营养补充剂对健康的益处

从近20年来选读（1990 2010）

编制USANA研究及发展

USANA健康科学

3838西大路大道。

盐湖城，UT斯达康84120

更新时间：2010年10月

前言

营养对人体健康的重要性早已得到公认。到1960年之前，

在这一领域的兴趣主要集中在急性养分的病因和预防

缺乏性疾病，如坏血病，佝偻病和糙皮病。大约50个必需的营养素（维生素，

矿物质，抗氧化剂，辅助因子，必需氨基酸，必需脂肪酸）

进行鉴定，开发和推荐的每日摄入量，对于那些必需的营养素。

这些建议，反过来证明了宝贵的，在消除急性营养缺乏

疾病。

在过去的20年里，注意力已经转移到饮食和营养的作用，在发病

慢性退行性疾病。心脏疾病，某些癌症，骨质疏松，

II型糖尿病，黄斑变性疾病与饮食著名的例子

风险因素，并研究目前正在进行更营养？在许多疾病的相互作用。

不幸的是，这些协会是很难学习，部分原因是

时限参与。慢性退行性疾病的发展超过十年（或寿命），

这是非常难以进行研究

计划跨越几个

年的长度。然而，进展

在流行病学和临床研究

已破获了大量的信息

关于饮食和营养摄入量的影响

长期长期健康。

在过去的十年，科学和医疗

研究人员已经日益重视

营养补充剂的作用

与可能的膳食成分

在预防和治疗慢性角色

疾病。数以百计的科学研究

已进行公布，每一个跨越

广泛的潜在的健康问题。

这些研究采用宽

各种方法和他们有

“我们建议，所有的成年人采取

一个维生素每天。这种做法是

理由主要是由已知的和怀疑的

补充叶酸的好处

维生素B12，维生素B6，和D

预防心血管疾病，

癌症和骨质疏松症...

我们建议多种维生素，而

不是个别的维生素，因为维生素

简单的采取和

价格比个别的维生素

分开，因为大

人口的比例需要

一个以上的维生素补充剂。“

- 弗莱彻RH环境下，：费尔菲尔德知识。维生素对慢性

预防成人病的临床应用。

2002年。 JAMA 287:3127-9。

产生正面和负面的结果。在某些领域 - 如钙的作用

在减缓骨质疏松症的进展和维生素D补充剂，或叶酸的作用

酸在预防某些先天缺陷的补充 - 结果已基本一致，

这些营养素已成为公认的现代医疗实践的一部分。

在其他领域（如补充抗氧化剂在预防心脏病的作用），

成绩一直不太一致，坚定的结论仍然存在争议。

下面是一个同行列举参考书目审查的研究，研究可能吗？

营养补充剂和功能性食品的健康益处。这个列表并不详尽。

论文已被选中的科学价值和相关的基础上

领域，无论积极或消极的结果是否获得。我们的目标

编制这个名单是向读者提供一个良好的跨近期科学文献部分，

希望能有助于更好地理解到营养的当前状态

研究。

为方便起见，引用已排序的健康问题：

•心血管健康

•癌症

•骨骼和关节健康

健康怀孕和健康婴儿

•免疫功能

•视力健康

•其他

这些陈述没有经过食品和药物管理局的评估。没有USANA的产品是为了

诊断，治疗，治愈或预防任何疾病。

“正如表1中，900

EPA / DHA的毫克/天的目标可能需要

3-21份，根据鱼/周

根据源/类型选择。

因此，高品质的鱼油

补充/集中和功能

食物丰富的EPA / DHA

为加强成为重要的汽车

目前的低摄入量

EPA / DHA的......“

DJ赫鲁伯，等。（＃65）

“Mg2 +的镁不足或

减少饮食中摄取的Mg2 +

在病因中起着重要的作用

糖尿病和许多心血管

包括血栓性疾病，

动脉粥样硬化，缺血性心脏疾病，

心肌梗死，高血压，

心律失常和充血性心脏衰竭

在人类身上。 Mg2 +的补充

可以带来显着降低

血压和稳定

心律失常和急性心肌

梗死。“

- S Chakraborti，等。（＃22）

心血管健康

1。修道院男，内斯特尔PJ，Baghurst PA。抗氧化维生素

低密度脂蛋白的氧化。 1993年。上午J临床NUTR

58（4）：525 32。

2。 adank，绿色的TJ，Skeaff厘米，布里亚斯B.每周高剂量

叶酸是有效地降低血清

妇女同型半胱氨酸浓度。 2003。安营养与代谢

47（2）：55 9。

3。 allender聚苯乙烯，卡特勒，Follmannð晶澳，卡普西奥计划生育，窥探者

J，埃利奥特体育膳食钙与血压：一项荟萃分析？

随机临床试验。 1996年。 MED 124（9）：825 31。

4。阿加瓦尔S，饶视听。番茄红素和低密度脂蛋白

氧化：一个人的膳食干预研究。 1998年。

血脂33（10）：981 4。

5。 aminbakhsh一个，曼奇尼J.慢性抗氧化剂的使用和

变化：血管内皮功能障碍的临床调查的审查。

1999年。 J Cardiol 15（8）：895 903。

6。安德森JW，Allgood劳工处，劳伦斯一个，Altringer洛杉矶，Jerdack的GR，Hengehold DA，羊肚菌JG。 Cholesterollowering

车前子摄入辅助效果，在男性和女性高胆固醇血症的饮食治疗：荟萃分析

8对照试验。 2000。上午J临床NUTR 71（2）：472 9？

7。安德森JW，戴维森氢，金发L时，布朗西弗吉尼亚州，霍华德温家宝，金斯伯格Ĥ，Allgood劳工处，Weingand千瓦。

多长时间？长期胆固醇降低车前子效果作为辅助饮食疗法在治疗高胆固醇血症。

2000。上午J临床NUTR 71（6）：1433 8。

8。，RIMM的EB ascherio一个，埃尔南·马，Giovannuccié，河内我，施坦普费尔兆焦耳，威利特厕所。消费的关系

维生素E，维生素C和胡萝卜素，在美国男性中风的风险。 1999年。安

实习生MED 130（12）：963 70。

9。宝B，宝毛重，菲茨杰拉德托德·普拉萨德的AS，贝克固件，斯内尔，辛格ţ，卡多佐LJ。锌减少C吗？反应

老年人：蛋白质，脂质过氧化和炎症细胞因子的锌作为一个潜在的含义

动脉保护剂。 2010。 AJCN 91:1634？41。

10。鲍尔JA，辛克莱DA。白藜芦醇治疗潜力：在体内的证据。 2006年。纳特牧师药物Discov

5（6）：493 506。

11。贝拉米中频，如果麦克道尔，拉姆齐兆瓦，布朗利中号，

纽康的RG，刘易斯兆焦耳。口服叶酸增强血管内皮功能

hyperhomocysteinaemic科目。 1999年。欧元J临床投资

29:659？62。

12。伯曼一个ERman，本加尔ţ，Dvirð，Georghiou大奖赛男，，

斯坦勒，VeredŸ一个，Vidne学士学位，患者Aravot D.辅酶Q10

终末期心脏衰竭等待心脏移植？

一项随机，安慰剂对照研究。 2004年。临床Cardiol

27（5）：295 9。

13。波阿斯男，斯美塔那小号，温斯坦ţ，麦塔斯ž，Gafterü，Iaina

一个绿色的MS，一个克内希特，WeissgartenŸ，布伦纳ð，Fainaru。

二级预防心血管疾病的抗氧化剂

在终末期肾脏疾病（空格）：随机placebocontrolled

审判。 2000。柳叶刀“杂志356（9237）：1213 8。

14。 Pietrzik光普林茨？Langenohlŕ，一个bronstrup，Hages中号

影响叶酸，叶酸和维生素B的组合？

12健康，年轻的血浆同型半胱氨酸浓度

妇女。 1998年。 AJCN 68（5）：1104 10。

“维生素C，胡萝卜素和维生素E，

三个主要的抗氧化剂的食物来源，

相互影响脂质过氧化

并可能减少动脉粥样硬化和

降低冠心病的危险

（CHD）的。“

EB RIMM，等。（＃121）

“在这个大型的前瞻性研究

妇女，我们观察到一个适度的逆

维生素摄入量之间的关联

C和冠心病[冠心病的发病率

心脏疾病]。妇女在最高

维生素C的摄入量的五分之一（360

毫克/天）从饮食和营养补充剂

的非致命性心肌梗死的风险降低27％

在最低的妇女比致命的冠心病

摄入量的五分之一（93毫克/天）。 “

似乎被限制在减少风险

到了维生素C的妇女

补充。其中维生素C的用户

补充，我们观察到显着

风险低28％和非致死性心梗

致命的冠心病比非使用者之间。虽然

风险并不会有明显的不同

根据时间补充剂的使用

或补充剂，剂量减少

风险是有点强

妇女服用至少400

毫克/天。“

SK Osganian，等。（＃110）

15。布劳威尔IA，面包车Dusseldorp男，托马斯厘米，中号杜兰

hautvast建国，Eskes传统知识，Steegers？托伊尼森的RP。剂量叶酸低呢？

酸补充剂降低血浆同型半胱氨酸浓度：

一项随机试验。 1999年。上午J临床NUTR 69（1）：99 104？

16。 Dusseldorp中号，面包车，面包车Rooij IA布劳威尔保险业监督，托马斯厘米，

布洛姆黄建忠，Hautvast JG，Eskes传统知识，Steegers？托伊尼森的RP。同型半胱氨酸？

隔日500微克的叶酸降低效果

对250微克/天。 2000。安营养与代谢，44（5 6）：194 7。

17。布朗AA，胡锦涛FB。饮食调制的内皮

功能：对心血管疾病的影响。 2001年。 AM J临床

NUTR 73:673？86。

18。布朗BG，赵群，蔡特一，费舍尔LD，长MC，

莫尔斯的JS，迪AA，马里诺EK，Bolson EL，Alaupovic磷，弗罗里希神父

J，阿尔伯斯林俊杰。辛伐他汀和烟酸，抗氧化维生素或

为预防冠心病的组合。 2001年。列印ENGL J

MED 345（22）：1583 92？

19。布朗L时，罗斯纳乙，威利特二战，调频袋。 Cholesterollowering

膳食纤维的影响：一项荟萃分析？ 1999年。 AM J临床

NUTR 69（1）：30 42。

20。布赫尔慧聪，库克的RJ Guyatt生长激素，郎JD，库克DJ，Hatala

R，：亨特DL。对饮食补钙

血压。一元？随机对照试验的分析。

1996年。 JAMA 275（13）：1016 22。

21。慧聪布赫尔，HENGSTLER带够，迅达C，迈耶G.的列印3多不饱和

冠心病的脂肪酸：1荟萃分析

随机对照试验。 2002年。 AM J MED

112（4）：298 304。

22。曼达男，曼达尔一个，小号，戈什S.达斯chakraborti小号，Chakraborti T，镁在心血管的保护作用

疾病：审查。 2002年。分子与细胞生物化学238:163？79。

23。钱伯斯赛马，麦格雷戈一个，让玛丽·J，奥贝德办公，Kooner的JS。示范的快速发病的血管内皮

功能障碍后，同型半胱氨酸与维生素C治疗是可逆的效果。 1999年。循环

99:1156 60。

24。程身上，马萨罗JM，福克斯政务司司长，拉森MG，凯斯兆焦耳，麦凯布EL，罗宾斯律政司司长，奥唐奈CJ-霍夫曼ü

雅克犯规，展位SL，Vasan RS，狼，王的TJ。肥胖，心脏风险，维生素D状态：弗雷明汉

心脏研究。 2010。糖尿病59（1）：242 8。

25。长的MC，赵群，蔡特一，阿尔伯斯JJ，布朗保函。补充抗氧化剂阻止高密度脂蛋白胆固醇的反应

烟酸辛伐他汀治疗冠状动脉疾病的患者，低HDL。 2001年。动脉硬化血栓VASC

生物学21:1320？6。

26。初级预防项目（PPP）协作组。低剂量阿司匹林和维生素E在人

心血管疾病的危险：在随机试验的一般做法。 2001年。柳叶刀“杂志357（9250）：89 95。

27。康纳我们。 N？3脂肪酸在健康和疾病的重要性。 2000。上午J临床NUTR 71（增刊）：171S 5S？

28。 CONSTANS J，Blann公元，Resplandy F，F鹦鹉，中号雷纳，

领主男，卡介苗至五，BoisseauM，Conri C.三个月的补充

叶酸hyperhomocysteinaemic患者

维生素B6可改善血管内皮功能障碍的生物标志物。

1999年。 BR J Haematol 107:776？8。

29。 COS磷，德Bruyneţ，赫曼斯列印，Apers小号，Berghe DV，

vlietinck欧塞尔。当前和新的保健中的原花青素：

趋势。 2004年。 CURR医学化学11（10）：1345 59？

30。崔R，ISOĤ，日期C，菊池小号，玉越良介一，日本

协作队列研究小组。膳食叶酸和维生素B6

和B12摄取心血管疾病死亡率的关系

？日本协同队列研究。 2010。中风41:1285 9。

“总体来说，DHA的补充减少

动脉粥样硬化的浓度

血脂及脂蛋白和增加

浓度的心脏

脂蛋白。“

DS凯利等。（＃75）

“NHEFS结果是一致的

假设，即高水平的抗氧化剂

维生素（如维生素C，E，

和A）增加人体的防御

系统对抗自由基，减少

动脉粥样硬化的风险。此外，

NHEFS结果是合理的

在这个意义上，他们是一致的

在长期趋势

近20年来在大量增加

消费含补充

维生素C和大跌幅

年龄调整死亡率（总，心血管

疾病，和胃

癌），在总人口

只有部分解释通过建立

风险因素。“

乙脑Enstrom，等。（＃44）

31。 DAVI G，普罗迪中号，Mezzetti一个，等。水平的提高

可溶性磷，高胆固醇血症患者的选择。 1998年。循环

97？953？7。

32。戴维森勋章，希架KC，香港赛马会，劳工处杜根，Torri酒店SA，

医管局厅，卓尔KB，安德森SM，Fulgoni的VL，萨尔达尼亚LG，

奥尔森波黑。长期影响消费的食品含有车前子多长时间？

血脂与高胆固醇血症科目的种子果壳。

1998年。上午J临床NUTR 67（3）：367 76？

33。 devaraj小号，Jialal一阿尔法维生素E补充剂降低

血清C反应蛋白和单核细胞白细胞介素6水平？

在正常的志愿者和2型糖尿病患者。 2000。免费拉迪奇生物学杂志29（8）：790 2。

34。 devaraj，李军研发，一Jialai阿尔法维生素E补充对单核细胞功能的影响。下降

脂质过氧化，白细胞介素1β和单核细胞粘附到血管内皮细胞。 1996年。临床调查学报98:756？63。

35。男，dieber？Rotheneder PuhlĤ，Esterbauer H.口服补充与dalphatocopherol的影响，WaegĞ，StrieglĞ

人类低密度脂蛋白和抗氧化维生素E的含量。 1991年。 J脂

RES 32（8）：1325 32？

36。 djousse L时，阿内特的DK，卡尔JJ，Eckfeldt JH，霍普金斯大学的通知书，省马，埃里森RC。膳食亚麻酸

负相关，在冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块钙化：国家心脏，肺，

血液研究所家庭心脏研究。 2005年。 7循环; 111（22）：2921 6。

37。达菲律政司司长，Gokce列印，霍尔布鲁克，黄甲，弗雷乙，Keaney JF JR，VITA JA。治疗高血压与抗坏血酸

酸。 1999年。柳叶刀“杂志354（9195）：2048 9？

38。达菲律政司司长，Gokce氮，霍尔布鲁克中号的LM猎人，Biegelsen ES，黄一个，摩根富林明JR Keaney，维塔晶澳。抗坏血酸的影响

酸处理管道船只在高血压患者的血管内皮功能障碍。 2001年。上午J生理学心脏

中国保监会生理学280（2）：H528 34？

39。杜塔一个，杜塔SK。维生素E及其在动脉粥样硬化及癌变的预防作用？述评。

2003。 JACN 22（4）：258 68？

40。德怀尔津海，德怀尔知识，斯克里布纳天雨，孙带够，李丽，尼科尔森的LM，戴维斯IJ，霍恩AR。膳食中钙，钙

补充和血压，在非洲裔青少年。 1998年。上午J临床NUTR 68（3）：648 55？

41。埃利奥特TG，巴特JD，曼奇尼GB。维生素E对男性心肌梗死后血管内皮功能的影响。

1995年。上午J Cardiol 76（16）：1188 90。

42。埃默特卫生署，基什内尔托德。维生素E在预防中的作用

心脏疾病。 1999年。拱地中海秘境8（6）：537 42。

43。 engelen瓦，Keenoy骨髓，Vertommen J，德莱乌一影响

长用温和的药物剂量长期补充吗？

维生素E是饱和的和可逆的，在1型患者

糖尿病。 2000。上午J临床NUTR 72（5）：1142 9？

44。 Kanim enstrom乙脑，LE，克莱因马。维生素C的摄入和

美国人口样本的死亡率。 1992年。

流行病学3:194？202。

45。 eritsland J，阿内森Ĥ，Seljeflot我，本地最理想的AT。长期

患者3多不饱和脂肪酸的N代谢的影响？

冠状动脉疾病。 1995年。上午J临床营养与61:831？6。

46。方金城，Kinlay S，Beltrame J，HikitiĤ，Wainstein中号，贝伦特

研发，SUH J，弗雷乙，麦基生长激素，时运AP，甘茨体育的影响

维生素C和移植相关的动脉粥样硬化的进展的E？

一项随机试验。 2002年。柳叶刀“杂志359（9312）：1108 13？

47。豪尔凤举，严的WD，Fischell局长。鱼油改善

内皮依赖的冠状动脉血管舒张心脏移植手术

收件人。 1993年。 J上午科尔Cardiol 21:982？9。

48。 fotherby医师，威廉姆斯JC，福斯特洛杉矶，克莱纳带够，蕨类植物的遗传。

维生素C对动态血压和血脂水平

在老年人中。 2000。 J高血压18（4）：411 5。

“在哺乳动物中，有越来越多的证据

白藜芦醇可以阻止或

延缓发病的癌症，心脏疾病，

缺血性和化学诱导

损伤，糖尿病，病态

炎症和病毒感染。“

JA鲍尔，等。（＃10）

“看来，辅酶Q10的五月

好处是在各种临床情况。

它可能有预防作用

因为心血管疾病

防止低密度脂蛋白氧化的作用，

虽然这个角色需要进一步研究。

看来，这种物质是

许多患者用各种缺乏

心血管疾病，

一些，尤其是那些

冠状动脉疾病，心脏衰竭，

和心肌病可能受益

从它的能力，以提高效率

心肌的能源生产。“

- B Sarter（＃128）

49。弗里德曼乙脑，帕克Ç，李丽，帕尔曼JA，弗雷乙，伊万诺夫至五，

迪克LR，Iafrati医师，Folts法学博士。选择黄酮类化合物和全汁

紫葡萄抑制血小板功能，并提高一

氧化氮的释放。 2001年。流通103:2792？8。

50。厨房高频，桑顿J，Howdle的PD，沃克，韦伯斯特

上午十时三十分。复方口服抗氧化剂的补充减少

血压。 1997年。临床SCI（Colch）的92（4）：361 5。

51。吉利根马克，百万袋，Guetta至五，赌场公关，Quyyumi

AA，雷德的DJ，潘沙JA，反渗透炮。抗氧化维生素的影响

低密度脂蛋白氧化和内皮细胞受损吗？

在高胆固醇血症患者的依赖性血管舒张功能。

1994年。万方数据Cardiol 24（7）：1611 7。

52。的GISSI？预防和调查。 N？3多不饱和脂肪酸和维生素与膳食补充剂

心肌梗死后é？的GISSI预防和审判结果。 1999年。柳叶刀“杂志354:447？55。

53。希利曼兆瓦，胡德我，摩尔的LL，阮美国歌手议员，安东MB。补钙的影响

儿童血压。 1995年。中华小儿127（2）：186 92？

54。简glore，范Treeckð，Knehans仙，公会M.可溶性纤维和血脂：一个文献综述。 1994年。 J

上午94饮食（4）：425 36。

55。霍尔布鲁克中号gocke氮，Keaney摩根富林明小，弗雷，Olesiak中号，撒迦利亚北京，LeeuwenburghÇ，海拿克JW，VITA

司法机构政务长。长时间？长期抗坏血酸管理逆转冠心病患者血管内皮的血管舒缩功能障碍

冠状动脉疾病。 1999年。流通99（25）：3234 40。

56。古德费洛J，贝拉米中频，拉姆齐兆瓦，CJH琼斯，刘易斯兆焦耳。膳食补充剂与海洋的omega？

3脂肪酸改善全身的大动脉内皮功能与高胆固醇血症科目。 2000。 J

上午科尔Cardiol 35（2）：265 70。

57。绿色D，Ğ奥德里斯科尔，兰JM，Maiorana欧塞尔，泰勒率。有益作用的维生素E政府

科目与高胆固醇血症一氧化氮的功能。 1998年。临床SCI（Colch）的95（3）：361 7。

58。格里菲斯乐，Guyatt生长激素，库克RJ，布赫尔HC，库克DJ。的饮食和nondietary钙的影响

对血压：更新的随机对照试验荟萃分析的补充。 1999年。上午J高血压

12（1铂1）：84 92。

59。盖顿JR，马焰，夏甲J，卡什亚普毫升，诺普湿度，麦肯尼JM，DT纳什，纳什的SD，Niaspan？

吉非贝齐的研究小组。低密度脂蛋白延期释放烟酸与吉非贝齐治疗前高后低的水平？

胆固醇的作用。 2000。拱实习生MED 160（8）：1177 84？

60。哈里斯的WS。 N 3脂肪酸和血清脂蛋白：人类的研究。 1997年。上午J临床NUTR 65（5增刊）：1645S？

54S。

61。心脏保护研究协作组。 MRC / BHF

抗氧化维生素补充剂的心脏保护研究

20,536高危人群吗？一项随机安慰剂控制

审判。 2002年。柳叶刀“杂志360（9326）：23 33。

62。 HN hodis，麦克温家宝，达斯汀大号，Mahrer公关，Azen SP，Detrano

黄，刘CR Selhub J，Alaupovic带够，刘CH，R，J，威尔科克斯

AG，Selzer湿度，BVAIT研究小组。高剂量B族维生素补充剂？

和亚临床动脉粥样硬化的进展：

随机对照试验。 2009年。中风40（3）：730 6。

63。 hodis HN，麦克温家宝，LaBree大号，Cashin？亨普希尔L时，Sevanian

一，约翰逊ŕ，Azen SP。串行冠状动脉造影证据

，抗氧化维生素的摄入，减少冠心病的进展

动脉粥样硬化。 1995年。 JAMA 273（23）：1849 54。

64。拉尔森小号holmquist，，德沃尔克一个，马戏团U。维生素

补充与心肌的风险呈负相关

男人和女人 - 斯德哥尔摩市中心流行病学梗死

（羊）计划。 2003。 J，NUTR 133（8）：2650 4。

65。赫鲁伯赫鲁伯北京的DJ，。欧米茄？3脂肪酸的鱼油

和心血管疾病。 2004年。分子细胞生物263（1）：217？

“在这项研究中，我们证明了

饮食亚麻酸的摄入量较高

与发病率较低

测量由心脏的CAC

CT在男性和女性，调整后

在混杂因素，

剂量 - 反应时尚。该协会

独立的年龄，教育程度，

收入，能量的摄入，N-6的比例;

N-3脂肪酸，食用鱼类。“

- L Djousse，等。（＃36）

“补充辅酶Q10改变自然

心血管疾病史

并有潜在的预防

通过抑制心血管疾病

氧化低密度脂蛋白胆固醇

和维护最佳

细胞和线粒体功能

整个时间的蹂躏和

内部和外部的压力。“

PH值Langsjoen，等。（＃82）

25。

66。 hornig乙，荒氮，科勒，德雷克斯勒H.维生素C

提高患者导管动脉内皮功能与

慢性心脏衰竭。 1998年。流通97:363？8。

67。 horsch小号，瓦尔特C.银杏特殊的提取物银杏叶提取物

761在周围动脉闭塞性疾病的治疗

（PAOD）？根据随机对照研究检讨。 2004年。

临床药理学研究进一步42（2）：63 72？

68。尤利亚诺L时，一个Mauriello，Sbarigiaé，Spagnoli LG电子，Violi楼

注射到患者的放射性本土密度脂蛋白低？

颈动脉狭窄积聚在动脉粥样硬化巨噬细胞

牌匾：补充维生素E的效果。 2000。 CIR

101（11）：1249 54。

69。 SK耆那教，McVieŕ，贾拉米洛JJ，帕尔默史密斯ţ，Meachum

振东，小RL。适度补充维生素E的作用

脂质过氧化的产品和其他心血管病危险因素的糖尿病患者。 1996年。血脂增刊：S87？

90。

70。 jialal我，格兰迪SM。影响结合阿尔法补充维生素E，抗坏血酸，β胡萝卜素

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71。约翰森澳，在阿内森补充的效果与欧米茄3脂肪酸，本地最理想的Seljflot我，

可溶性血管内皮功能的标志物与冠心病的患者。 1999年。动脉硬化血栓VASC生物学的

19:1681 6。

72。卡茨DL，纳瓦兹·H，艾哈迈迪ŕBoukhalil J，Giannamore至五，陈，Sarrel下午。燕麦和维生素的急性效应

E摄入脂肪的内皮细胞反应。 2001年。上午J预防医学20（2）：124 9？

73。河野Ÿ，松冈Ĥ，Takishita大前吨镁补充剂的高血压患者的影响：

评估办公室，家庭和动态血压压力。 1998年。高血压32（2）：260 5。

74。 ME的基思，沃尔什娜，亲爱的PB，Hanninen SA，Thirugnanam小号，梁？POIĤ，巴尔一，独资兆焦耳。 B吗？维生素

缺乏症与心脏衰竭住院的患者。 2009年。营养学会期刊109（8）：1406 10。

75。凯利局副局长，西格尔ð，Vemuri中号，麦基是。补充二十二碳六烯酸改善空腹和

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76。肯德里克J，TargherĞĞ史密茨，研究Chonchol 25羟基维生素D缺乏独立相关

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205（1）：255 60。

77。 klipstein，波音，登Breeijen JH Grobusch钾，Geleijnse JM福满一个，Grobbee德，Witteman赛马。饮食

抗氧化剂和中老年人心肌梗死的风险：鹿特丹研究。 1999年。上午J临床NUTR

69（2）：261 6。

78。克里斯Etherton下午，哈里斯的WS，美国心脏协会 - 阿佩尔何丽娟，营养委员会。食用鱼类，

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79。 kritchevsky保安局，告诉GS，Shimakawa T，B，李ŕ丹尼斯，

kohlmeier L时，斯蒂尔é，海斯，维生素A的类胡萝卜素的摄入量

颈动脉斑块：社区动脉粥样硬化的风险

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80。 kugiyama K时，本山牛逼，土井Ĥ，河野平井列印，

副岛Ĥ，秘要，Takazoe钾，森山，角，美津浓ŸŸŸ

小川H，R，坂本T，杉山小号，Yasue H.改进

由治疗与alphatocopherol的内皮血管舒缩功能障碍

高残脂蛋白水平的患者。 1999年。

J上午科尔Cardiol 33:1512？8。

81。库什LH的，福尔瑟姆AR，Prineas的RJ，PJ水貂，吴亚生，Bostick

室膳食抗氧化维生素和冠心病死亡

在绝经后妇女的疾病。 1996年。新英格兰医学杂志

334（18）：1156 62？

82。，Langsjoen上午langsjoen PH值。使用概述

“我们得出这样的结论：辅酶Q10管理

可以提高回收的线粒体

和cardic心肌细胞

从压力。当一个星期

手术前，辅酶Q10能加速

心脏复苏，导致早期

履行从医院的病人。“

佛罗里达州Rosenfeldt，等。（＃124）

“随后在这个大男人队列

12年，我们发现逆协会

叶酸摄入量和风险之间

PAD的[周边动脉疾病]

独立于其他PAD的危险因素。“

在商户，等。（＃97）

辅酶Q10在心血管疾病。 1999年。 BioFactors 9:273？84。

83。叶一，康金星，肖银发，Billman GE公司。 N？3脂肪酸

心律失常的预防。 1999年。血脂34

增刊：S187 9。

84。李珺，黄管委会，舂LJ，程CH，林吉隆坡，苏锦，

黄YC。叶酸和维生素B12是更有效的比

维生素B6在降低空腹血浆同型半胱氨酸浓度

冠心病患者。 2004年。欧元J临床

NUTR 58（3）：481 7。

85。李歼轰，歼轰奥基夫，贝尔D，Hensrud副署长，Holick MF。维他命

D缺乏一个重要的，普遍的，很容易治疗

心血管疾病的危险因素。 2008年。万方数据Cardiol 52（24）：1949年？

56。

86。 leppala JM，Albanes FogelholmŕVirtamo J，D，海诺宁入伙。不同中风的危险因素

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87。 leppala JM，海诺宁OP，Albanes FogelholmŕVirtamo J，D，泰勒公关。维生素E和β-胡萝卜素

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BV公司。维生素治疗冠状动脉粥样硬化进展的影响，因珠蛋白类型

绝经后妇女。 2004年。糖尿病护理27（4）：925 30。

90。林德曼路，罗梅罗LJ，克勒健，梁HC，拉鲁一个，鲍姆加特纳护士，加里PJ。血清维生素B12，

C和叶酸浓度，在新墨西哥州的老年人健康状况调查：认知和情感功能的相关性。

2000。万方数据NUTR 19（1）：68 76？

91。 losonczy KG，哈里斯结核病，Havlik的RJ。维生素E和维生素C补充剂的使用和所有风险？事业和冠心病

心脏DIS缓解老年人的死亡率：老人的流行病学研究，建立人口。

1996年。上午J临床NUTR 64（2）：190 6。

92。主要的GC，Alarie F，J，Phouttama小号，DORE特伦布莱A.与补钙+维生素D增强

减肥有益作用，对血脂和脂蛋白的浓度。 2007年。 AJCN 85（1）：54 9？

93。 malinow议员，涅托FJ，克鲁格的WD，Duell PB，赫斯DL，格鲁克曼RA座PC，Holzgang华润，安德森

PH值，Seltzer的研发，厄普森B，林的QR。补充叶酸对血浆总同型半胱氨酸的影响是调制

维生素的使用和甲基四氢叶酸还原酶基因型。 1997年。动脉硬化血栓VASC生物学的

17（6）：1157 62？

94。一个maresta，Balduccelli中号，Varanié，Marzilli Falliç，海曼F，DStat，Lavezzari中号，Stragliottoé，德卡特里纳

河postcoronary血管成形术后再狭窄的预防由欧米茄3脂肪酸：主要结果的Esapent

意大利研究再狭窄的预防（ESPRIT的）。 2002年。我是心脏杂志143：E5。

95。麦凯DL，佩罗G，拉斯穆森Ĥ，DallalĞ，布隆伯格

JB。多种维生素/矿物质补充剂提高血浆Bvitamin

在健康的老年人的地位和同型半胱氨酸浓度

成人食用叶酸强化饮食。 2000。 J，NUTR 130（12）：3090？

6。

96。麦金利管委会，麦克纳尔蒂Ĥ，McPartlin J，应变JJ，Pentieva

钾，病区男，堰总干事，斯科特JM。低剂量维生素B 6有效

在健康的老年人降低空腹血浆同型半胱氨酸

谁是叶酸和核黄素充满。 2001年。上午J临床NUTR

73（4）：759 64？

97。商人的AT，胡锦涛FB，施皮格尔曼ð，威利特厕所，RIMM

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男性动脉疾病的风险呈负相关。 2003。 J NUTR

133（9）：2863 7。

“总之，我们的研究结果表明，

食用钙+ D补充剂

增强的有益作用

脂质体减肥

超重或肥胖脂蛋白

与通常的钙的摄入量低的妇女...

[]肥胖的临床上下文

治疗，补钙

可以建议妇女

钙的摄入量不足

改善心血管疾病

风险状况。“

GC少校，等。（＃92）

“多不饱和脂肪酸（多不饱和脂肪酸）

N-6和n-3系列是必需的营养素

发挥有重要影响的

对血脂及服务心

和内皮功能的影响

the prevention and treatment of

coronary heart diseases (CHD). Both n-

6 and n-3 PUFAs have distinct biological

effects contributing to their cardioprotective

action.”

-V Wijendran, et al. (#167)

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support for the hypothesis that vitamin

supplement use is associated with a decreased

risk of breast cancer. Among

white women, any use of multivitamins,

vitamin C or vitamin E in the past five

years was each associated with an approximately

20% decrease in breast

cancer risk; however, the confidence

intervals around these estimates all included

之一。 There was no evidence of a

dose-response relationship between duration

of use and breast cancer risk. 在

contrast to the modest inverse associations

with certain vitamin supplements

suggested for white women, there was

essentially no evidence of a protective

effect among black women for any of

the vitamins examined.”

- PG Moorman, et al. (#256)

“In this cohort, we observed a statistically

significant inverse association between

vitamin E intake and bladder cancer risk,

which was strongest among those who

had been taking vitamin E supplements

for many years. A suggestive inverse association

was noted for intake of vitamin

C supplement dose and bladder cancer

risk. No associations were observed between

intake of total energy, macronutrients,

or other micronutrients and bladder

cancer risk.”

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of 5 antioxidant vitamins or mineral

at low doses. It is thus not possible to

identify which individual micronutrient or

combination is responsible for the preventative

effect observed. Nevertheless, our

study results support the hypothesis that

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and minerals.”

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cancer sites described above, 46 studies

have specifically reported on a vitamin

C index or plasma ascorbate values; 33

of these found statistically significant

protective effects, and several more

were in the protective direction but did

not achieve significance. None has

found elevated risk with increasing intake.

In addition to those, 29 studies reported

on the effect of fruit consumption,

21 of which found significant protection

associated with frequent consumption

or high risk associated with low

consumption. For oral, esophageal, gastric,

and pancreatic cancer, the evidence

is extremely strong, with virtually

all studies showing a significant protective

effect.”

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found highly significant (p < 10?4) inverse

associations of serum selenium levels with

the incidence of both esophageal and

gastric cardia cancers over a period of

5.25 years of follow-up. Individuals in the

highest quartile of selenium developed

these cancers at approximately half the

rate as individuals in the lowest quartile.”

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significantly inversely associated

with risk of colorectal cancer. We observed

59 cases of colorectal cancer

among the 25% of women (approximately

8200) with the lowest plasma vitamin B6

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argue for an overall positive role of suninduced

vitamin D. There may be more

beneficial than adverse effects of moderately

increased sun exposure, even for

total cancer mortality. This message

should be addressed to populations at risk

for vitamin D deficiency.”

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“Based on overall consideration of results

from observational and laboratory studies,

the existing evidence is consistent

with the hypothesis that increasing vitamin

D3 intake to 1000–2000 IU per day or

raising the serum level of 25(OH)D to 33

ng/mL or higher would be associated

with substantially lower incidence rates of

colorectal cancer, with only minimal

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248. McCullough ML, Robertson AS, Rodriguez C, Jacobs EJ,

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(through better diets, fortification of

foods, or multivitamin-mineral pills) can

have a major impact on public health at

low cost. Other micronutrients are likely

to be added to the list of those whose

deficiency causes DNA damage in the

coming years. Tuning-up human metabolism,

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285。 Wei EK, Giovannucci E, Selhub J, Fuchs CS, Hankinson SE, Ma J. Plasma vitamin B6 and the risk of colorectal

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286。 Wu K, Willett WC, Chan JM, Fuchs CS, Colditz GA, Rimm EB, Giovannucci EL. A prospective study on

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11(11):1298?304.

287。 Xu Q, Parks CG, DeRoo LA, Cawthon RM, Sandler DP, Chen H. Multivitamin use and telomere length in

women. 2009. Am J Clin Nutr 89:1857–63.

288。 Zhang SM, Cook NR, Albert CM, Gaziano JM, Buring JE, Manson JE. Effect of combined folic acid, vitamin

B6, and vitamin B12 on cancer risk in women: a randomized trial. 2008年。 JAMA 300(17):2012?21.

289。 Zhang SM, Giovannucci EL, Hunter DJ, Rimm EB, Ascherio A, Colditz GA, Speizer FE, Willett WC. Vitamin

supplement use and the risk of non?Hodgkin's lymphoma

among women and men. 2001年。 Am J Epidemiol 153(11):1056?63.

290。 Zhang SM, Moore SC, Lin J, Cook NR, Manson JE, Lee

IM, Buring JE. Folate, vitamin B6, multivitamin supplements,

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163(2):108?15.

291。 Zheng W, Anderson KE, Kushi LH, Sellers TA, Greenstein

J, Hong CP, Cerhan JR, Bostick RM, Folsom AR. A prospective

cohort study of intake of calcium, vitamin D, and other

micronutrients in relation to incidence of rectal cancer

among postmenopausal women. 1998年。 Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers

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“Our study, performed in individuals not

selected for risk factors, indicates that a

7.5-year low-dose antioxidant supplementation

lowered total cancer incidence in

men but not in women. A similar tendency

was observed for all-cause mortality.”

-S Hercberg (#225)

“In summary, overall risks for prostate

cancer were unaffected by supplemental

dietary antioxidant use among participants

in the PLCO Trial; however, vitamin

E supplementation in smokers and ?-

carotene supplementation in men with

low dietary ?-carotene were associated

with reduced risks of this disease.”

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293。 Alekel DL, St Germain A, Peterson CT, Hanson KB, Stewart

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AJCN 72(3):844?52.

294。 Allen SC, Raut S. Biochemical recovery time scales in

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295。 Barnes MS, Robson PJ, Bonham MP, Strain JJ, Wallace

JM. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D status

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296. Bikle DD. Role of vitamin D, its metabolites, and analogs

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297。 Binkley NC, Krueger DC, Kawahara TN, Engelke JA,

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298。 Binkley NC, Suttie JW. Vitamin K nutrition and osteoporosis.

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299。 Bischoff?Ferrari HA, Willett WC, Wong JB, Giovannucci

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300。 Bolton?Smith C, McMurdo MET, Paterson CR, Mole PA,

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304。 Bruyere O, Pavelka K, Rovati LC, Deroisy R, Olejarova M, Gatterova J, Giacovelli G, Reginster JY. Glucosamine

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306. Cameron MA, Paton LM, Nowson CA, Margerison C,

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“One member in each twin pair was

randomly assigned using computergenerated

numbers to receive 800 mg

of elemental Calcium from citrate and

carbonate, 400 IU of vitamin D3 (as Cholecaliferol),

400 mg of Magnesium from

citrate, and amino acid chelate and

oxide in four orange-flavoured chewable

tablets (Active Calcium™ Chewable);

the other twin was given a

matched placebo in a double-blinded

manner. The placebo tablet was identical

in appearance, taste and composition

but contained no active ingredient.

All tablets were supplied by USANA

Health Sciences, Inc., Sydney, Australia…

“Our findings indicate that supplementation

with 800 mg calcium and 400 IU vitamin

D3 per day for a period of 6

months was associated with increased

trabecular area, trabecular density and

strength strain index at the ultra-distal

tibia and radius and increased cortical

area at tibial mid-shaft.”

- DA Greene, et al. (#327)

“[Boron] may have a preventive or therapeutic

effect that helps to diminish bone

mineral loss in susceptible populations.”

- SL Meacham, et al. (#351)

307。 Chapuy MC, Arlot ME, Duboeuf F, Brun J, Crouzet B,

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308。 Chapuy MC, Pamphile R, Paris E, Kempf C, Schlichting

M, Arnaud S, Garnero P, Meunier PJ. Combined calcium and vitamin

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309。 Cheng S, Lyytikäinen A, Kröger H, Lamberg?Allardt C,

Alén, Koistinen A, Wang QJ, Suuriniemi M, Suominen H, Mahonen

A, Nicholson PHF, Ivaska KK, Korpela R, Ohlsson C,

Väänänen KH, Tylavsky F. Effects of calcium, dairy product, and

vitamin D supplementation on bone mass accrual and body

composition in 10?12 year old girls: a 2?y randomized trial. 2005.

Am J Clin Nutr 82:1115?26.

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312。 Cumming RG, Nevitt MC. Calcium for prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women.

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313. Curtis CL, Hughes CE, Flannery CR, Little CB, Harwood JL, Caterson B. n?3 Fatty Acids Specifically Modulate

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315。 Dawson?Hughes B, Harris SS, Krall EA, Dallal GE. Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on

bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older. 1997年。 N Engl J Med 337(10):670?6.

316。 Dawson?Hughes B, Harris SS, Krall EA, Dallal GE, Falconer G, Green CL. Rates of bone loss in postmenopausal

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317. Dawson?Hughes B, Dallal GE, Krall EA, Harris S, Sokoll LJ, Falconer G. Effect of vitamin D supplementation

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318。 Dawson?Hughes B, Dallal GE, Krall EA, Sadowski L, Sahyoun N, Tannenbaum S. A controlled trial of the effect

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319。 Dietrich T, Joshipura KJ, Dawson?Hughes B, Bischoff?Ferrari HA. Association between serum concentrations

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320。 Dodiuk?Gad RP, Rozen GS, Rennert G, Rennert HS, Ish?

Shalom S. Sustained effect of short?term calcium supplementation

on bone mass in adolescent girls with low calcium intake.

2005. AJCN 81(1):168?74.

321. Feskanich D, Singh V, Willett WC, Colditz GA. Vitamin

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324。 Gennari C. Calcium and vitamin D nutrition and bone

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“Our particular contribution has been to

extend from animal models to humans

the essentiality of Cu, Mn and Zn in the

development and maintenance of BMD

[bone mineral density]… Through understanding

the value of trace elements

from food or supplements, and through

sensible dietary strategies, we can slow

the rate of bone loss, thus delaying or

preventing osteoporosis, in a simple and

inexpensive manner.”

- PD Saltman, et al. (#371)

“In summary, dietary supplementation

with a combination of nutritionally relevant

amounts of vitamin K with vitamin D

and calcium in healthy older women

was associated with a modest but significant

increase in BMC at one site, consisting

predominantly of trabecular bone.

Similar changes were not observed in

either the vitamin K group alone or in the

calcium plus vitamin D group, suggesting

a synergistic role of the combination as

sugggested by previous reports.”

- C Bolton-Smith, et al. (#300)

325. Going S, Lohman T, Houtkooper L, Metcalfe L, Flint?

Wagner H, Blew R, Stanford V, Cussler E, Martin J, Teixeira P,

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2003. Osteoporos Int 14(8):637?43.

326。 Grant AM, Avenell A, Campbell MK, McDonald AM,

MacLennan GS, McPherson GC, Anderson FH, Cooper C, Francis

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327. Greene DA, Naughton GA. Calcium and vitamin?D

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331。 Hanley DA, Cranney A, Jones G, Whiting SJ, Leslie WD, Cole DEC, Atkinson SA, Josse RG, Feldman S, Kline

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333。 Harwood RH, Sahota O, Gaynor K, Masud T, Hosking DJ, The Nottingham Neck of Femur (NONOF) Study.

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336。 Hunter D, Major P, Arden N, Swaminathan R, Andrew T,

MacGregor AJ, Keen R, Snieder H, Spector TD. A randomized

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337。 Hyun TH, Barrett?Connor E, Milne DB. Zinc intakes

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338。 Ilich JZ, Kerstetter JE. Nutrition in Bone Health Revisited:

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339。 Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M, Wallace RB, Robbins J,

Lewis CE, Bassford T, Beresford SAA, Black HR, Blanchette P,

Bonds DE, Brunner RL, Brzyski RG, Caan B, Cauley JA, Chlebowski

RT, Cummings SR, Granek I, Hays J, Heiss G, Hendrix SL,

Howard BV, Hsia J, Hubbell FA, Johnson KC, Judd H, Kotchen

JM, Kuller LH, Langer RD, Lasser NL, Limacher MC, Ludlam S,

“Much evidence indicates that both

calcium and vitamin D are efficacious in

protecting the skeleton, particularly

when these 2 nutrients are used in combination.

Each nutrient is necessary for

the full expression of the effect of the

other, and where their actions are independent,

their effects on skeletal health

are complementary. Nutrient status for

both tends to be deficient in the adult

population of the industrialized nations.

Hence, supplementation or food fortification

with both nutrients is appropriate

and, given contemporary diets and sun

exposure, probably necessary.”

- RP Heaney (#334)

“Adequate nutrition plays a major role in

the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis;

the nutrients of greatest importance

are calcium and vitamin D. Numerous

studies have shown that higher

calcium intake at various ages are associated

with higher bone mineral density

compared with the bone mass of those

with lower calcium intakes. In older

postmenopausal women, the benefits of

vitamin D and calcium supplementation

in preventing bone loss, decreasing

bone turnover, and decreasing nonvertebral

fractures are clear.”

- JW Nieves (#358)

Manson JE, Margolis KL, McGowan J, Ockene JK, O'Sullivan

MJ, Phillips L, Prentice RL, Sarto GE, Stefanick ML, Van Horn

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349。 Lips P, Graafmans WC, Ooms ME, Bezemer PD, Bouter LM. Vitamin D supplementation and fracture incidence

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350。 Lloyd T, Andon MB, Rollings N, Martel JK, Landis JR, Demers LM, Eggli DF, Kieselhorst K, Kulin HE. Calcium

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351. Meacham SL, Taper LJ, Volpe SL. Effect of boron supplementation on blood and urinary calcium, magnesium,

and phosphorus, and urinary boron in athletic and sedentary

women. 1995. AJCN 61(2):341?5.

352. Meacham SL, Taper LJ, Volpe SL. Effects of boron supplementation

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353. Meier C, Woitge HW, Witte K, Lemmer B, Seibel MJ.

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354. Meunier P. Prevention of hip fractures by correcting

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355. Meyer HE, Smedshaug GB, Kvaavik E, Falch JA, Tverdal

A, Pedersen JI. Can vitamin D supplementation reduce the

“Osteoporosis is a multifactorial disorder,

and, despite the considerable influence

of heredity, bone health depends on the

whole range of other nutrients and foods

as well as the environmental factors. “

prolonged deficiency or excess of one or

the combination of several, as well as the

changes in requirements of those nutrients

caused by physiological and metabolic

changes, might contribute to osteoporosis.”

- JZ Ilich, et al. (#338)

“Numerous studies have demonstrated

the importance of vitamin K in bone

health. Cell studies have helped delineate

the mechanism by which menaquinone

promotes bone mineralization

and inhibits resorption. Human and animal

studies have clearly demonstrated

that vitamin K can improve bone health

by increasing bone mass and reducing

bone loss.”

- J Adams, et al. (#292)

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358. Nieves JW. Osteoporosis: the role of micronutrients.

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359. Nowson CA, Green RM, Hopper JL, Sherwin AJ, Young

D, Kaymakci B, Guest CS, Smid M, Larkins RG, Wark JD. A cotwin

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360. Papadimitropoulos E, Wells G, Shea B, Gillespie W,

Weaver B, Zytaruk N, Cranney A, Adachi J, Tugwell P, Josse R,

Greenwood C, Guyatt G; Osteoporosis Methodology Group and

The Osteoporosis Research Advisory Group. Meta?analyses of

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361. Peacock M, Liu G, Carey M, McClintock R, Ambrosius W, Hui S, Johnston CC. Effect of calcium or 25OH vitamin

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362. Porthouse J, Cockayne S, King C, Saxon L, Steele E, Aspray T, Baverstock M, Birks Y, Dumville J, Francis R,

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366. Recker RR, Hinders S, Davies KM, Heaney RP, Stegman MR, Lappe JM, Kimmel DB. Correcting calcium nutritional

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postmenopausal women. 1993. N Engl J Med 328(7):460?4.

369. Ricci TA, Chowdhury HA, Heymsfield SB, Stahl T,

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372. Sato Y, Honda Y, Iwamoto J, Kanoko T, Satoh K. Effect

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“In the presence of osteoporosis, vitamin

D insufficiency may amplify bone loss and

thus enhance fracture risk. It follows that

at any age, but particularly in the elderly,

an adequate intake of both calcium and

vitamin D is important for the preservation

of bone mass and prevention of osteoporosis.”

- C Gennari (#324)

“The effects of low intakes of minerals

important to normal bone metabolism

need further investigation. An inadequate

intake or imbalance of one or

several of the minerals critical to bone

development may jeopardize normal

bone metabolism. There has been widespread

interest over the years in assuring

adequate calcium intakes at critical

stages of the female life cycle. This interest

should be extended to emphasize

optimal intakes of all minerals known or

suspected to affect bone mineral density,

such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium,

and boron.”

- SL Meacham, et al. (#352)

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373. Shea B, Wells G, Cranney A, Zytaruk N, Robinson V,

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“Collectively, our data provide evidence

supporting dietary supplementation of n-3

PUFA [omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids],

which in turn may have a beneficial

effect of slowing and reducing inflammation

in the pathogenesis of degenerative

joint diseases in man.”

- CL Curtis, et al. (#314)

“In summary, spinal bone loss in a small

group of older postmenopausal women

was slowed by supplementation with

calcium as CCM [calcium citrate malate]

and was halted by supplementation

with a mineral cocktail composed of

CCM along with zinc, manganese and

copper. Only the group supplemented

with calcium plus trace minerals differed

from the placebo group, which, as expected,

lost a significant amount of bone

density.”

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392. Berry RJ, Li Z, Erickson JD, Li S, Moore CA, Wang H, Mulinare J, Zhao P, Wong LY, Gindler J, Hong SX, Correa

A. Prevention of neural?tube defects with folic acid in China. China?US Collaborative Project for Neural Tube

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393. Bhate V, Deshpande S, Bhat D, Joshi N, Ladkat R, Watve S, Fall C, de Jager CA, Refsum H, Yajnik C. Vitamin

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394. Birch EE, Birch DG, Hoffman DR, Uauy R. Dietary essential fatty acid supply and visual acuity development.

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395. Birch EE, Carlson SE, Hoffman DR, Fitzgerald?Gustafson KM, Fu VLN, Drover JR, Castañeda YS, Minns L,

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396. Birch EE, Garfield S, Hoffman DR, Uauy R, Birch DG.

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in a purposeful, community-based prospective

study an association between

maternal nutritional measurements in

pregnancy and two major risk factors for

type 2 diabetes in the offspring… Maternal

macronutrient intakes were unrelated

to adiposity and insulin resistance

in the offspring. However, higher maternal

folate concentrations predicted

greater adiposity (fat mass and body fat

per cent) and higher insulin resistance,

and lower vitamin B12 concentrations

predicted higher insulin resistance. 孩子

born to mothers with low vitamin B12

concentrations but high folate concentrations

were the most insulin resistant.”

- CS Yajnik, et al. (#491)

“In conclusion, relatively modest amounts

of dietary docosahexaenoic acid during

pregnancy appear to extend gestational

age and may lead to enhanced fetal

growth.”

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that all women planning pregnancy

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“Dosing recommendations for mothers

during pregnancy should be aimed at

preventing problems in neonates and

infants, and a vitamin D dose sufficient

for the mother during pregnancy should

produce normal cord blood 25(OH)D

concentrations at birth. Giving relatively

small doses of vitamin D directly to the

infant or supplementing the mother with

100 ?g (4000 IU) vitamin D daily should

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in exclusively breastfed infants without

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“Our study demonstrates an association

between maternal vitamin B12 status during

pregnancy and children's cognitive

functioning. Higher maternal plasma vitamin

B12 concentration in pregnancy

was an independent predictor of the

child's cognitive performance on the CTTA

and Digit Span Backward tests, after

controlling for a number of possible confounders,

including the child's own vitamin

B12 status at 6 years of age.”

- V Bhate, et al. (#393)

“The recommendations for dietary omega-

3 fatty acids should be adopted at

the onset of pregnancy, but there may

be benefits for all women who are considering

becoming pregnant. Given

concerns for mercury toxicity with overconsumption

of certain fish, in order to

meet these recommendations, pregnant

women will need to consume omega-3

fatty acids from 3 sources: vegetable oils,

2 servings of seafood per week, and

omega-3 fatty acid supplements containing

EPA and DHA or DHA alone.”

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ensures that a woman's adipose

tissue contains a reserve of these fatty

acids for the developing fetus and the

breast-fed newborn infant. This ensures

the optimal cerebral and cognitive development

of the infant. The presence of

large quantities of EPA and DHA in the

diet slightly lengthens pregnancy, and

improves its quality.”

- JM Bourre (#401)

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of healthy infants is improved by

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“This study indicates that maternal supplementation

with very-long-chain n-3 PUFAs

during pregnancy and lactation improves

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DHA supplementation during pregnancy

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evidence supporting the view that dietary

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vitamin D deficient [25(OH)D <37.5

nmol/liter] at the time of delivery had almost

4 times the odds of cesarean birth

than women who were not deficient.

One explanation for our findings is the

fact that skeletal muscle contains the

vitamin D receptor. Vitamin D deficiency

has been associated with proximal muscle

weakness as well as suboptimal muscle

performance and strength.”

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503. Avenell A, Campbell MK, Cook JA, Hannaford PC, Kilonzo MM, McNeill G, Milne AC, Ramsay CR, Seymour

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samples, perhaps those with a high

prevalence of micronutrient deficiency,

daily use of a multivitamin and mineral

supplement can decrease infection frequency.”

- TA Barringer, et al. (#508)

“The common denominator that rises

from these studies is that vitamin D affects

the immune system at many levels and by

a number of mechanisms. It takes part in

the genetic regulation of cytokine production,

VDR expression and affects important

biological processes by which

these cells interact.”

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515. Bodgen JD, Oleske JM, Lavenhar MA, Munves EM,

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523. Collins CE, Kershaw J, Brockington S. Effect of nutritional supplements on wound healing in home?nursed

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524. Corthésy B, Gaskins HR, Mercenier A. Cross?talk between probiotic bacteria and the host immune system.

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525. Cutolo M, Otsa K. Review: vitamin D, immunity and lupus. 2008年。 Lupus 17(1):6?10.

526. Damsgaard CT, Lauritzen L, Kjaer TM, Holm PM, Fruekilde MB, Michaelsen KF, Frøkiaer H. Fish oil supplementation

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527. De la Fuente M, Hernanz A, Guayerbas N, Victor VM, Arnalich F. Vitamin E ingestion improves several

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528. De la Fuente M, Hernanz A, Vallejo MC. The immune

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529. Dreyfuss ML, Fawzi WW. Micronutrients and vertical

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530. El?Kadiki A, Sutton AJ. Role of multivitamins and

mineral supplements in preventing infections in elderly

people: systematic review and meta?analysis of randomised

“Inadequate intake and status of vitamins

and trace elements may lead to

suppressed immunity, which predisposes

to infections and aggravates undernutrition.

Evidence has accumulated that in

humans certain nutrients selectively influence

the immune response, induce

dysregulation of a coordinated host response

to infections in cases of deficiency

and oversupply, and that deficiency

may impact virulence of otherwise

harmless pathogens. Thus, micronutrients

are required at appropriate intakes for

the immune system to function optimally.

Available data indicate a role of vitamins

(A, D, E, B6, B12, folate, and C),

and trace elements (selenium, zinc,

copper, and iron) on the immune response…

Overall, inadequate intake and

status of these vitamins and trace elements

may lead to suppressed immunity,

which predisposes to infections and aggravates

malnutrition. Therefore, supplementation

with these selected micronutrients

can support the body's natural

defence system by enhancing all

three levels of immunity.”

- S Maggini, et al. (#564)

“The elucidation of the precise roles of

vitamin D in the immune system and in the

pathogenesis of multiple diseases has the

potential to have profound effects on our

ability to prevent and treat these disorders.”

- NE Lange, et al. (#559)

controlled trials. 2005. BMJ 330(7496):871.

531. Enioutina EY, Bareyan D, Daynes RA. TLR?induced local

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532. Fawzi WW, Villamor E, Msamanga GI, Antelman G,

Aboud S, Urassa W, Hunter D. Trial of zinc supplements in relation

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Clin Nutr 81(1):161?7.

533. Ferguson LR, Philpott M. Cancer prevention by dietary

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Curr Cancer Drug Targets 7(5):459?64.

534. Fogarty A, Lewis S, Weiss S, Britton J. Dietary vitamin E,

IgE concentrations, and atopy. 2000. Lancet 356(9241):1573?4.

535. Fritsche K. Fatty acids as modulators of the immune response.

2006. Annu Rev Nutr 26:45?73.

536. Froicu M, Cantorna MT. Vitamin D and the vitamin D

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537. Fuller CJ, Faulkner H, Bendich A, Parker RS, Roe DA.

Effect of beta?carotene supplementation on photosuppression of delayed?type hypersensitivity in normal young

men. 1992. Am J Clin Nutr 56(4):684?90.

538. Gariballa S. Vitamin and mineral supplements for preventing infections in older people. 2005. 英国医学杂志

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540. Girodon F, Galan P, Monget AL, Boutron?Ruault MC, Brunet?Lecomte P, Preziosi P, Arnaud J, Manuguerra

JC, Herchberg S, MIN. VIT. AOX. geriatric network. Impact of trace elements and vitamin supplementation on immunity

and infections in institutionalized elderly patients: a randomized controlled trial. 1999. Arch Intern Med

159(7):748?54.

541. Girodon F, Lombard M, Galan P, Brunet?Lecomte P, Monget AL, Arnaud J, Preziosi P, Hercberg S. Effect of

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Metab 41(2):98?107.

542. Gleeson M. Can nutrition limit exercise?induced immunodepression?.

2006. Nutr Rev 64(3):119?31.

543. Gleeson M, Bishop NC. Elite athlete immunology: importance

of nutrition. 2000. Int J Sports Med 21 Suppl 1:S4450.

544. Gottrand F. Long?chain polyunsaturated fatty acids influence

the immune system of infants. 2008年。 J Nutr

138(9):1807S?12S.

545. Graat JM, Schouten EG, Kok FJ. Effect of daily vitamin E

and multivitamin?mineral supplementation on acute respiratory

tract infections in elderly persons: a randomized controlled

trial. 2002年。 JAMA 288(6):715?21.

546. Haase H, Mocchegiani E, Rink L. Correlation between

zinc status and immune function in the elderly. 2006. Biogerontology

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547. Håberg SE, London SJ, Stigum H, Nafstad P, Nystad W.

Folic acid supplements in pregnancy and early childhood respiratory

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548. Hara M, Tanaka K, Hirota Y. Immune response to influenza

vaccine in healthy adults and the elderly: association

“Because aging and malnutrition exert

cumulative influences on immune responses,

many elderly people have poor

cell-mediated immune responses and

are therefore at a high risk of infection.

Nutritional therapy may improve immune

responses of elderly patients with

protein-energy malnutrition. Supplementation

with high pharmacologic doses of

a single nutrient (zinc or vitamin E) may

be useful for improving immune responses

of self-sufficient elderly people

living at home. Therefore, nutritional deficiency

must be treated in the elderly to

reduce infectious risk and possibly slow

the aging process.”

- BM Lesourd (#560)

“In summary, our results show that the

age-associated defect in the redistribution

of signaling molecules to the immunological

synapse is reversed by vitamin

E. This effect is strongest in naive T cells,

which exhibit the age-related defects in

protein recruitment and T cell activation.

This is the first demonstration of a reversal

of a key early signaling defect in aged T

cells by a nutrient. These findings have

important implications for the development

of preventive and therapeutic

strategies to reduce age-associated defects

in T cells.”

- MG Marko, et al. (#565)

with nutritional status. 2005. Vaccine 23(12):1457?63.

549. Herraiz LA, Hsieh WC, Parker RS, Swanson JE, Bendich

A, Roe DA. Effect of UV exposure and beta?carotene supplementation

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550. Hewison M. Vitamin D and the immune system: new

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function in the elderly. 1999. Clin Infect Dis 28(4):717?22.

552. High KP. Nutritional strategies to boost immunity and

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553. Hoffmann PR, Berry MJ. The influence of selenium on

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554. Hojsak I, Snovak N, Abdovi? S, Szajewska H, Mišak Z,

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555. Holmøy T. Vitamin D status modulates the immune response

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556. Hughes DA, Wright AJA, Finglas PM, Perrless ACJ, Bailey AL, Astley SB, Pinder AC, Southon S. The effect of

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557. Hurwitz BE, Klaus JR, Llabre MM, Gonzalez A, Lawrence PJ, Maher KJ, Greeson JM, Baum MK, Shor?Posner

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558. Kaiser JD, Campa AM, Ondercin JP, Leoung GS, Pless

RF, Baum MK. Micronutrient supplementation increases CD4

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559. Lange NE, Litonjua A, Hawrylowicz CM, Weiss S. Vitamin

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Immunol 5(6):693?702.

560. Lesourd BM. Nutrition and immunity in the elderly:

modification of immune responses with nutritional treatments.

1997年。 Am J Clin Nutr 66(2):478S?84S.

561. Leyes P, Martínez E, Forga MT. Use of diet, nutritional

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562. Li?Ng M, Aloia JF, Pollack S, Cunha BA, Mikhail M, Yeh

J, Berbari N. A randomized controlled trial of vitamin D3 supplementation

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563. Long KZ, Estrada?Garcia T, Rosado JL, Ignacio Santos J,

Haas M, Firestone M, Bhagwat J, Young C, DuPont HL,

Hertzmark E, Nanthakumar NN. The effect of vitamin A supplementation

on the intestinal immune response in Mexican

“Although our study suggests that many

elderly individuals might benefit from a

supplementary intake of vitamin E, such

public health recommendations can

only be considered after longer-term

studies with lower amounts of tocopherol

are completed. This point will be especially

important in determining if the

immunostimulatory effect observed is

due to pharmacologic or physiologic

effect of vitamin E. Nevertheless, it is encouraging

to note that a single nutrient

supplement can enhance immune responsiveness

in healthy elderly subjects

consuming the recommended amounts

of all nutrients. This is especially significant

because dietary intervention

represents the most practical approach

for delaying or reversing the rate of decline

of immune function with age.”

- SN Meydani, et al. (#568)

“Investigators have demonstrated how

appropriate serum concentrations of

vitamin D facilitate the ability of immune

cells to defend against bacterial and

viral infections. Ongoing research in this

area has provided new ways of understanding

the immune system and how

the pleiotropic actions of vitamin D serve

an important immunoregulatory role in

proper immune function. With the increasing

evidence of vitamin D insufficiency's

detrimental effects beyond the

classically defined cause of rickets, the

full story behind the role of vitamin D insufficiency/

deficiency in pediatric infection

and immune function awaits full

elucidation.”

- VP Walker, et al. (#598)

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J Nutr 136(5):1365?70.

564. Maggini S, Wintergerst ES, Beveridge S, Hornig DH.

Selected vitamins and trace elements support immune function

by strengthening epithelial barriers and cellular and humoral

immune responses. 2007. BJN 98(Suppl 1):S29?35.

565. Marko MG, Ahmed T, Bunnell SC, We Dayong, Chung

H, Huber BT, Meydani SN. Age?Associated Decline in Effective

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566. McKay DL, Perrone G, Rasmussen H, Dallal G, Hartman

W, Cao G, Prior RL, Roubenoff R, Blumberg JB. The effects

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567. Merchant AT, Curhan G, Bendich A, Singh VN, Willett

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568. Meydani SN, Barklund MP, Liu S, Meydani M, Miller

RA, Cannon JG, Morrow FD, Rocklin R, Blumberg JB. Vitamin E supplementation enhances cell?mediated immunity

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569. Meydani SN, Meydani M, Blumberg JB, Leka LS, Siber G, Loszewski R, Thompson C, Pedrosa MC, Diamond

RD, Stollar BD. Vitamin E supplementation and in vivo immune response in healthy elderly subjects: a randomized

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572. Muñoz C, Rios E, Olivos J, Brunser O, Olivares M. Iron, copper and immunocompetence. 2007. Br J Nutr

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573. Nakamura K, Kariyazono H, Komokata T, Hamada N, Sakata R, Yamada K. Influence of preoperative administration

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576. Nieman DC, Henson DA, Gross SJ, Jenkins DP, Davis

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“In summary, the present study demonstrates

that modest daily doses of micronutrients

given for 1 y can enhance cellular

immunity and can also prevent the

development of biochemical evidence

of micronutrient deficiencies in healthy,

independently living older people. 这些

results suggest that the dietary micronutrient

intake of older people and/or the

current RDAs for one or more micronutnients

may be too low to support optimal

immunity in older individuals.”

- JD Bogden, et al. (#515)

“In conclusion, our double-blind, placebo-

controlled study shows that levels of

vitamin E higher than currently recommended

enhance in vivo indexes of T

cell-mediated function in healthy elderly.

The enhancement of cell-mediated

immunity by vitamin E was not associated

with any adverse effects. Since

age-associated decline in immune response

is associated with increased

morbidity and mortality in the elderly

and is widely observed, recommendations

to increase the intake of vitamin E

for elderly should be considered.”

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582. Pichard C, Sudre P, Karsegard V, Yerly S, Slosman DO,

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double?blind controlled study of 6 months of oral nutritional

supplementation with arginine and omega?3 fatty acids

in HIV?infected patients. 1998年。 AIDS 12(1):53?63.

583. Prasad AS. Zinc: mechanisms of host defense. 2007. J Nutr 137(5):1345?9.

584. Prasad AS, Beck FW, Bao B, Fitzgerald JT, Snell DC, Steinberg JD, Cardozo LJ. Zinc supplementation decreases

incidence of infections in the elderly: effect of zinc on generation of cytokines and oxidative stress. 2007. Am

J Clin Nutr 85(3):837?44.

585. Rahman MJ, Sarker P, Roy SK, Ahmad SM, Chisti J, Azim T, Mathan M, Sack D, Andersson J, Raqib R. Effects

of zinc supplementation as adjunct therapy on the systemic immune responses in shigellosis. 2005. Am J Clin

Nutr 81(2):495?502.

586. Richard SA, Zavaleta N, Caulfield LE, Black RE, Witzig

RS, Shankar AH. Zinc and iron supplementation and malaria,

diarrhea, and respiratory infections in children in the Peruvian

Amazon. 2006. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75(1):126?32.

587. Richards JB, Valdes AM, Gardner JP, Paximadas D, Kimura

M, Nessa A, Lu X, Surdulescu GL, Swaminathan R, Spector

TD, Aviv A. Higher serum vitamin D concentrations are associated

with longer leukocyte telomere length in women. 2007.

Am J Clin Nutr 86(5):1420?5.

588. Roth DE, Caulfield LE, Ezzati M, Black RE. Acute lower

respiratory infections in childhood: opportunities for reducing

the global burden through nutritional interventions. 2008年。 Bull

World Health Organ 86(5):356?64.

589. Ryan?Borchers TA, Park JS, Chew BP, McGuire MK,

Fournier LR, Beerman KA. Soy isoflavones modulate immune

function in healthy postmenopausal women. 2006. Am J Clin

Nutr 83(5):1118?25.

590. Ryan?Harshman M, Aldoori W. The relevance of selenium

to immunity, cancer, and infectious/inflammatory diseases.

2005. Can J Diet Pract Res 66(2):98?102.

591. Santos MS, Leka LS, Ribaya?Mercado JD, Russell RM,

Meydani M, Hennekens CH, Gaziano JM, Meydani SN. Shortand

long?term beta?carotene supplementation do not influence

T cell?mediated immunity in healthy elderly persons. 1997年。 Am J

Clin Nutr 66(4):917?24.

592. Schauber J, Gallo RL. The vitamin D pathway: a new tar?

“Although many open questions remain,

there is promise that vitamin A and D

metabolites or their analogues have the

potential to be used in clinical settings

for therapeutic benefit. In particular, it

will be important to assess the impact of

using 1,25(OH)2VD3 analogues as an

adjuvant immunomodulatory therapy in

the setting of autoimmune diseases and

in transplant recipients. It will also be important

to determine the net effects of

retinoic acid or synthetic RAR-agonists,

especially in the intestine, where these

agents appear to have a role in enhancing

immune responses. The capacity

of vitamin A metabolites to foster guthoming

T cells might improve strategies

of mucosal vaccination or aid in decreasing

pathogenic immunity by potentiating

the induction of TReg cells.”

- JR Mora, et al. (#570)

“Nutritional intervention has proven to

be a practical approach in modulating

dysregulated immune and inflammatory

responses. The efficacy of such intervention,

as with vitamin E, for example, has

been demonstrated in clinical trials using

infections as an endpoint. At the same

time, mechanistic studies have deciphered

how vitamin E affects T cell functions

at cellular and molecular levels and

thus, lend further support to the efficacy

of nutrient supplementation in modulating

the age-related immune dysregulation.”

- D Wu, et al. (#605)

get for control of the skin's immune response?. 2008年。 Exp Dermatol

17(8):633?9.

593. Smolders J, Damoiseaux J, Menheere P, Hupperts R.

Vitamin D as an immune modulator in multiple sclerosis, a

review. 2008年。 J Neuroimmunol 194(1?2):7?17.

594. Stephen AI, Avenell A. A systematic review of multivitamin

and multimineral supplementation for infection. 2006. J

Hum Nutr Diet 19(3):179?90.

595. Taylor AL, Hale J, Wiltschut J, Lehmann H, Dunstan JA,

Prescott SL. Effects of probiotic supplementation for the first 6

months of life on allergen? and vaccine?specific immune responses.

2006. Clin Exp Allergy 36(10):1227?35.

596. van Etten E, Stoffels K, Gysemans C, Mathieu C, Overbergh

L. Regulation of vitamin D homeostasis: implications for

the immune system. 2008年。 Nutr Rev 66(10 Suppl 2):S125?34.

597. Villamor E, Fawzi WW. Effects of vitamin a supplementation

on immune responses and correlation with clinical

outcomes. 2005. Clin Microbiol Rev 18(3):446?64.

598. Walker VP, Modlin RL. The Vitamin D Connection to

Pediatric Infections and Immune Function. 2009. Pediatr Res

65(5 Pt 2):106R?13R.

599. Wang TT, Dabbas B, Laperriere D, Bitton AJ, Soualhine

H, Tavera?Mendoza LE, Dionne S, Servant MJ, Bitton A, Seidman EG, Mader S, Behr MA, White JH. Direct and indirect

induction by 1,25?dihydroxyvitamin D3 of the NOD2/CARD15?defensin beta2 innate immune pathway defective

in Crohn disease. 2010. J Biol Chem 285(4):2227?31.

600. Webb AL, Villamor E. Update: effects of antioxidant and non?antioxidant vitamin supplementation on immune

function. 2007. Nutr Rev 65(5):181?217.

601. White JH. Vitamin D signaling, infectious diseases, and regulation of innate immunity. 2008年。 Infect Immun

76(9):3837?43.

602. Winkler P, de Vrese M, Laue Ch, Schrezenmeir J. Effect of a dietary supplement containing probiotic bacteria

plus vitamins and minerals on common cold infections and cellular immune parameters. 2005. Int J Clin Pharmacol

Ther 43(7):318?26.

603. Wintergerst ES, Maggini S, Hornig DH. Contribution of selected vitamins and trace elements to immune

function. 2007. Ann Nutr Metab 51(4):301?23.

604. Wintergerst ES, Maggini S, Hornig DH. Immune?enhancing role of vitamin C and zinc and effect on clinical

conditions. 2006. Ann Nutr Metab 50(2):85?94.

605. Wu D, Meydani SN. Age?associated changes in immune and inflammatory responses: impact of vitamin E

intervention. 2008年。 J Leukoc Biol 84:900?14.

606. Yamshchikov AV, Desai NS, Blumberg Hm, Ziegler

TR, Tangpricha V. Vitamin D for treatment and prevention

of infectious diseases: a systematic review of randomized

controlled trials. 2009. Endocr Pract 15(5):438?49.

“In our study, patients who received zinc

and selenium had a better antibody response

after influenza vaccine, and the

percentage of patients without respiratory

tract infections was higher in the T

[trace elements: zinc, selenium] and VT

[vitamin and trace elements: zinc, selenium,

ascorbic acid, beta carotene, alpha-

tocopherol] groups. Our results suggest

a beneficial effect of these nutrients

on the immunity of elderly persons by

improving their resistance to infections.

Larger trials will be required to confirm

our findings, which may have considerable

impact on the health of the institutionalized

elderly.”

- F Girodon, et al. (#540)

“The results of this study substantiate the

hypothesis that nutritional status is an important

determinant of immunocompetence

in old age and that an optimum

intake of micronutrients is needed for enhanced

immune responses in elderly subjects.

Such an intervention led to a striking

reduction in illness, a finding that is of

considerable clinical and public-health

importance.”

- RK Chandra (#520)

Healthy Vision

607. Age?Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. 一

randomized, placebo?controlled, clinical trial of high?dose

supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and

zinc for age?related macular degeneration and vision loss. 2001年。

Arch Ophthalmol 119:1417?36.

608. Age?related Eye Disease Study Research Group. A randomized,

placebo?controlled, clinical trial of high?dose supplementation

with vitamins C and E and beta carotene for agerelated

cataract and vision loss. 2001年。 Arch Ophthalmol

119:1439?52.

609. Age?Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. “

Relationship of Dietary Carotenoid and Vitamin A, E, and C

Intake With Age?Related Macular Degeneration in a Case?

Control Study: AREDS Report No. 22. 2007. Arch Ophthalmol

125(9):1225?32.

610。 AREDS Research Group. A randomized, placebocontrolled,

clinical trial of high?dose supplementation with

vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age?related macular

degeneration and vision loss. 2001年。 Arch Ophthamol 119:1417?36.

611. AREDS Research Group. A randomized, placebo?controlled, clinical trial of high?dose supplementation

with vitamins C and E and beta carotene for age?related cataract and vision loss. 2001年。 Arch Ophthamol 119:1439?52.

612. Berendschot TTJM, Goldbohm RA, Klopping WAA, van de Kraats J, van Norel J, van Norren D. Influence of

lutein supplementation on macular pigment, assessed with two objective techniques. 2000. Invest Opthamol Vis Sci

41(11):3322?6.

613. Bernstein PS, Zhao DY, Wintch SW, Ermakov IV, McClane RW, Gellermann W. Resonance Raman measurement

of macular carotenoids in normal subjects and in age related macular degeneration patients. 2002年。眼科

109(10):1780?1787.

614. Berson EL, Rosner B, Sandberg MA, Weigel?DiFranco C, Brockhurst RJ, Hayes KC, Johnson EJ, Anderson EJ,

Johnson CA, Gaudio AR, Willett WC, Schaefer EJ. Clinical trial of lutein in patients with retinitis pigmentosa receiving

vitamin A. 2010. Arch Ophthalmol 128(4):403?11.

615. Birch EE, Carlson SE, Hoffman DR, Fitzgerald?Gustafson KM, Fu VLN, Drover JR, Castañeda YS, Minns L,

Wheaton DKH, Mundy D, Marunycz J, Diersen?Schade DA. The DIAMOND (DHA Intake And Measurement Of

Neural Development) Study: a double?masked, randomized controlled clinical trial of the maturation of infant visual

acuity as a function of the dietary level of docosahexaenoic acid. 2010. AJCN 91(4):848?59.

616. Bone RA, Landrum JT. Distribution of macular pigment

components, zeaxanthin and lutein, in human retina.

1992. Methods in Enzymology 213:360?6.

617. Bone RA, Landrum JT, Mayne ST, Gomez CM, Tibor

SE, Twaroska EE. Macular pigment in donor eyes with and

without AMD: a case control study. 2001年。 Investigative Ophthalmology

and Visual Science 42(1):135?240.

618. Brown L, Rimm EB, Seddon JM, Giovannucci EL, Chasan?

Taber L, Spiegelman D, Willett WC, Hankinson SE. 一

prospective study of carotenoid intake and risk of cataract extraction

in US men. 1999. Am J Clin Nutr 70(4):517?24.

619. Bursell SE, Clermont AC, Aiello LP, Aiello LM,

Schlossman DK, Feener EP, Laffel L, King GL. High?dose vitamin

E supplementation normalizes retinal blood flow and

“We found that high dietary intake of vitamin

E and zinc was associated with a

lower risk of incident AMD [age-related

macular degeneration]. An abovemedian

intake of the combination of vitamins

C and E, beta carotene, and zinc

was associated with a 35% lower risk of

incident AMD.”

- R van Leeuwen, et al. (#673)

“A daily dose of 10 mg lutein supplementation

induced an increase in mean

plasma lutein by a factor of 5 and a linear

4-week increase in relative MP

[macular pigment] density of 4% to 5%.

To our knowledge, this is the first study in

which the effects of intake of lutein have

been assessed with objective measurement

techniques. In particular, the SLObased

technique provided very reliable

results. With this technique all subjects

showed a significant increase in MP density.”

- TTJM Berendschot, et al. (#612)

creatinine clearance in patients with type 1 diabetes. 1999. 糖尿病

Care 22(8):1245?51.

620. Carpentier S, Knaus M, Suh M. Associations between

lutein, zeaxanthin, and age?related macular degeneration: an

overview. 2009. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 49(4):313?26.

621. Chasan?Taber L, Willett WC, Seddon JM, Stampfer MJ,

Rosner B, Colditz GA, Speizer FE, Hankinson SE. A prospective

study of carotenoid and vitamin A intakes and risk of cataract

extraction in US women. 1999. Am J Clin Nutr 70:509?16.

622. Chasan?Taber L, Willett WC, Seddon JM, Stampfer MJ,

Rosner B, Colditz GA, Hankinson SE. A prospective study of

vitamin supplement intake and cataract extraction among US

women. 1999. Epidemiology 10(6):679?84.

623. Cho E, Stampfer MJ, Seddon JM, Hung S, Spiegelman D,

Rimm EB, Willett WC, Hankinson SE. Prospective study of zinc

intake and the risk of age?related macular degeneration. 2001年。

Ann Epidemiol 11(5):328?36.

624. Chong EWT, Wong TY, Kreis AJ, Simpson JA, Guymer

RH. Dietary antioxidants and primary prevention of age related

macular degeneration: systematic review and meta?analysis.

2007. BMJ 335(7623):755.

625. Christen WG, Ajani UA, Glynn RJ, Manson JE,

Schaumberg DA, Chew EC, Buring JE, Hennekens CH. Prospective

cohort study of antioxidant vitamin supplement use and

the risk of age?related maculopathy. 1999. Am J Epidemiol

149(5):476?84.

626. Chylack LT Jr, Brown NP, Bron A, Hurst M, Kopcke W, Thien U, Schalch W. The Roche European American

Cataract Trial (REACT): a randomized clinical trial to investigate the efficacy of an oral antioxidant micronutrient

mixture to slow progression of age?related cataract. 2002年。 Ophthalmic Epidemiol 9(1):49?80.

627. Coleman H, Chew E. Nutritional supplementation in age?related macular degeneration. 2007. Curr Opin

Ophthalmol 18(3):220?3.

628. Delcourt C, Cristol J, Tessier F, Leger CL, Descomps B, Papox L, POLA Study Group. Age?related macular

degeneration and antioxidant status in the POLA study. 1999. Arch Ophthalmol 117(10):1384?90.

629. Fletcher E, Bentham GC, Agnew M, Young IS, Augood C, Chakravarthy U, de Jong PT, Rahu M, Seland J,

Soubrane G, Tomazzoli L, Topouzis F, Vingerling JR, Vioque J. Sunlight exposure, antioxidants, and age?related macular

degeneration. 2008年。 Arch Ophthalmol 126(10):1396?1403.

630. Flood V, Smith W, Wang JJ, Manzi F, Webb K, Mitchell

P. Dietary antioxidant intake and incidence of early age?related

maculopathy: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. 2002年。眼科

109(12):2272?8.

631. Hammond R Jr, Johnson EZ, Russell RM, Krinsky MI,

Yeum KJ, Edwards RM, Snodderly DM. Dietary modification of

human macular pigment density. 1997年。 Invest Ophthalmol Vis

Sci 38(9):1795?1801.

632. Hammond R Jr, Wooten BR, Snodderly DM. 密度

of the human crystalline lens is related to the macular pigment

carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin. 1997年。 Optom Vis Sci

74(7):499?504.

633. Hankinson SE, Stampfer MJ, Seddon JM, Colditz GA,

Rosner B, Speizer FE, Willett WC. Nutrient intake and cataract

extraction in women: a prospective study. 1992. 英国医学杂志

305(6849):335?9.

“In this large prospective study, we observed

a modest inverse association between

intake of lutein and zeaxanthin

and extraction of cataracts. Men in the

highest fifth of lutein and zeaxanthin intake

had a 19% lower risk of cataract

extraction compared with those in the

lowest fifth of intake. There was no significant

association between intake of vitamin

A or other carotenoids and risk of

cataract in multivariate analyses. Increased

consumption of some foods

high in lutein, including broccoli and spinach,

was associated with a lower risk of

cataract extraction. The finding that increased

intake of other fruit and vegetables

was not associated with a decreased

risk suggests that the relation

may be specifically due to lutein and

zeaxanthin and not simply to a healthy

lifestyle.”

-L Brown, et al. (#618)

“In summary, data from the present short

term prospective study are consistent

with potentially protective influences of

vitamins E and C and lutein on the development

of cataract in the lens nucleus.

However, strong inverse relations for

intake of these nutrients were not observed.

Data from longer term prospective

studies and from clinical trials currently

under way will be useful in further evaluating

these associations.”

-PR Trumbo, et al. (#672)

634. Hawkins WR. Zinc supplementation for macular degeneration.

1991. Arch Ophthalmol 109:1345.

635. Jacques PF, Taylor A, Moeller S, Hankinson SE, Rogers

G, Tung W, Ludovico J, Willett WC, Chylack LT Jr. Long?term

nutrient intake and 5?year change in nuclear lens opacities. 2005.

Arch Ophthalmol 123(4):517?26.

636. Jacques PF, Chylack LT Jr, Hankinson SE, Khu PM, Rogers

G, Friend J, Tung W, Wolfe JK, Padhye N. Willett WC, Taylor

A. Long?term nutrient intake and early age?related nuclear lens

opacities. 2001年。 Arch Ophthalmol 119(7):1009?19.

637. Jacques PF, Taylor A, Hankinson SE, Willett WC,

Mahnken B, Lee Y, Vaid K, Lahav M. Long?term vitamin C supplement

use and prevalence of early age?related lens opacities.

1997年。 Am J Clin Nutr 66(4):911?6.

638. Jampol LM. Antioxidants, zinc and age?related macular

degeneration results and recommendations. 2001年。 Arch Ophthalmol

119(10):1533?4.

639. Jampol LM, Ferris FL III. Antioxidants and zinc to prevent

progression of age related macular degeneration. 2001年。 JAMA

286(19):2466?8.

640. Johnson J, Hammond BR, Yeum K, Qin J, Wang XD,

Castaneda C, Snodderly DM, Russell RM. Relation among serum

and tissue concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin and

macular pigment density. 2000. Am J Clin Nutr 71(6):1555?62.

641. Koh HH, Murray IJ, Nolan D, Carden D, Feather J, Beatty S. Plasma and macular responses to lutein supplement

in subjects with and without age?related maculopathy: a pilot study. 2004. Exp Eye Res 79(1):21?7.

642. Kowluru RA, Tang J, Kern TS. Abnormalities of retinal metabolism in diabetes and experimental galactosemia.

七。 Effect of long?term administration of antioxidants on the development of retinopathy. 2001年。糖尿病

50(8):1938?42.

643. Krishnadev N, Meleth AD, Chew EY. Nutritional supplements for age?related macular degeneration. 2010.

Curr Opin Ophthalmol 21(3):184?9.

644. Kuzniarz M, Mitchell P, Cumming RG, Flood VM. Use of vitamin supplements and cataract: the Blue

Mountains Eye Study. 2001年。 Am J Ophthalmol 132(1):19?26.

645. Landrum JT, Bone RA. Lutein, zeaxanthin, and the macular pigment. 2001年。 Arch Biochem Biophys 385(1):28?

40.

646. Landrum JT, Bone RA, Joa H, Kilburn MD, Moore LL,

Sprague KE. A one year study of the macular pigment: the effect

of 140 days of a lutein supplement. 1997年。 Exp Eye Res 65(1):57?62.

647. Laplaud PM, Lelubre A, Chapman MJ. Antioxidant action

of Vaccinium myrtillus extract on human low density lipoproteins

in vitro: initial observations. 1997年。 Fundam Clin Pharmacol

11(1):35?40.

648. Larkin M. Vitamins reduce risk of vision loss from macular

degeneration. 2001年。 Lancet 358(9290):1347.

649. Leske MC, Chylack LT Jr, He Q, Wu SY, Schoenfeld E,

Friend J, Wolfe J. Antioxidant vitamins and nuclear opacities:

the longitudinal study of cataract. 1998年。眼科

105(5):831?6.

650. Leske MC, Wu SY, Connell AM, Hyman L, Schachat AP.

Lens opacities, demographic factors and nutritional supplements

in the Barbados Eye Study. 1997年。 Int J Epidemiol

26(6):1314?22.

“In summary, a multivitamin-multimineral

supplement with a combination of vitamin

C, vitamin E, ?-carotene, and zinc

(with cupric oxide) is recommended for

AMD but not cataract. Observational

studies for cataract provide only weak

support for multivitamins or other vitamin

supplements. The results of observational

studies suggest that a healthy lifestyle

with a diet containing foods rich in antioxidants,

especially lutein and zeaxanthin,

and n–3 fatty acids appears beneficial

for AMD and possibly cataract.”

-JM Seddon (#664)

“The results of our LAST [Lutein Antioxidant

Supplementation Trial] study support

the results of our pilot spinach data

that lutein may be useful in the nutritional

intervention of atrophic ARMD [agerelated

macular degeneration] in midwestern

male subjects. In LAST, lutein enhanced

macular pigment and visual

function with AREDS stages II, III, and IV.

Thus lutein supplementation may be

beneficial at all stages of ARMD. Further

studies with more patients of both

genders are needed to determine the

long-term effect of lutein alone or lutein

together with a broad spectrum of antioxidants,

vitamins, and minerals on patients

with atrophic age-related macular

degeneration.”

-S Richer, et al. (#661)

651. Lyle BJ, Mares?Perlman JA, Klein BE, Klein R, Greger JL.

Antioxidant intake and risk of incident age?related nuclear cataracts

in the Beaver Dam Eye Study. 1999. Am J Epidemiol

149(9):801?9.

652. Lyle BJ, Mares?Perlman JA, Klein BE, Klein R, Palta M,

Bowen PE, Greger JL. Serum carotenoids and tocopherols and

incidence of age?related nuclear cataract. 1999. Am J Clin Nutr

69(2):272?7.

653. Mares?Perlman JA, Brady WE, Klein R, Klein BE, Bowen

P, Stacewicz?Sapuntzakis M, Palta M. Serum antioxidants

and age?related macular degeneration in a population?based

case?control study. 1995. Arch Ophthalmol 113(12):1518?23.

654. Mares?Perlman JA, Klein BE, Klein R, Ritter LL. Relation

between lens opacities and vitamin and mineral supplement

使用。 1994年。 Ophthalmology 101(2):315?25.

655. Mares?Perlman JA, Lyle BJ, Klein R, Fisher AI, Brady

WE, VandenLangenberg GM, Trabulsi JN, Palta M. Vitamin

supplement use and incident cataracts in a population?based

study. 2000. Arch Ophthalmol 118(11):1556?63.

656. McNeil JJ, Robman L, Tikellis G, Sinclair MI, McCarty

CA, Taylor HR. Vitamin E supplementation and cataract: randomized

controlled trial. 2004. Ophthalmology 111(1):75?84.

657. Moeller SM, Parekh N, Tinker L, Ritenbaugh C, Blodi B,

Wallace RB, Mares JA. Associations between intermediate agerelated

macular degeneration and lutein and zeaxanthin in the

Carotenoids in Age?related Eye Disease Study (CAREDS): ancillary

study of the Women's Health Initiative. 2006. Arch Ophthalmol

124(8):1151?62.

658. Moeller SM, Voland R, Tinker L, Blodi BA, Klein ML, Gehrs KM, Johnson EJ, Snodderly DM, Wallace RB,

Chappell RJ, Parekh N, Ritenbaugh C, Mares JA. Associations Between Age?Related Nuclear Cataract and Lutein

and Zeaxanthin in the Diet and Serum in the Carotenoids in the Age?Related Eye Disease Study (CAREDS), an Ancillary

Study of the Women's Health Initiative. 2008年。 Arch Ophthalmology 126(3):354?64.

659. Olmedilla B, Granado F, Blanco I, Vaquero M. Lutein, but not alpha?tocopherol, supplementation improves

visual function in patients with age?related cataracts: a 2?y double?blind, placebo?controlled pilot study. 2003. Nutrition

19(1):21?4.

660. Parekh N, Chappell RJ, Millen AE, Albert DM, Mares

JA. Association between vitamin D and age?related macular

degeneration in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination

Survey, 1988 through 1994. 2007. Arch Ophthalmol

125(5):661?9.

661. Richer S, Stiles W, Statkute L, Pulido J, Frankowski J,

Rudy D, Pei K, Tsipursky M, Nyland J. Double?masked, placebo?

controlled, randomized trial of lutein and antioxidant supplementation

in the intervention of atrophic age?related macular

degeneration: the Veterans Last study (Lutein Antioxidant

Supplementation Trial). 2004. Optometry 75:216?30.

662. Robertson JM, Donner AP, Trevithick JR. A possible

role for vitamins C and E in cataract prevention. 1991. Am J Clin

Nutr 53(1 Suppl):346S?51S.

663. Sangiovanni JP, Agrón E, Meleth AD, Reed GF, Sperduto

RD, Clemons TE, Chew EY; Age?Related Eye Disease Study

Research Group. {omega}?3 Long?chain polyunsaturated fatty

acid intake and 12?y incidence of neovascular age?related macu?

“In summary, the results of the present

study provide added support for a relation

between nutrient intake and nuclear

opacification. Our observation that

vitamin E intake is associated with a reduction

in nuclear opacification is consistent

with other longitudinal studies,

strengthening the hypothesized role for

this specific nutrient in nuclear cataract

formation, and the associations with riboflavin,

thiamin, and niacin should

serve to focus added effort on examining

the role of these nutrients in the development

of nuclear cataract.”

- PF Jacques, et al. (#635)

“In this large prospective study, those

with the highest intake of lutein and

zeaxanthin had a 22% lower risk of cataract

extraction than did those in the

lowest quintile of intake (RR: 0.78; 95%

CI:0.63, 0.95; P for trend = 0.04) after

age, smoking, and other potential cataract

risk factors were controlled for. 其他

specific carotenoids (a-carotene, bcarotene,

lycopene, and bcryptoxanthin),

vitamin A, and retinol

were not associated with cataract in

multivariate analysis. Increasing frequency

of intake of spinach and kale,

foods rich in lutein, was associated with

a moderate decrease in risk. The observation

that other fruit and vegetables

were not associated with decreased risk

suggests that the relation may be due to

lutein, a specific carotenoid predominantly

found in spinach and kale, and

not to a healthy lifestyle per se.”

- L Chasan-Taber, et al. (#621)

lar degeneration and central geographic atrophy: AREDS report

30, a prospective cohort study from the Age?Related Eye Disease

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664. Seddon JM. Multivitamin?multimineral supplements

and eye disease: age?related macular degeneration and cataract.

2007. AJCN 85(1):304S?7S.

665. Seddon JM, Christen WG, Manson JE, LaMotte FS,

Glynn RJ, Buring JE, Hennekens CH. The use of vitamin supplements

and the risk of cataract among US male physicians.

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666. Smith W, Mitchell P, Webb K, Leeder SR. Dietary antioxidant

and age?related maculopathy: the Blue Mountains Eye

Study. 1999. Ophthalmology 106(4):761?7.

667. Sperduto RD, Hu TS, Milton RC, Zhao JL, Everett DF,

Cheng QF, Blot WJ, Bing L, Taylor PR, Li JY, et al. The Linxian

cataract studies: two nutrition intervention trials. 1993. 拱

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668. Stur M, Tittl M, Reitner A, Meisinger V. Oral zinc and

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Ophthalmol Vis Sci 37(7):1225?35.

669. Taylor A, Jacques PF, Chylack LT Jr, Hankinson SE, Khu

PM, Rogers G, Friend J, Tung W, Wolfe JK, Padhye N, Willett

WC. Long?term intake of vitamins and carotenoids and odds of

early age?related cortical and posterior subcapsular lens opacities.

2002年。 Am J Clin Nutr 75(3):540?9.

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“In the overall sample we observed no

associations between antioxidant nutrient

intake and either cortical or PSC

[posterior subcapsular] opacities, but we

noted significant and provocative associations

in selected subgroups. The inverse

association observed in the

present study between vitamin C intake

and the prevalence of cortical opacities

in women aged <60 y and the fact that

significantly decreased odds of cortical

opacities were found only with a duration

of vitamin C supplement use >=10 y

provide added support for a protective

role for vitamin C against the formation

of lens opacities. We also found that for

PSC opacities there were decreased

odds for nonsmokers with higher intakes

of carotenoids.”

- A Taylor, et al. (#669)

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