, Kim J. Selenium and vitamin E: cell type? and intervention?specific tissue

effects in prostate cancer. 2009 год. J Natl Cancer Inst 101(5):306?20.

281. US Preventive Services Task Force. Routine vitamin supplementation to prevent cancer and cardiovascular

disease: recommendations and rationale. 2003. Ann Intern Med 139:51?5.

282. Velicer CM, Ulrich CM. Vitamin and Mineral Supplement Use Among US Adults After Cancer Diagnosis: A

Systematic Review. 2008. J Clin Oncology 26(4):665?73.

283. Virtamo J, Pietinen P, Huttunen JK, Korhonen P, Malila N, Virtanen MJ, Albanes D, Taylor PR, Albert P;

ATBC Study Group. Incidence of cancer and mortality following alpha?tocopherol and beta?carotene supplementation:

a postintervention follow?up. 2003. JAMA 290(4):476?85.

284. Wactawski?Wende J, Kotchen JM, Anderson FL, Assaf AR, Brunner RL, O'Sullivan MJ, Margolis KL, Ockene

JK, Phillips L, Pottern L, Prentice RL, Robbins J, Rohan TE, Sarto FE, Sharma S, Stefanick ML, Van Horn L, Wallace

RB, Whitlock E, Bassford T, Beresford SA, Black HR, Bonds DE, Brzyski RG, Caan B, Chlebowski RT, Cochrane B,

Garland C, Gass M, Hays J, Heiss G, Hendrix SL, Howard BV, Hsia J, Hubbell FA, Jackson RD, Johnson KC, Judd H,

Kooperberg CL, Kuller LH, LaCroix AZ, Lane DS, Langer RD, Lasser NL, Lewis CE, Limacher MC, Manson JE; Women's

Health Initiative Investigators. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of colorectal cancer. 2006 год.

N Engl J Med 354(7):684?96.

285. Wei EK, Giovannucci E, Selhub J, Fuchs CS, Hankinson SE, Ma J. Plasma vitamin B6 and the risk of colorectal

cancer and adenoma in women. 2005 год. J Natl Cancer Inst 97(9):684?92.

286. Wu K, Willett WC, Chan JM, Fuchs CS, Colditz GA, Rimm EB, Giovannucci EL. A prospective study on

supplemental vitamin E intake and risk of colon cancer in women and men. 2002. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev

11(11):1298?304.

287. Xu Q, Parks CG, DeRoo LA, Cawthon RM, Sandler DP, Chen H. Multivitamin use and telomere length in

women. 2009 год. Am J Clin Nutr 89:1857–63.

288. Zhang SM, Cook NR, Albert CM, Gaziano JM, Buring JE, Manson JE. Effect of combined folic acid, vitamin

B6, and vitamin B12 on cancer risk in women: a randomized trial. 2008. JAMA 300(17):2012?21.

289. Zhang SM, Giovannucci EL, Hunter DJ, Rimm EB, Ascherio A, Colditz GA, Speizer FE, Willett WC. Витамин

supplement use and the risk of non?Hodgkin's lymphoma

among women and men. 2001. Am J Epidemiol 153(11):1056?63.

290. Zhang SM, Moore SC, Lin J, Cook NR, Manson JE, Lee

IM, Buring JE. Folate, vitamin B6, multivitamin supplements,

and colorectal cancer risk in women. 2006 год. Am J Epidemiol

163(2):108?15.

291. Zheng W, Anderson KE, Kushi LH, Sellers TA, Greenstein

J, Hong CP, Cerhan JR, Bostick RM, Folsom AR. A prospective

cohort study of intake of calcium, vitamin D, and other

micronutrients in relation to incidence of rectal cancer

among postmenopausal women. 1998. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers

Prev 7(3):221?5.

“Our study, performed in individuals not

selected for risk factors, indicates that a

7.5-year low-dose antioxidant supplementation

lowered total cancer incidence in

men but not in women. A similar tendency

was observed for all-cause mortality.”

-S Hercberg (#225)

“In summary, overall risks for prostate

cancer were unaffected by supplemental

dietary antioxidant use among participants

in the PLCO Trial; however, vitamin

E supplementation in smokers and ?-

carotene supplementation in men with

low dietary ?-carotene were associated

with reduced risks of this disease.”

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292. Adams J, Pepping J. Vitamin K in the treatment and

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293. Alekel DL, St Germain A, Peterson CT, Hanson KB, Stewart

JW, Toda T. Isoflavone?rich soy protein isolate attenuates

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AJCN 72(3):844?52.

294. Allen SC, Raut S. Biochemical recovery time scales in

elderly patients with osteomalacia. 2004 год. JR Soc Med 97(11): 527?

295. Barnes MS, Robson PJ, Bonham MP, Strain JJ, Wallace

JM. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D status

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296. Bikle DD. Role of vitamin D, its metabolites, and analogs

in the management of osteoporosis. 1994. Rheum Dis Clin

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297. Binkley NC, Krueger DC, Kawahara TN, Engelke JA,

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298. Binkley NC, Suttie JW. Vitamin K nutrition and osteoporosis.

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299. Bischoff?Ferrari HA, Willett WC, Wong JB, Giovannucci

E, Dietrich T, Dawson?Hughes B. Fracture prevention with vitamin

D supplementation: a meta?analysis of randomized controlled

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300. Bolton?Smith C, McMurdo MET, Paterson CR, Mole PA,

Harvey JM, Fenton ST, Prynne CJ, Mishra GD, Shearer MJ. Two?

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302. Braham R, Dawson B, Goodman C, McNaughton L. The effect of glucosamine supplementation on people

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303. Brownbill RA, Petrosian M, Ilich JZ. Association between dietary conjugated linoleic acid and bone mineral

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304. Bruyere O, Pavelka K, Rovati LC, Deroisy R, Olejarova M, Gatterova J, Giacovelli G, Reginster JY. Glucosamine

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two 3?year studies. 2004 год. Menopause 11(2):138?43.

305. Buckley LM, Hillner BE. A cost effectiveness analysis

of calcium and vitamin D supplementation, etidronate, and

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306. Cameron MA, Paton LM, Nowson CA, Margerison C,

Frame M, Wark JD. The effect of calcium supplementation on

bone density in premenarcheal females: a co?twin approach.

2004 год. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89(10):4916?22.

“One member in each twin pair was

randomly assigned using computergenerated

numbers to receive 800 mg

of elemental Calcium from citrate and

carbonate, 400 IU of vitamin D3 (as Cholecaliferol),

400 mg of Magnesium from

citrate, and amino acid chelate and

oxide in four orange-flavoured chewable

tablets (Active Calcium™ Chewable);

the other twin was given a

matched placebo in a double-blinded

manner. The placebo tablet was identical

in appearance, taste and composition

but contained no active ingredient.

All tablets were supplied by USANA

Health Sciences, Inc., Sydney, Australia…

“Our findings indicate that supplementation

with 800 mg calcium and 400 IU vitamin

D3 per day for a period of 6

months was associated with increased

trabecular area, trabecular density and

strength strain index at the ultra-distal

tibia and radius and increased cortical

area at tibial mid-shaft.”

- DA Greene, et al. (#327)

“[Boron] may have a preventive or therapeutic

effect that helps to diminish bone

mineral loss in susceptible populations.”

- SL Meacham, et al. (#351)

307. Chapuy MC, Arlot ME, Duboeuf F, Brun J, Crouzet B,

Arnaud S, Delmas PD, Meunier PJ. Vitamin D3 and calcium to

prevent hip fractures in the elderly women. 1992. N Engl J Med

327(23):1637?42.

308. Chapuy MC, Pamphile R, Paris E, Kempf C, Schlichting

M, Arnaud S, Garnero P, Meunier PJ. Combined calcium and vitamin

D3 supplementation in elderly women: confirmation of

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the Decalyos II study. 2002. Osteoporos Int 13(3):257?64.

309. Cheng S, Lyytikäinen A, Kröger H, Lamberg?Allardt C,

Alén, Koistinen A, Wang QJ, Suuriniemi M, Suominen H, Mahonen

A, Nicholson PHF, Ivaska KK, Korpela R, Ohlsson C,

Väänänen KH, Tylavsky F. Effects of calcium, dairy product, and

vitamin D supplementation on bone mass accrual and body

composition in 10?12 year old girls: a 2?y randomized trial. 2005 год.

Am J Clin Nutr 82:1115?26.

310. Chevalley T, Bonjour JP, Ferrari S, Hans D, Rizzoli R. Skeletal site selectivity in the effects of calcium supplementation

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311. Cooper L, Clifton?Bligh PB, Nery ML, Figtree G, Twigg S, Hibbert E, Robinson BG. Vitamin D supplementation

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312. Cumming RG, Nevitt MC. Calcium for prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women.

1997. J Bone Miner Res 12(9):1321?9.

313. Curtis CL, Hughes CE, Flannery CR, Little CB, Harwood JL, Caterson B. n?3 Fatty Acids Specifically Modulate

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314. Curtis CL, Rees SG, Cramp J, Flannery CR, Hughes CE, Little CB, Williams R, Wilson C, Dent CM, Harwood

JL, Caterson B. Effects of n?3 fatty acids on cartilage metabolism. 2002. Proc Nutr Soc 61(3):381?9.

315. Dawson?Hughes B, Harris SS, Krall EA, Dallal GE. Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on

bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older. 1997. N Engl J Med 337(10):670?6.

316. Dawson?Hughes B, Harris SS, Krall EA, Dallal GE, Falconer G, Green CL. Rates of bone loss in postmenopausal

women randomly assigned to one of two dosages of vitamin D. 1995. Am J Clin Nutr 61(5):1140?5.

317. Dawson?Hughes B, Dallal GE, Krall EA, Harris S, Sokoll LJ, Falconer G. Effect of vitamin D supplementation

on wintertime and overall bone loss in healthy postmenopausal women. 1991 год. Ann Intern Med 115(7):505?12.

318. Dawson?Hughes B, Dallal GE, Krall EA, Sadowski L, Sahyoun N, Tannenbaum S. A controlled trial of the effect

of calcium supplementation on bone density in postmenopausal women. 1990. N Engl J Med 323(13):878?83.

319. Dietrich T, Joshipura KJ, Dawson?Hughes B, Bischoff?Ferrari HA. Association between serum concentrations

of 25?hydroxyvitamin D3 and periodontal disease in the

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320. Dodiuk?Gad RP, Rozen GS, Rennert G, Rennert HS, Ish?

Shalom S. Sustained effect of short?term calcium supplementation

on bone mass in adolescent girls with low calcium intake.

2005 год. AJCN 81(1):168?74.

321. Feskanich D, Singh V, Willett WC, Colditz GA. Витамин

A intake and hip fractures among postmenopausal women.

2002. JAMA 287(1):47?54.

322. Feskanich D, Willett WC, Colditz GA. Calcium, vitamin

D, milk consumption, and hip fractures: a prospective

study among postmenopausal women. 2003. Am J Clin Nutr

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323. Fraser DR. Vitamin D?deficiency in Asia. 2004 год. J Steroid

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324. Gennari C. Calcium and vitamin D nutrition and bone

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“Our particular contribution has been to

extend from animal models to humans

the essentiality of Cu, Mn and Zn in the

development and maintenance of BMD

[bone mineral density]… Through understanding

the value of trace elements

from food or supplements, and through

sensible dietary strategies, we can slow

the rate of bone loss, thus delaying or

preventing osteoporosis, in a simple and

inexpensive manner.”

- PD Saltman, et al. (#371)

“In summary, dietary supplementation

with a combination of nutritionally relevant

amounts of vitamin K with vitamin D

and calcium in healthy older women

was associated with a modest but significant

increase in BMC at one site, consisting

predominantly of trabecular bone.

Similar changes were not observed in

either the vitamin K group alone or in the

calcium plus vitamin D group, suggesting

a synergistic role of the combination as

sugggested by previous reports.”

- C Bolton-Smith, et al. (#300)

325. Going S, Lohman T, Houtkooper L, Metcalfe L, Flint?

Wagner H, Blew R, Stanford V, Cussler E, Martin J, Teixeira P,

Harris M, Milliken L, Figueroa?Galvez A, Weber J. Effects of exercise

on bone mineral density in calcium?replete postmenopausal

women with and without hormone replacement therapy.

2003. Osteoporos Int 14(8):637?43.

326. Grant AM, Avenell A, Campbell MK, McDonald AM,

MacLennan GS, McPherson GC, Anderson FH, Cooper C, Francis

RM, Donaldson C, Gillespie WJ, Robinson CM, Torgerson DJ,

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365(9471):1621?8.

327. Greene DA, Naughton GA. Calcium and vitamin?D

supplementation on bone structural properties in peripubertal

female identical twins: a randomised controlled trial. 2010 год. Osteoporos

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328. Greenspan SL, Resnick NM, Parker RA. Vitamin D supplementation

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329. Gulati S, Sharma RK, Gulati K, Singh U, Srivastava A. Longitudinal follow?up of bone mineral density in

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330. Haney EM, Stadler D, Bliziotes MM. Vitamin D insufficiency in internal medicine residents. 2005 год. Calcif

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331. Hanley DA, Cranney A, Jones G, Whiting SJ, Leslie WD, Cole DEC, Atkinson SA, Josse RG, Feldman S, Kline

GA, Rosen C. Vitamin D in adult health and disease: a review and guideline statement from Osteoporosis Canada.

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332. Harris S, Dawson?Hughes B. Rates of change in bone mineral density of the spine, heel, femoral, neck and

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333. Harwood RH, Sahota O, Gaynor K, Masud T, Hosking DJ, The Nottingham Neck of Femur (NONOF) Study.

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85(suppl):300S?3S.

335. Heaney RP. Nutritional factors in osteoporosis. 1993.

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336. Hunter D, Major P, Arden N, Swaminathan R, Andrew T,

MacGregor AJ, Keen R, Snieder H, Spector TD. A randomized

controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation on preventing

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using identical twin pairs. 2000 год. J Bone Miner Res 15(11):2276?83.

337. Hyun TH, Barrett?Connor E, Milne DB. Zinc intakes

and plasma concentrations in men with osteoporosis: the Rancho

Bernardo Study. 2004 год. AJCN 80(3):715?21.

338. Ilich JZ, Kerstetter JE. Nutrition in Bone Health Revisited:

A Story Beyond Calcium. 2000 год. JACN 19(6):715?37.

339. Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M, Wallace RB, Robbins J,

Lewis CE, Bassford T, Beresford SAA, Black HR, Blanchette P,

Bonds DE, Brunner RL, Brzyski RG, Caan B, Cauley JA, Chlebowski

RT, Cummings SR, Granek I, Hays J, Heiss G, Hendrix SL,

Howard BV, Hsia J, Hubbell FA, Johnson KC, Judd H, Kotchen

JM, Kuller LH, Langer RD, Lasser NL, Limacher MC, Ludlam S,

“Much evidence indicates that both

calcium and vitamin D are efficacious in

protecting the skeleton, particularly

when these 2 nutrients are used in combination.

Each nutrient is necessary for

the full expression of the effect of the

other, and where their actions are independent,

their effects on skeletal health

are complementary. Nutrient status for

both tends to be deficient in the adult

population of the industrialized nations.

Hence, supplementation or food fortification

with both nutrients is appropriate

and, given contemporary diets and sun

exposure, probably necessary.”

- RP Heaney (#334)

“Adequate nutrition plays a major role in

the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis;

the nutrients of greatest importance

are calcium and vitamin D. Numerous

studies have shown that higher

calcium intake at various ages are associated

with higher bone mineral density

compared with the bone mass of those

with lower calcium intakes. In older

postmenopausal women, the benefits of

vitamin D and calcium supplementation

in preventing bone loss, decreasing

bone turnover, and decreasing nonvertebral

fractures are clear.”

- JW Nieves (#358)

Manson JE, Margolis KL, McGowan J, Ockene JK, O'Sullivan

MJ, Phillips L, Prentice RL, Sarto GE, Stefanick ML, Van Horn

L, Wactawski?Wende J, Whitlock E, Anderson GL, Assaf AR,

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340. Javaid MK, Crozier SR, Harvey NC, Gale CR, Dennison

EM, Boucher BJ, Arden NK, Godfrey KM, Cooper C; Princess

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341. Johnston CC Jr, Miller JZ, Slemenda CW, Reister TK,

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342. Jugdaohsingh R, Tucker KL, Qiao N, Cupples LA, Kiel

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345. Lee WTK, Leung SSF, Leung DMY, Cheng JCY. A follow?up study on the effects of calcium?supplement

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346. Lee WTK, Leung SSF, Leung DMY, Tsang HSY, Lau J, Cheng JCY. A randomized double?blind controlled

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347. Lee WTK, Leung SSF, Leung DMY, Wang SH, Xu YC, Zeng WP, Cheng JCY. Bone mineral acquisition in low

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348. Lee WTK, Leung SSF, Wang SH, Xu YC, Zeng WP, Lau J, Oppenheimer SJ, Cheng JCY. Double?blind, controlled

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349. Lips P, Graafmans WC, Ooms ME, Bezemer PD, Bouter LM. Vitamin D supplementation and fracture incidence

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350. Lloyd T, Andon MB, Rollings N, Martel JK, Landis JR, Demers LM, Eggli DF, Kieselhorst K, Kulin HE. Кальций

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351. Meacham SL, Taper LJ, Volpe SL. Effect of boron supplementation on blood and urinary calcium, magnesium,

and phosphorus, and urinary boron in athletic and sedentary

women. 1995. AJCN 61(2):341?5.

352. Meacham SL, Taper LJ, Volpe SL. Effects of boron supplementation

on bone mineral density and dietary, blood, and

urinary calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and boron in female

athletes. 1994. Environ Health Perspect 102(Suppl 7):79?82.

353. Meier C, Woitge HW, Witte K, Lemmer B, Seibel MJ.

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354. Meunier P. Prevention of hip fractures by correcting

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355. Meyer HE, Smedshaug GB, Kvaavik E, Falch JA, Tverdal

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“Osteoporosis is a multifactorial disorder,

and, despite the considerable influence

of heredity, bone health depends on the

whole range of other nutrients and foods

as well as the environmental factors.

prolonged deficiency or excess of one or

the combination of several, as well as the

changes in requirements of those nutrients

caused by physiological and metabolic

changes, might contribute to osteoporosis.”

- JZ Ilich, et al. (#338)

“Numerous studies have demonstrated

the importance of vitamin K in bone

health. Cell studies have helped delineate

the mechanism by which menaquinone

promotes bone mineralization

and inhibits resorption. Human and animal

studies have clearly demonstrated

that vitamin K can improve bone health

by increasing bone mass and reducing

bone loss.”

- J Adams, et al. (#292)

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2002. J Bone Miner Res 17(4):709?15.

356. Michaëlsson K, Lithell H, Vessby B, Melhus H. Serum

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348:287?94.

357. Ng NTM, Heesch KC, Brown WJ. Efficacy of a progressive

walking program and glucosamine sulphate supplementation

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358. Nieves JW. Osteoporosis: the role of micronutrients.

2005 год. AJCN 81(5):1232S?9S.

359. Nowson CA, Green RM, Hopper JL, Sherwin AJ, Young

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370. Ryder KM, Shorr RI, Bush AJ, Kritchevsky SB, Harris T,

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“In the presence of osteoporosis, vitamin

D insufficiency may amplify bone loss and

thus enhance fracture risk. It follows that

at any age, but particularly in the elderly,

an adequate intake of both calcium and

vitamin D is important for the preservation

of bone mass and prevention of osteoporosis.”

- C Gennari (#324)

“The effects of low intakes of minerals

important to normal bone metabolism

need further investigation. An inadequate

intake or imbalance of one or

several of the minerals critical to bone

development may jeopardize normal

bone metabolism. There has been widespread

interest over the years in assuring

adequate calcium intakes at critical

stages of the female life cycle. This interest

should be extended to emphasize

optimal intakes of all minerals known or

suspected to affect bone mineral density,

such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium,

and boron.”

- SL Meacham, et al. (#352)

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“Collectively, our data provide evidence

supporting dietary supplementation of n-3

PUFA [omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids],

which in turn may have a beneficial

effect of slowing and reducing inflammation

in the pathogenesis of degenerative

joint diseases in man.”

- CL Curtis, et al. (#314)

“In summary, spinal bone loss in a small

group of older postmenopausal women

was slowed by supplementation with

calcium as CCM [calcium citrate malate]

and was halted by supplementation

with a mineral cocktail composed of

CCM along with zinc, manganese and

copper. Only the group supplemented

with calcium plus trace minerals differed

from the placebo group, which, as expected,

lost a significant amount of bone

density.”

- L Strause, et al. (#377)

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393. Bhate V, Deshpande S, Bhat D, Joshi N, Ladkat R, Watve S, Fall C, de Jager CA, Refsum H, Yajnik C. Vitamin

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394. Birch EE, Birch DG, Hoffman DR, Uauy R. Dietary essential fatty acid supply and visual acuity development.

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395. Birch EE, Carlson SE, Hoffman DR, Fitzgerald?Gustafson KM, Fu VLN, Drover JR, Castañeda YS, Minns L,

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396. Birch EE, Garfield S, Hoffman DR, Uauy R, Birch DG.

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397. Bodnar LM, Krohn MA, Simhan HN. Maternal Vitamin

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“We have demonstrated for the first time

in a purposeful, community-based prospective

study an association between

maternal nutritional measurements in

pregnancy and two major risk factors for

type 2 diabetes in the offspring… Maternal

macronutrient intakes were unrelated

to adiposity and insulin resistance

in the offspring. However, higher maternal

folate concentrations predicted

greater adiposity (fat mass and body fat

per cent) and higher insulin resistance,

and lower vitamin B12 concentrations

predicted higher insulin resistance. Дети

born to mothers with low vitamin B12

concentrations but high folate concentrations

were the most insulin resistant.”

- CS Yajnik, et al. (#491)

“In conclusion, relatively modest amounts

of dietary docosahexaenoic acid during

pregnancy appear to extend gestational

age and may lead to enhanced fetal

growth.”

- CM Smuts, et al. (#476)

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that all women planning pregnancy

should receive a vitamin supplement containing

folic acid.”

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“Dosing recommendations for mothers

during pregnancy should be aimed at

preventing problems in neonates and

infants, and a vitamin D dose sufficient

for the mother during pregnancy should

produce normal cord blood 25(OH)D

concentrations at birth. Giving relatively

small doses of vitamin D directly to the

infant or supplementing the mother with

100 ?g (4000 IU) vitamin D daily should

maintain normal 25(OH)D concentrations

in exclusively breastfed infants without

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432. Helland IB, Saugstad OD, Smith L, Saarem K, Solvoll K,

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“Our study demonstrates an association

between maternal vitamin B12 status during

pregnancy and children's cognitive

functioning. Higher maternal plasma vitamin

B12 concentration in pregnancy

was an independent predictor of the

child's cognitive performance on the CTTA

and Digit Span Backward tests, after

controlling for a number of possible confounders,

including the child's own vitamin

B12 status at 6 years of age.”

- V Bhate, et al. (#393)

“The recommendations for dietary omega-

3 fatty acids should be adopted at

the onset of pregnancy, but there may

be benefits for all women who are considering

becoming pregnant. Given

concerns for mercury toxicity with overconsumption

of certain fish, in order to

meet these recommendations, pregnant

women will need to consume omega-3

fatty acids from 3 sources: vegetable oils,

2 servings of seafood per week, and

omega-3 fatty acid supplements containing

EPA and DHA or DHA alone.”

- JA Greenberg, et al. (#426)

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435. Hoffman DR, Theuer RC, Castañeda YS, Wheaton

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444. Jensen CL, Voigt RG, Prager TC, Zou YL, Fraley JK, Rozelle JC, Turcich MR, Llorente AM, Anderson RE,

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445. Johansen AM, Lie RT, Wilcox AJ, Andersen LF, Drevon CA. Maternal dietary intake of vitamin A and risk of

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449. Lauritzen L, Jorgensen MH, Mikkelsen TB, Skovgaard M, Straarup EM, Olsen SF, Hoy CE, Michaelsen KF.

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451. Levine RJ, Hauth JC, Curet LB, Sibai BM, Catalano PM,

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“Omega-3 fatty acid (dietary or in capsules)

ensures that a woman's adipose

tissue contains a reserve of these fatty

acids for the developing fetus and the

breast-fed newborn infant. This ensures

the optimal cerebral and cognitive development

of the infant. The presence of

large quantities of EPA and DHA in the

diet slightly lengthens pregnancy, and

improves its quality.”

- JM Bourre (#401)

“This trial demonstrates that the visual maturation

of healthy infants is improved by

continued supplies of DHA from both human

milk and DHA-enriched baby foods

well into 1 y of life.”

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“This study indicates that maternal supplementation

with very-long-chain n-3 PUFAs

during pregnancy and lactation improves

the intelligence of children at 4

years of age.”

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473. Shaw GM, Lammer EJ, Wasserman CR, O'Malley CD,

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“Because the neonatal DHA status correlates

positively with birth weight, birth

length, and head circumference, maternal

DHA supplementation during pregnancy

may improve the prognosis of preterm

infants.”

- G Hornstra (#439)

“Studies summarized in this review provide

evidence supporting the view that dietary

EFA supply affects visual development of

preterm and term infants.”

- R Uauy, et al. (#481)

489. Winsloe C, Earl S, Dennison EM, Cooper C, Harvey

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491. Yajnik CS, Deshpande SS, Jackson AA, Refsum H, Rao

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492. Young GL, Jewell D. Interventions for leg cramps in

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“In our analysis, women who were severely

vitamin D deficient [25(OH)D <37.5

nmol/liter] at the time of delivery had almost

4 times the odds of cesarean birth

than women who were not deficient.

One explanation for our findings is the

fact that skeletal muscle contains the

vitamin D receptor. Vitamin D deficiency

has been associated with proximal muscle

weakness as well as suboptimal muscle

performance and strength.”

- A Merewood, et al. (#456)

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496. Abate A, Yang G, Dennery PA, Oberle S, Schroder H.

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503. Avenell A, Campbell MK, Cook JA, Hannaford PC, Kilonzo MM, McNeill G, Milne AC, Ramsay CR, Seymour

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507. Barasch A, Elad S, Altman A, Damato K, Epstein J. Antimicrobials, mucosal coating agents, anesthetics,

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509. Beck MA. Selenium and vitamin E status: impact on viral pathogenicity. 2007 год. J Nutr 137(5):1338?40.

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511. Bikle DD. Vitamin D and the immune system: role in

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indexes in well?nourished elderly women: A placebo?

“Our findings suggest that in certain diabetic

samples, perhaps those with a high

prevalence of micronutrient deficiency,

daily use of a multivitamin and mineral

supplement can decrease infection frequency.”

- TA Barringer, et al. (#508)

“The common denominator that rises

from these studies is that vitamin D affects

the immune system at many levels and by

a number of mechanisms. It takes part in

the genetic regulation of cytokine production,

VDR expression and affects important

biological processes by which

these cells interact.”

- Y Arnson, et al. (#502)

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514. Bogden JD, Bendich A, Kemp FW, Bruening KS, Shurnick

JH, Denny T, Baker H, Louria DB. Daily micronutrient

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515. Bodgen JD, Oleske JM, Lavenhar MA, Munves EM,

Kemp FW, Bruening KS, Holding KJ, Denny TN, Guarino MA,

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516. Bonham M, O'Connor JM, Alexander HD, Coulter J,

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Zinc supplementation has no effect on circulating levels of

peripheral blood leucocytes and lymphocyte subsets in

healthy adult men. 2003. Br J Nutr 89(5):695?703.

517. Cantorna MT. Vitamin D and its role in immunology:

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518. Cantorna MT, Yu S, Bruce D. The paradoxical effects

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519. Carrillo?Vico A, Reiter RJ, Lardone PJ, Herrera JL,

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521. Chandra RK. Influence of multinutrient supplement

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522. Chavance M, Herbeth B, Lemoine A, Zhu BP. Does

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523. Collins CE, Kershaw J, Brockington S. Effect of nutritional supplements on wound healing in home?nursed

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524. Corthésy B, Gaskins HR, Mercenier A. Cross?talk between probiotic bacteria and the host immune system.

2007 год. J Nutr 137(3 Suppl 2):781S?90S.

525. Cutolo M, Otsa K. Review: vitamin D, immunity and lupus. 2008. Lupus 17(1):6?10.

526. Damsgaard CT, Lauritzen L, Kjaer TM, Holm PM, Fruekilde MB, Michaelsen KF, Frøkiaer H. Fish oil supplementation

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527. De la Fuente M, Hernanz A, Guayerbas N, Victor VM, Arnalich F. Vitamin E ingestion improves several

immune functions in elderly men and women. 2008. Free Radic

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528. De la Fuente M, Hernanz A, Vallejo MC. The immune

system in the oxidative stress conditions of aging and hypertension:

favorable effects of antioxidants and physical exercise.

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529. Dreyfuss ML, Fawzi WW. Micronutrients and vertical

transmission of HIV?1. 2002. AJCN 75(6):959?70.

530. El?Kadiki A, Sutton AJ. Role of multivitamins and

mineral supplements in preventing infections in elderly

people: systematic review and meta?analysis of randomised

“Inadequate intake and status of vitamins

and trace elements may lead to

suppressed immunity, which predisposes

to infections and aggravates undernutrition.

Evidence has accumulated that in

humans certain nutrients selectively influence

the immune response, induce

dysregulation of a coordinated host response

to infections in cases of deficiency

and oversupply, and that deficiency

may impact virulence of otherwise

harmless pathogens. Thus, micronutrients

are required at appropriate intakes for

the immune system to function optimally.

Available data indicate a role of vitamins

(A, D, E, B6, B12, folate, and C),

and trace elements (selenium, zinc,

copper, and iron) on the immune response…

Overall, inadequate intake and

status of these vitamins and trace elements

may lead to suppressed immunity,

which predisposes to infections and aggravates

malnutrition. Therefore, supplementation

with these selected micronutrients

can support the body's natural

defence system by enhancing all

three levels of immunity.”

- S Maggini, et al. (#564)

“The elucidation of the precise roles of

vitamin D in the immune system and in the

pathogenesis of multiple diseases has the

potential to have profound effects on our

ability to prevent and treat these disorders.”

- NE Lange, et al. (#559)

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531. Enioutina EY, Bareyan D, Daynes RA. TLR?induced local

metabolism of vitamin D3 plays an important role in the diversification

of adaptive immune responses. 2009 год. J Immunol

182(7):4296?305.

532. Fawzi WW, Villamor E, Msamanga GI, Antelman G,

Aboud S, Urassa W, Hunter D. Trial of zinc supplements in relation

to pregnancy outcomes, hematologic indicators, and T cell

counts among HIV?1?infected women in Tanzania. 2005 год. Am J

Clin Nutr 81(1):161?7.

533. Ferguson LR, Philpott M. Cancer prevention by dietary

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Curr Cancer Drug Targets 7(5):459?64.

534. Fogarty A, Lewis S, Weiss S, Britton J. Dietary vitamin E,

IgE concentrations, and atopy. 2000 год. Lancet 356(9241):1573?4.

535. Fritsche K. Fatty acids as modulators of the immune response.

2006 год. Annu Rev Nutr 26:45?73.

536. Froicu M, Cantorna MT. Vitamin D and the vitamin D

receptor are critical for control of the innate immune response

to colonic injury. 2007 год. BMC Immunol 8:5.

537. Fuller CJ, Faulkner H, Bendich A, Parker RS, Roe DA.

Effect of beta?carotene supplementation on photosuppression of delayed?type hypersensitivity in normal young

men. 1992. Am J Clin Nutr 56(4):684?90.

538. Gariballa S. Vitamin and mineral supplements for preventing infections in older people. 2005 год. BMJ

331(7512):304?5.

539. Gariballa S, Forster S, Walters S, Powers H. A randomized, double?blind, placebo?controlled trial of nutritional

supplementation during acute illness. 2006 год. Am J Med 119(8):693?9.

540. Girodon F, Galan P, Monget AL, Boutron?Ruault MC, Brunet?Lecomte P, Preziosi P, Arnaud J, Manuguerra

JC, Herchberg S, MIN. VIT. AOX. geriatric network. Impact of trace elements and vitamin supplementation on immunity

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159(7):748?54.

541. Girodon F, Lombard M, Galan P, Brunet?Lecomte P, Monget AL, Arnaud J, Preziosi P, Hercberg S. Effect of

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542. Gleeson M. Can nutrition limit exercise?induced immunodepression?.

2006 год. Nutr Rev 64(3):119?31.

543. Gleeson M, Bishop NC. Elite athlete immunology: importance

of nutrition. 2000 год. Int J Sports Med 21 Suppl 1:S4450.

544. Gottrand F. Long?chain polyunsaturated fatty acids influence

the immune system of infants. 2008. J Nutr

138(9):1807S?12S.

545. Graat JM, Schouten EG, Kok FJ. Effect of daily vitamin E

and multivitamin?mineral supplementation on acute respiratory

tract infections in elderly persons: a randomized controlled

trial. 2002. JAMA 288(6):715?21.

546. Haase H, Mocchegiani E, Rink L. Correlation between

zinc status and immune function in the elderly. 2006 год. Biogerontology

7(5?6):421?8.

547. Håberg SE, London SJ, Stigum H, Nafstad P, Nystad W.

Folic acid supplements in pregnancy and early childhood respiratory

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548. Hara M, Tanaka K, Hirota Y. Immune response to influenza

vaccine in healthy adults and the elderly: association

“Because aging and malnutrition exert

cumulative influences on immune responses,

many elderly people have poor

cell-mediated immune responses and

are therefore at a high risk of infection.

Nutritional therapy may improve immune

responses of elderly patients with

protein-energy malnutrition. Supplementation

with high pharmacologic doses of

a single nutrient (zinc or vitamin E) may

be useful for improving immune responses

of self-sufficient elderly people

living at home. Therefore, nutritional deficiency

must be treated in the elderly to

reduce infectious risk and possibly slow

the aging process.”

- BM Lesourd (#560)

“In summary, our results show that the

age-associated defect in the redistribution

of signaling molecules to the immunological

synapse is reversed by vitamin

E. This effect is strongest in naive T cells,

which exhibit the age-related defects in

protein recruitment and T cell activation.

This is the first demonstration of a reversal

of a key early signaling defect in aged T

cells by a nutrient. These findings have

important implications for the development

of preventive and therapeutic

strategies to reduce age-associated defects

in T cells.”

- MG Marko, et al. (#565)

with nutritional status. 2005 год. Vaccine 23(12):1457?63.

549. Herraiz LA, Hsieh WC, Parker RS, Swanson JE, Bendich

A, Roe DA. Effect of UV exposure and beta?carotene supplementation

on delayed?type hypersensitivity response in healthy

older men. 1998. J Am Coll Nutr 17(6):617?24.

550. Hewison M. Vitamin D and the immune system: new

perspectives on an old theme. 2010 год. Endocrinol Metab Clin

North Am 39(2):365?79.

551. High KP. Micronutrient supplementation and immune

function in the elderly. 1999 год. Clin Infect Dis 28(4):717?22.

552. High KP. Nutritional strategies to boost immunity and

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553. Hoffmann PR, Berry MJ. The influence of selenium on

immune responses. 2008. Mol Nutr Food Res 52(11):1273?80.

554. Hojsak I, Snovak N, Abdovi? S, Szajewska H, Mišak Z,

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and respiratory tract infections in children who attend day care

centres: a randomized, double?blind, placebo?controlled trial.

2010 год. Clin Nutr 29(3):312?6.

555. Holmøy T. Vitamin D status modulates the immune response

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556. Hughes DA, Wright AJA, Finglas PM, Perrless ACJ, Bailey AL, Astley SB, Pinder AC, Southon S. The effect of

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Lab Clin Med 129:309?17.

557. Hurwitz BE, Klaus JR, Llabre MM, Gonzalez A, Lawrence PJ, Maher KJ, Greeson JM, Baum MK, Shor?Posner

G, Skyler JS, Schneiderman N. Suppression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral load with selenium supplementation:

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558. Kaiser JD, Campa AM, Ondercin JP, Leoung GS, Pless

RF, Baum MK. Micronutrient supplementation increases CD4

count in HIV?infected individuals on highly active antiretroviral

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2006 год. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 42(5):523?8.

559. Lange NE, Litonjua A, Hawrylowicz CM, Weiss S. Vitamin

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Immunol 5(6):693?702.

560. Lesourd BM. Nutrition and immunity in the elderly:

modification of immune responses with nutritional treatments.

1997. Am J Clin Nutr 66(2):478S?84S.

561. Leyes P, Martínez E, Forga MT. Use of diet, nutritional

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Antivir Ther 13(2):149?59.

562. Li?Ng M, Aloia JF, Pollack S, Cunha BA, Mikhail M, Yeh

J, Berbari N. A randomized controlled trial of vitamin D3 supplementation

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563. Long KZ, Estrada?Garcia T, Rosado JL, Ignacio Santos J,

Haas M, Firestone M, Bhagwat J, Young C, DuPont HL,

Hertzmark E, Nanthakumar NN. The effect of vitamin A supplementation

on the intestinal immune response in Mexican

“Although our study suggests that many

elderly individuals might benefit from a

supplementary intake of vitamin E, such

public health recommendations can

only be considered after longer-term

studies with lower amounts of tocopherol

are completed. This point will be especially

important in determining if the

immunostimulatory effect observed is

due to pharmacologic or physiologic

effect of vitamin E. Nevertheless, it is encouraging

to note that a single nutrient

supplement can enhance immune responsiveness

in healthy elderly subjects

consuming the recommended amounts

of all nutrients. This is especially significant

because dietary intervention

represents the most practical approach

for delaying or reversing the rate of decline

of immune function with age.”

- SN Meydani, et al. (#568)

“Investigators have demonstrated how

appropriate serum concentrations of

vitamin D facilitate the ability of immune

cells to defend against bacterial and

viral infections. Ongoing research in this

area has provided new ways of understanding

the immune system and how

the pleiotropic actions of vitamin D serve

an important immunoregulatory role in

proper immune function. With the increasing

evidence of vitamin D insufficiency's

detrimental effects beyond the

classically defined cause of rickets, the

full story behind the role of vitamin D insufficiency/

deficiency in pediatric infection

and immune function awaits full

elucidation.”

- VP Walker, et al. (#598)

children is modified by pathogen infections and diarrhea. 2006 год.

J Nutr 136(5):1365?70.

564. Maggini S, Wintergerst ES, Beveridge S, Hornig DH.

Selected vitamins and trace elements support immune function

by strengthening epithelial barriers and cellular and humoral

immune responses. 2007 год. BJN 98(Suppl 1):S29?35.

565. Marko MG, Ahmed T, Bunnell SC, We Dayong, Chung

H, Huber BT, Meydani SN. Age?Associated Decline in Effective

Immune Synapse Formation of CDR+ T Cells is Reversed by

Vitamin E Supplementation. 2007 год. J Immunol 178:1443?9.

566. McKay DL, Perrone G, Rasmussen H, Dallal G, Hartman

W, Cao G, Prior RL, Roubenoff R, Blumberg JB. The effects

of a multivitamin/mineral supplement on micronutrient status,

antioxidant capacity and cytokine production in healthy older

adults consuming a fortified diet. 2000 год. J Am Coll Nutr

19(5):613?21.

567. Merchant AT, Curhan G, Bendich A, Singh VN, Willett

WC, Fawzi WW. Vitamin intake is not associated with community?

acquired pneumonia in US men. 2004 год. J Nutr 134:439?44.

568. Meydani SN, Barklund MP, Liu S, Meydani M, Miller

RA, Cannon JG, Morrow FD, Rocklin R, Blumberg JB. Vitamin E supplementation enhances cell?mediated immunity

in healthy elderly subjects. 1990. Am J Clin Nutr 52(3):557?63.

569. Meydani SN, Meydani M, Blumberg JB, Leka LS, Siber G, Loszewski R, Thompson C, Pedrosa MC, Diamond

RD, Stollar BD. Vitamin E supplementation and in vivo immune response in healthy elderly subjects: a randomized

controlled trial. 1997 год. JAMA 277(17):1380?6.

570. Mora JR, Iwata M, von Andrian UH. Vitamin effects on the immune system: vitamins A and D take centre

стадии. 2008 год. Nat Rev Immunol 8(9):685?98.

571. Moreira A, Kekkonen RA, Delgado L, Fonseca J, Korpela R, Haahtela T. Nutritional modulation of exerciseinduced

immunodepression in athletes: a systematic review and meta?analysis. 2007 год. Eur J Clin Nutr 61(4):443?60.

572. Muñoz C, Rios E, Olivos J, Brunser O, Olivares M. Iron, copper and immunocompetence. 2007 год. Br J Nutr

98(Suppl 1):S24?8.

573. Nakamura K, Kariyazono H, Komokata T, Hamada N, Sakata R, Yamada K. Influence of preoperative administration

of omega?3 fatty acid?enriched supplement on inflammatory and immune responses in patients undergoing

major surgery for cancer. 2005 год. Nutrition 21(6):639?49.

574. Newton S, Owusu?Agyei S, Ampofo W, Zandoh C, Adjuik M, Adjei G, Tchum S, Filteau S, Kirkwood BR. Витамин

A supplementation enhances infants' immune responses

to hepatitis B vaccine but does not affect responses to Haemophilus

influenzae type b vaccine. 2007 год. J Nutr 137(5):1272?7.

575. Nieman DC. Exercise immunology: future directions

for research related to athletes, nutrition, and the elderly. 2000 год.

Int J Sports Med 21 Suppl 1:S61?8.

576. Nieman DC, Henson DA, Gross SJ, Jenkins DP, Davis

JM, Murphy EA, Carmichael MD, Dumke CL, Utter AC, McAnulty

SR, McAnulty LS, Mayer EP. Quercetin reduces illness but

not immune perturbations after intensive exercise. 2007 год. Med

Sci Sports Exerc 39(9):1561?9.

577. Nugent AP, Roche HM, Noone EJ, Long A, Kelleher DK,

Gibney MJ. The effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation

on immune function in healthy volunteers. 2005 год. Eur J Clin

Nutr 59(6):742?50.

578. Overbeck S, Rink L, Haase H. Modulating the immune

response by oral zinc supplementation: a single approach for

multiple diseases. 2008 год. Arch Immunol Ther Exp 56(1):15?30.

“In summary, the present study demonstrates

that modest daily doses of micronutrients

given for 1 y can enhance cellular

immunity and can also prevent the

development of biochemical evidence

of micronutrient deficiencies in healthy,

independently living older people. These

results suggest that the dietary micronutrient

intake of older people and/or the

current RDAs for one or more micronutnients

may be too low to support optimal

immunity in older individuals.”

- JD Bogden, et al. (#515)

“In conclusion, our double-blind, placebo-

controlled study shows that levels of

vitamin E higher than currently recommended

enhance in vivo indexes of T

cell-mediated function in healthy elderly.

The enhancement of cell-mediated

immunity by vitamin E was not associated

with any adverse effects. С

age-associated decline in immune response

is associated with increased

morbidity and mortality in the elderly

and is widely observed, recommendations

to increase the intake of vitamin E

for elderly should be considered.”

- EG Pallast, et al. (#580)

579. Pagmantidis V, Méplan C, van Schothorst EM, Keijer J,

Hesketh JE. Supplementation of healthy volunteers with nutritionally

relevant amounts of selenium increases the expression

of lymphocyte protein biosynthesis genes. 2008 год. Am J Clin Nutr

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580. Pallast EG, Schouten EG, de Waart FG, Fonk HC,

Doekes G, von Blomberg BM, Kok FJ. Effect of 50?and 100mg

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elderly persons. 1999 год. Am J Clin Nutr

69(6):1273?81.

581. Penn ND, Purkins L, Kelleher J, Heatley RV, Mascie?

Taylor BH, Belfield PW. The effect of dietary supplementation

with vitamins A, C and E on cell?mediated immune function in

elderly long?stay patients: a randomized controlled trial. 1991 год.

Age Aging 20(3):169?74.

582. Pichard C, Sudre P, Karsegard V, Yerly S, Slosman DO,

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583. Prasad AS. Zinc: mechanisms of host defense. 2007 год. J Nutr 137(5):1345?9.

584. Prasad AS, Beck FW, Bao B, Fitzgerald JT, Snell DC, Steinberg JD, Cardozo LJ. Zinc supplementation decreases

incidence of infections in the elderly: effect of zinc on generation of cytokines and oxidative stress. 2007 год. Am

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585. Rahman MJ, Sarker P, Roy SK, Ahmad SM, Chisti J, Azim T, Mathan M, Sack D, Andersson J, Raqib R. Effects

of zinc supplementation as adjunct therapy on the systemic immune responses in shigellosis. 2005 год. Am J Clin

Nutr 81(2):495?502.

586. Richard SA, Zavaleta N, Caulfield LE, Black RE, Witzig

RS, Shankar AH. Zinc and iron supplementation and malaria,

diarrhea, and respiratory infections in children in the Peruvian

Amazon. 2006 год. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75(1):126?32.

587. Richards JB, Valdes AM, Gardner JP, Paximadas D, Kimura

M, Nessa A, Lu X, Surdulescu GL, Swaminathan R, Spector

TD, Aviv A. Higher serum vitamin D concentrations are associated

with longer leukocyte telomere length in women. 2007 год.

Am J Clin Nutr 86(5):1420?5.

588. Roth DE, Caulfield LE, Ezzati M, Black RE. Acute lower

respiratory infections in childhood: opportunities for reducing

the global burden through nutritional interventions. 2008 год. Бык

World Health Organ 86(5):356?64.

589. Ryan?Borchers TA, Park JS, Chew BP, McGuire MK,

Fournier LR, Beerman KA. Soy isoflavones modulate immune

function in healthy postmenopausal women. 2006 год. Am J Clin

Nutr 83(5):1118?25.

590. Ryan?Harshman M, Aldoori W. The relevance of selenium

to immunity, cancer, and infectious/inflammatory diseases.

2005 год. Can J Diet Pract Res 66(2):98?102.

591. Santos MS, Leka LS, Ribaya?Mercado JD, Russell RM,

Meydani M, Hennekens CH, Gaziano JM, Meydani SN. Shortand

long?term beta?carotene supplementation do not influence

T cell?mediated immunity in healthy elderly persons. 1997 год. Am J

Clin Nutr 66(4):917?24.

592. Schauber J, Gallo RL. The vitamin D pathway: a new tar?

“Although many open questions remain,

there is promise that vitamin A and D

metabolites or their analogues have the

potential to be used in clinical settings

for therapeutic benefit. In particular, it

will be important to assess the impact of

using 1,25(OH)2VD3 analogues as an

adjuvant immunomodulatory therapy in

the setting of autoimmune diseases and

in transplant recipients. It will also be important

to determine the net effects of

retinoic acid or synthetic RAR-agonists,

especially in the intestine, where these

agents appear to have a role in enhancing

immune responses. The capacity

of vitamin A metabolites to foster guthoming

T cells might improve strategies

of mucosal vaccination or aid in decreasing

pathogenic immunity by potentiating

the induction of TReg cells.”

- JR Mora, et al. (#570)

“Nutritional intervention has proven to

be a practical approach in modulating

dysregulated immune and inflammatory

responses. The efficacy of such intervention,

as with vitamin E, for example, has

been demonstrated in clinical trials using

infections as an endpoint. At the same

time, mechanistic studies have deciphered

how vitamin E affects T cell functions

at cellular and molecular levels and

thus, lend further support to the efficacy

of nutrient supplementation in modulating

the age-related immune dysregulation.”

- D Wu, et al. (#605)

get for control of the skin's immune response?. 2008 год. Exp Dermatol

17(8):633?9.

593. Smolders J, Damoiseaux J, Menheere P, Hupperts R.

Vitamin D as an immune modulator in multiple sclerosis, a

review. 2008 год. J Neuroimmunol 194(1?2):7?17.

594. Stephen AI, Avenell A. A systematic review of multivitamin

and multimineral supplementation for infection. 2006 год. J

Hum Nutr Diet 19(3):179?90.

595. Taylor AL, Hale J, Wiltschut J, Lehmann H, Dunstan JA,

Prescott SL. Effects of probiotic supplementation for the first 6

months of life on allergen? and vaccine?specific immune responses.

2006 год. Clin Exp Allergy 36(10):1227?35.

596. van Etten E, Stoffels K, Gysemans C, Mathieu C, Overbergh

L. Regulation of vitamin D homeostasis: implications for

the immune system. 2008 год. Nutr Rev 66(10 Suppl 2):S125?34.

597. Villamor E, Fawzi WW. Effects of vitamin a supplementation

on immune responses and correlation with clinical

outcomes. 2005 год. Clin Microbiol Rev 18(3):446?64.

598. Walker VP, Modlin RL. The Vitamin D Connection to

Pediatric Infections and Immune Function. 2009 год. Pediatr Res

65(5 Pt 2):106R?13R.

599. Wang TT, Dabbas B, Laperriere D, Bitton AJ, Soualhine

H, Tavera?Mendoza LE, Dionne S, Servant MJ, Bitton A, Seidman EG, Mader S, Behr MA, White JH. Direct and indirect

induction by 1,25?dihydroxyvitamin D3 of the NOD2/CARD15?defensin beta2 innate immune pathway defective

in Crohn disease. 2010 год. J Biol Chem 285(4):2227?31.

600. Webb AL, Villamor E. Update: effects of antioxidant and non?antioxidant vitamin supplementation on immune

function. 2007 год. Nutr Rev 65(5):181?217.

601. White JH. Vitamin D signaling, infectious diseases, and regulation of innate immunity. 2008 год. Infect Immun

76(9):3837?43.

602. Winkler P, de Vrese M, Laue Ch, Schrezenmeir J. Effect of a dietary supplement containing probiotic bacteria

plus vitamins and minerals on common cold infections and cellular immune parameters. 2005 год. Int J Clin Pharmacol

Ther 43(7):318?26.

603. Wintergerst ES, Maggini S, Hornig DH. Contribution of selected vitamins and trace elements to immune

function. 2007 год. Ann Nutr Metab 51(4):301?23.

604. Wintergerst ES, Maggini S, Hornig DH. Immune?enhancing role of vitamin C and zinc and effect on clinical

conditions. 2006 год. Ann Nutr Metab 50(2):85?94.

605. Wu D, Meydani SN. Age?associated changes in immune and inflammatory responses: impact of vitamin E

вмешательства. 2008 год. J Leukoc Biol 84:900?14.

606. Yamshchikov AV, Desai NS, Blumberg Hm, Ziegler

TR, Tangpricha V. Vitamin D for treatment and prevention

of infectious diseases: a systematic review of randomized

controlled trials. 2009 год. Endocr Pract 15(5):438?49.

“In our study, patients who received zinc

and selenium had a better antibody response

after influenza vaccine, and the

percentage of patients without respiratory

tract infections was higher in the T

[trace elements: zinc, selenium] and VT

[vitamin and trace elements: zinc, selenium,

ascorbic acid, beta carotene, alpha-

tocopherol] groups. Our results suggest

a beneficial effect of these nutrients

on the immunity of elderly persons by

improving their resistance to infections.

Larger trials will be required to confirm

our findings, which may have considerable

impact on the health of the institutionalized

elderly.”

- F Girodon, et al. (#540)

“The results of this study substantiate the

hypothesis that nutritional status is an important

determinant of immunocompetence

in old age and that an optimum

intake of micronutrients is needed for enhanced

immune responses in elderly subjects.

Such an intervention led to a striking

reduction in illness, a finding that is of

considerable clinical and public-health

importance.”

- RK Chandra (#520)

Healthy Vision

607. Age?Related Eye Disease Study Research Group.

randomized, placebo?controlled, clinical trial of high?dose

supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and

zinc for age?related macular degeneration and vision loss. 2001 год.

Arch Ophthalmol 119:1417?36.

608. Age?related Eye Disease Study Research Group. Рандомизированное,

placebo?controlled, clinical trial of high?dose supplementation

with vitamins C and E and beta carotene for agerelated

cataract and vision loss. 2001 год. Arch Ophthalmol

119:1439?52.

609. Age?Related Eye Disease Study Research Group.

Relationship of Dietary Carotenoid and Vitamin A, E, and C

Intake With Age?Related Macular Degeneration in a Case?

Control Study: AREDS Report No. 22. 2007 год. Arch Ophthalmol

125(9):1225?32.

610. AREDS Research Group. A randomized, placebocontrolled,

clinical trial of high?dose supplementation with

vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age?related macular

degeneration and vision loss. 2001 год. Arch Ophthamol 119:1417?36.

611. AREDS Research Group. A randomized, placebo?controlled, clinical trial of high?dose supplementation

with vitamins C and E and beta carotene for age?related cataract and vision loss. 2001 год. Arch Ophthamol 119:1439?52.

612. Berendschot TTJM, Goldbohm RA, Klopping WAA, van de Kraats J, van Norel J, van Norren D. Influence of

lutein supplementation on macular pigment, assessed with two objective techniques. 2000 год. Invest Opthamol Vis Sci

41(11):3322?6.

613. Bernstein PS, Zhao DY, Wintch SW, Ermakov IV, McClane RW, Gellermann W. Resonance Raman measurement

of macular carotenoids in normal subjects and in age related macular degeneration patients. 2002 год. Офтальмология

109(10):1780?1787.

614. Berson EL, Rosner B, Sandberg MA, Weigel?DiFranco C, Brockhurst RJ, Hayes KC, Johnson EJ, Anderson EJ,

Johnson CA, Gaudio AR, Willett WC, Schaefer EJ. Clinical trial of lutein in patients with retinitis pigmentosa receiving

vitamin A. 2010. Arch Ophthalmol 128(4):403?11.

615. Birch EE, Carlson SE, Hoffman DR, Fitzgerald?Gustafson KM, Fu VLN, Drover JR, Castañeda YS, Minns L,

Wheaton DKH, Mundy D, Marunycz J, Diersen?Schade DA. The DIAMOND (DHA Intake And Measurement Of

Neural Development) Study: a double?masked, randomized controlled clinical trial of the maturation of infant visual

acuity as a function of the dietary level of docosahexaenoic acid. 2010 год. AJCN 91(4):848?59.

616. Bone RA, Landrum JT. Distribution of macular pigment

components, zeaxanthin and lutein, in human retina.

1992. Methods in Enzymology 213:360?6.

617. Bone RA, Landrum JT, Mayne ST, Gomez CM, Tibor

SE, Twaroska EE. Macular pigment in donor eyes with and

without AMD: a case control study. 2001 год. Investigative Ophthalmology

and Visual Science 42(1):135?240.

618. Brown L, Rimm EB, Seddon JM, Giovannucci EL, Chasan?

Taber L, Spiegelman D, Willett WC, Hankinson SE.

prospective study of carotenoid intake and risk of cataract extraction

in US men. 1999 год. Am J Clin Nutr 70(4):517?24.

619. Bursell SE, Clermont AC, Aiello LP, Aiello LM,

Schlossman DK, Feener EP, Laffel L, King GL. High?dose vitamin

E supplementation normalizes retinal blood flow and

“We found that high dietary intake of vitamin

E and zinc was associated with a

lower risk of incident AMD [age-related

macular degeneration]. An abovemedian

intake of the combination of vitamins

C and E, beta carotene, and zinc

was associated with a 35% lower risk of

incident AMD.”

- R van Leeuwen, et al. (#673)

“A daily dose of 10 mg lutein supplementation

induced an increase in mean

plasma lutein by a factor of 5 and a linear

4-week increase in relative MP

[macular pigment] density of 4% to 5%.

To our knowledge, this is the first study in

which the effects of intake of lutein have

been assessed with objective measurement

techniques. In particular, the SLObased

technique provided very reliable

результаты. With this technique all subjects

showed a significant increase in MP density.”

- TTJM Berendschot, et al. (#612)

creatinine clearance in patients with type 1 diabetes. 1999 год. Диабет

Care 22(8):1245?51.

620. Carpentier S, Knaus M, Suh M. Associations between

lutein, zeaxanthin, and age?related macular degeneration: an

overview. 2009 год. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 49(4):313?26.

621. Chasan?Taber L, Willett WC, Seddon JM, Stampfer MJ,

Rosner B, Colditz GA, Speizer FE, Hankinson SE. A prospective

study of carotenoid and vitamin A intakes and risk of cataract

extraction in US women. 1999 год. Am J Clin Nutr 70:509?16.

622. Chasan?Taber L, Willett WC, Seddon JM, Stampfer MJ,

Rosner B, Colditz GA, Hankinson SE. A prospective study of

vitamin supplement intake and cataract extraction among US

женщин. 1999 год. Epidemiology 10(6):679?84.

623. Cho E, Stampfer MJ, Seddon JM, Hung S, Spiegelman D,

Rimm EB, Willett WC, Hankinson SE. Prospective study of zinc

intake and the risk of age?related macular degeneration. 2001 год.

Ann Epidemiol 11(5):328?36.

624. Chong EWT, Wong TY, Kreis AJ, Simpson JA, Guymer

RH. Dietary antioxidants and primary prevention of age related

macular degeneration: systematic review and meta?analysis.

2007 год. BMJ 335(7623):755.

625. Christen WG, Ajani UA, Glynn RJ, Manson JE,

Schaumberg DA, Chew EC, Buring JE, Hennekens CH. Prospective

cohort study of antioxidant vitamin supplement use and

the risk of age?related maculopathy. 1999 год. Am J Epidemiol

149(5):476?84.

626. Chylack LT Jr, Brown NP, Bron A, Hurst M, Kopcke W, Thien U, Schalch W. The Roche European American

Cataract Trial (REACT): a randomized clinical trial to investigate the efficacy of an oral antioxidant micronutrient

mixture to slow progression of age?related cataract. 2002 год. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 9(1):49?80.

627. Coleman H, Chew E. Nutritional supplementation in age?related macular degeneration. 2007 год. Curr Opin

Ophthalmol 18(3):220?3.

628. Delcourt C, Cristol J, Tessier F, Leger CL, Descomps B, Papox L, POLA Study Group. Age?related macular

degeneration and antioxidant status in the POLA study. 1999 год. Arch Ophthalmol 117(10):1384?90.

629. Fletcher E, Bentham GC, Agnew M, Young IS, Augood C, Chakravarthy U, de Jong PT, Rahu M, Seland J,

Soubrane G, Tomazzoli L, Topouzis F, Vingerling JR, Vioque J. Sunlight exposure, antioxidants, and age?related macular

degeneration. 2008 год. Arch Ophthalmol 126(10):1396?1403.

630. Flood V, Smith W, Wang JJ, Manzi F, Webb K, Mitchell

P. Dietary antioxidant intake and incidence of early age?related

maculopathy: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. 2002 год. Офтальмология

109(12):2272?8.

631. Hammond R Jr, Johnson EZ, Russell RM, Krinsky MI,

Yeum KJ, Edwards RM, Snodderly DM. Dietary modification of

human macular pigment density. 1997 год. Invest Ophthalmol Vis

Sci 38(9):1795?1801.

632. Hammond R Jr, Wooten BR, Snodderly DM. Плотность

of the human crystalline lens is related to the macular pigment

carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin. 1997 год. Optom Vis Sci

74(7):499?504.

633. Hankinson SE, Stampfer MJ, Seddon JM, Colditz GA,

Rosner B, Speizer FE, Willett WC. Nutrient intake and cataract

extraction in women: a prospective study. 1992. BMJ

305(6849):335?9.

“In this large prospective study, we observed

a modest inverse association between

intake of lutein and zeaxanthin

and extraction of cataracts. Men in the

highest fifth of lutein and zeaxanthin intake

had a 19% lower risk of cataract

extraction compared with those in the

lowest fifth of intake. There was no significant

Связь между приемом витамина

A or other carotenoids and risk of

cataract in multivariate analyses. Increased

consumption of some foods

high in lutein, including broccoli and spinach,

was associated with a lower risk of

cataract extraction. The finding that increased

intake of other fruit and vegetables

was not associated with a decreased

risk suggests that the relation

may be specifically due to lutein and

zeaxanthin and not simply to a healthy

lifestyle.”

-L Brown, et al. (#618)

“In summary, data from the present short

term prospective study are consistent

with potentially protective influences of

vitamins E and C and lutein on the development

of cataract in the lens nucleus.

However, strong inverse relations for

intake of these nutrients were not observed.

Data from longer term prospective

studies and from clinical trials currently

under way will be useful in further evaluating

these associations.”

-PR Trumbo, et al. (#672)

634. Hawkins WR. Zinc supplementation for macular degeneration.

1991 год. Arch Ophthalmol 109:1345.

635. Jacques PF, Taylor A, Moeller S, Hankinson SE, Rogers

G, Tung W, Ludovico J, Willett WC, Chylack LT Jr. Long?term

nutrient intake and 5?year change in nuclear lens opacities. 2005 год.

Arch Ophthalmol 123(4):517?26.

636. Jacques PF, Chylack LT Jr, Hankinson SE, Khu PM, Rogers

G, Friend J, Tung W, Wolfe JK, Padhye N. Willett WC, Taylor

A. Long?term nutrient intake and early age?related nuclear lens

opacities. 2001 год. Arch Ophthalmol 119(7):1009?19.

637. Jacques PF, Taylor A, Hankinson SE, Willett WC,

Mahnken B, Lee Y, Vaid K, Lahav M. Long?term vitamin C supplement

use and prevalence of early age?related lens opacities.

1997 год. Am J Clin Nutr 66(4):911?6.

638. Jampol LM. Antioxidants, zinc and age?related macular

degeneration results and recommendations. 2001 год. Arch Ophthalmol

119(10):1533?4.

639. Jampol LM, Ferris FL III. Antioxidants and zinc to prevent

progression of age related macular degeneration. 2001 год. JAMA

286(19):2466?8.

640. Johnson J, Hammond BR, Yeum K, Qin J, Wang XD,

Castaneda C, Snodderly DM, Russell RM. Relation among serum

and tissue concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin and

macular pigment density. 2000 год. Am J Clin Nutr 71(6):1555?62.

641. Koh HH, Murray IJ, Nolan D, Carden D, Feather J, Beatty S. Plasma and macular responses to lutein supplement

in subjects with and without age?related maculopathy: a pilot study. 2004 год. Exp Eye Res 79(1):21?7.

642. Kowluru RA, Tang J, Kern TS. Abnormalities of retinal metabolism in diabetes and experimental galactosemia.

VII. Effect of long?term administration of antioxidants on the development of retinopathy. 2001 год. Диабет

50(8):1938?42.

643. Krishnadev N, Meleth AD, Chew EY. Nutritional supplements for age?related macular degeneration. 2010 год.

Curr Opin Ophthalmol 21(3):184?9.

644. Kuzniarz M, P Митчелл, Камминг Р.Г., наводнения VM. Use of vitamin supplements and cataract: the Blue

Mountains Eye Study. 2001 год. Am J Ophthalmol 132(1):19?26.

645. Landrum JT, Bone RA. Lutein, zeaxanthin, and the macular pigment. 2001 год. Arch Biochem Biophys 385(1):28?

40.

646. Landrum JT, Bone RA, Joa H, Kilburn MD, Moore LL,

Sprague KE. A one year study of the macular pigment: the effect

of 140 days of a lutein supplement. 1997 год. Exp Eye Res 65(1):57?62.

647. Laplaud PM, Lelubre A, Chapman MJ. Antioxidant action

of Vaccinium myrtillus extract on human low density lipoproteins

in vitro: initial observations. 1997 год. Fundam Clin Pharmacol

11(1):35?40.

648. Larkin M. Vitamins reduce risk of vision loss from macular

degeneration. 2001 год. Lancet 358(9290):1347.

649. Leske MC, Chylack LT Jr, He Q, Wu SY, Schoenfeld E,

Friend J, Wolfe J. Antioxidant vitamins and nuclear opacities:

the longitudinal study of cataract. 1998 год. Офтальмология

105(5):831?6.

650. Leske MC, Wu SY, Connell AM, Hyman L, Schachat AP.

Lens opacities, demographic factors and nutritional supplements

in the Barbados Eye Study. 1997 год. Int J Epidemiol

26(6):1314?22.

“In summary, a multivitamin-multimineral

supplement with a combination of vitamin

C, vitamin E, ?-carotene, and zinc

(with cupric oxide) is recommended for

AMD but not cataract. Observational

studies for cataract provide only weak

support for multivitamins or other vitamin

добавок. The results of observational

studies suggest that a healthy lifestyle

with a diet containing foods rich in antioxidants,

especially lutein and zeaxanthin,

and n–3 fatty acids appears beneficial

for AMD and possibly cataract.”

-JM Seddon (#664)

“The results of our LAST [Lutein Antioxidant

Supplementation Trial] study support

the results of our pilot spinach data

that lutein may be useful in the nutritional

intervention of atrophic ARMD [agerelated

macular degeneration] in midwestern

male subjects. In LAST, lutein enhanced

macular pigment and visual

function with AREDS stages II, III, and IV.

Thus lutein supplementation may be

beneficial at all stages of ARMD. Further

studies with more patients of both

genders are needed to determine the

long-term effect of lutein alone or lutein

together with a broad spectrum of antioxidants,

vitamins, and minerals on patients

with atrophic age-related macular

degeneration.”

-S Richer, et al. (#661)

651. Lyle BJ, Mares?Perlman JA, Klein BE, Klein R, Greger JL.

Antioxidant intake and risk of incident age?related nuclear cataracts

in the Beaver Dam Eye Study. 1999 год. Am J Epidemiol

149(9):801?9.

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“In summary, the results of the present

study provide added support for a relation

between nutrient intake and nuclear

opacification. Our observation that

vitamin E intake is associated with a reduction

in nuclear opacification is consistent

with other longitudinal studies,

strengthening the hypothesized role for

this specific nutrient in nuclear cataract

formation, and the associations with riboflavin,

thiamin, and niacin should

serve to focus added effort on examining

the role of these nutrients in the development

of nuclear cataract.”

- PF Jacques, et al. (#635)

“In this large prospective study, those

with the highest intake of lutein and

zeaxanthin had a 22% lower risk of cataract

extraction than did those in the

lowest quintile of intake (RR: 0.78; 95%

CI:0.63, 0.95; P for trend = 0.04) after

age, smoking, and other potential cataract

risk factors were controlled for. Другой

specific carotenoids (a-carotene, bcarotene,

lycopene, and bcryptoxanthin),

vitamin A, and retinol

were not associated with cataract in

multivariate analysis. Increasing frequency

of intake of spinach and kale,

foods rich in lutein, was associated with

a moderate decrease in risk. The observation

that other fruit and vegetables

were not associated with decreased risk

suggests that the relation may be due to

lutein, a specific carotenoid predominantly

found in spinach and kale, and

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noted significant and provocative associations

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association observed in the

present study between vitamin C intake

and the prevalence of cortical opacities

in women aged <60 y and the fact that

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of vitamin C supplement use >=10 y

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PSC opacities there were decreased

odds for nonsmokers with higher intakes

of carotenoids.”

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